Interleukin 1βreceptor and synaptic dysfunction in recurrent brain infection with Herpes simplex virus type-1

Several experimental evidence suggests a link between brain Herpes simplex virus type-1 infection and the occurrence of Alzheimer’s disease.However,the molecular mechanisms underlying this association are not completely understood.Among the molecular mediators of synaptic and cognitive dysfunction occurring after Herpes simplex virus type-1 infection and reactivation in the brain neuroinflammatory cytokines seem to occupy a central role.Here,we specifically reviewed literature reports dealing with the impact of neuroinflammation on synaptic dysfunction observed after recurrent Herpes simplex virus type-1 reactivation in the brain,highlighting the role of interleukins and,in particular,interleukin 1βas a possible target against Herpes simplex virus type-1-induced neuronal dysfunctions.

INTRACELLULAR EXPRESSION OF MULTIMERIZED ANTISENSE TAR-CORE RNAS INHIBIT THE REPLICATION OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS TYPE 1 IN HUMAN CD_4+T LYMPHOCYTES

Gene therapy is one of several approaches that are being tested in the search for an effective anti HIV treatment. In this strategy, a “resistant” gene would be introduced into target cells, rendering them resistance to the infection of HIV. The HIV 1 Tat protein transactivate HIV 1 gene expression at the transcriptional level by interacting with its response element(TAR) in the long terminal repeat(LTR). Previously, we have shown that antisense polyTAR Core RNAs can inhibit the transactivation of HIV 1 Tat protein in transiently transfected Jurkat cells. To determine whether this antisense polyTAR Core RNAs could inhibit HIV 1 replication in CD 4+ T cells, we transfected the antisense polyTAR Core gene to MT4 cells and challenged them with HIV 1 SF33 strain. Levels of HIV 1 p24gag antigen were reduced more than 4 fold in cultures of the transduced MT4/LR cells infected with HIV 1SF33 strain. In contrast, cultures of nontransduced MT4 cells and control LX vector transduced MT4/LX cells infected with the same viruses had high levels of HIV 1 p24gag. Our work showed that antisense polyTAR Core RNAs were able to inhibit HIV 1 replication in CD 4+ T cells, and could be used as resistance gene in further studying for gene therapy against HIV 1.

Genetic Variation of the VP1 Gene of the Virulent Duck Hepatitis A Virus Type 1(DHAV-1) Isolates in Shandong Province of China

To investigate the relationship of the variation of virulence and the external capsid proteins of the pandemic duck hepatitis A virus type 1(DHAV-1) isolates,the virulence,cross neutralization assays and the complete sequence of the virion protein 1(VP1) gene of nine virulent DHAV-1 strains,which were isolated from infected ducklings with clinical symptoms in Shandong province of China in 2007-2008,were tested.The fifth generation duck embryo allantoic liquids of the 9 isolates were tested on 12-day-old duck embryos and on 7-day-old ducklings for the median embryonal lethal doses(ELD 50 s) and the median lethal doses(LD 50 s),respectively.The results showed that the ELD 50 s of embryonic duck eggs of the 9 DHAV-1 isolates were between 1.9 × 10 6 /mL to 1.44 × 10 7 /mL,while the LD 50 s were 2.39 × 10 5 /mL to 6.15 × 10 6 /mL.Cross-neutralization tests revealed that the 9 DHAV-1 isolates were completely neutralized by the standard serum and the hyperimmune sera against the 9 DHAV-1 isolates,respectively.Compared with other virulent,moderate virulent,attenuated vaccine and mild strains,the VP1 genes of the 9 strains shared 89.8%-99.7% similarity at the nucleotide level and 92.4%-99.6% at amino acid level with other DHAV-1 strains.There were three hypervariable regions at the C-terminus(aa 158-160,180-193 and 205-219) and other variable points in VP1 protein,but which didn't cause virulence of DHAV-1 change.

The Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Multiple Function Protein ICP27

The herpes simplex virus type 1 （HSV-1） infected-cell protein 27 （ICP27） is an essential, highly conserved protein involved in various steps of HSV-1 gene regulation as well as in the shut-off of host gene expression during infection. It functions primarily at the post-transcriptional level in inhibiting precursor mRNA splicing and in promoting nuclear export of viral transcripts. Recently, many novel functions performed by the HSV- 1 ICP27 protein were shown, including leptomycin B resistance, inhibition of the type I interferon signaling, regulation of the viral mRNA translation and determining the composition of HSV-1 virions

Feasibility of herpes simplex virus type 1 mutants labeled with radionuclides for tumor treatment

For over one hundred years, viruses have been recognized as capable of killing tumor cells. At present, people are still researching and constructing more suitable oncolytic viruses for treating different malignant tumors. Although extensive studies have demonstrated that herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is the most potential oncolytic virus, therapies based on herpes simplex virus type 1 vectors still arouse bio-safety and risk management issues. Researchers have therefore introduced the new idea of treating cancer with HSV-1 mutants labeled with radionuclides, combining radionuclide and oncolytic virus therapies. This overview briefly summarizes the status and mechanisms by which oncolytic viruses kill tumor cells, discusses the application of HSV-1 and HSV-1 derived vectors for tumor therapy, and demonstrates the feasibility and prospect of HSV-1 mutants labeled with radionuclides for treating tumors.

A functional type I interferon pathway drives resistance to cornea herpes simplex virus type 1 infection by recruitment of leukocytes

Type I interferons are critical antiviral cytokines produced following herpes simplex virus type-1 （HSV-1） infection that act to inhibit viral spread. In the present study, we identify HSV-infected and adjacent uninfected corneal epithelial cells as the source of interferon-a. We also report mice deficient in the A1 chain of the type I IFN receptor （CDl18-/） are extremely sensitive to ocular infection with low doses （100 PFU） of HSV-1 as seen by significantly elevated viral titers in the cornea Compared to wild type （WT） controls. The enhanced susceptibil- ity correlated with a loss of CD4＋ and CD8＋ T cell recruitment and aberrant chemokine production in the cornea despite mounting an adaptive immune response in the draining mandibular lymph node of CDll8/ mice. Taken together, these results highlight the importance of IFN production in both the innate immune response as well as eliciting chemokine production required to facilitate adaptive immune cell trafficking.

The Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infected Cell Protein 22

As one of the immediate-early(IE)proteins of herpes simplex virus type 1(HSV-1),ICP22 is a multifunctional viral regulator that localizes in the nucleus of infected cells.It is required in experimental animal systems and some nonhuman cell lines,but not in Vero or HEp-2 cells.ICP22 is extensively phosphorylated by viral and cellular kinases and nucleotidylylated by casein kinase Ⅱ.It has been shown to be required for efficient expression of early(E)genes and a subset of late(L)genes.ICP22,in conjunction with the UL13 kinase,mediates the phosphorylation of RNA polymerase Ⅱ.Both ICP22 and UL13 are required for the activation of cdc2,the degradation of cyclins A and B and the acquisition of a new cdc2 partner,the UL42 DNA polymerase processivity factor.The cdc2-UL42 complex mediates postranscriptional modification of topoisomerase Ⅱα in an ICP22-dependent manner to promote L gene expression.In addition,ICP22 interacts with cdk9 in a Us3 kinase dependent fashion to phosphorylate RNA polymerase Ⅱ.

Molecular Characterization and SYBR Green I-Based Quantitative PCR for Duck Hepatitis Virus Type 1

To determine the genomic sequence of a duck hepatitis virus type 1 （DHV-1） strain, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction （RTQ-PCR） assay based on SYBR Green I technology was developed to target 3D gene of DHV-1, Comparative sequence analysis showed that the genome has a typical picornarivus genetic organization, and strain DHV-1 R genetic organaiztion is 5＇ untranslated region （UTR）-VP0-VP3-VPI-2A1-2A2-2B-2C-3A-3B-3C-3D-3＇ UTR, DHV-1 R has close relationship with Parechovirus, and has 95.1-99.1% nucleotide sequence identity with other DHV-1 strains. Based on the DHV-1 sequences in GenBank, three pairs of specific primers were designed to amplify DHV-1 using real-time PCR. The results showed that real-time PCR Tm value is 85.6℃ and the real-time PCR provides a broad dynamic range, detecting from 102 to 109 copies of DHV-1 cDNA per reaction. No cross-reactions were found in specimens containing DPV, AIV and NDV. It is concluded that DHV-1 belongs to a new group of the family Picornaviridae that may form a separate genus most closely related to the genus Parechovirus. All results showed that the real-time PCR has high sensitivity and specificity to detect DHV-1 using SYBR Green I dissociation curve analysis, isolates can be distinguished by their melting temperature. These methods are rapid, sensitive, and reliable, and can be readily adapted for detection of DHV-1 from other clinical samples.

Herpes simplex virus type 1 in peptic ulcer disease: An inverse association with Helicobacter pylori

AIM： To assess the frequency of herpes simplex virus type I in upper gastrointestinal tract ulcers and normal mucosa with the modern and better assays and also with a larger number of well characterized patients and controls and its relationship to Helicobacter pylori（H pylori）. METHODS： Biopsy specimens from 90 patients （34 with gastric ulcer of the prepyloric area and 56 with duodenal ulcer） were evaluated. Biopsies from 50 patients with endoscopically healthy mucosa were considered as the control group. The method used to identify herpes simplex virus-1 （HSV-1） was polymerase chain reaction. Hpylori was detected by the CLO-test and by histological method. RESULTS： Herpes simplex virus-1 was detected in 28 of 90 patients with peptic ulcer （31%） Ⅲ of 34 patients with gastric ulcer （32.4%） and 17 of 56 with duodenal ulcer （30.4%）1 exclusively close to the ulcerous lesion. All control group samples were negative for HSV-1. The likelihood of Hpylori negativity among peptic ulcer patients was significantly higher in HSV-1 positive cases than in HSV-1 negative cases （P = 0.009）. Gastric ulcer patients with HSV-1 positivity were strongly associated with an increased possibility of Helicobacter pylori negativity compared to duodenal ulcer patients （P = 0.010）. CONCLUSION： HSV-1 is frequent in upper gastrointestinal tract ulcers but not in normal gastric andduodenal mucosa. There is an inverse association between HSV-1 and Hpylori infection.

A Multiple Functional Protein:the Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Tegument Protein VP22

The herpes simplex virus type 1 （HSV-1） VP22, is one of the most abundant HSV-I tegument proteins with an average stoichiometry of 2 400 copies per virion and conserved among alphaherpesvirinae. Many functions are attributed to VP22, including nuclear localization, chromatin binding, microtubule binding, induction ofmicrotubule reorganization, intercellular transport, interaction with cellular proteins, such as template activating VP16, pU factor I （TAF-I） and nonmuscle myosin II A （NMIIA）, and viral proteins including pUS9 and pUL46, glycoprotein E （gE） and gD. Recently, many novel functions perform tegument protein ed by the HSV-1 VP22 protein have been shown, including promotion of protein synthesis at late times in infection, accumulation of a subset of viral mRNAs at early times in infection and possible transcriptional regulation function .

Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 ICP27 Protein:Its Expression, Purification and Specific Antiserum Production

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is the causative agent of cold sores and other more serious diseases. HSV-1 infected-cell protein 27 (ICP27) is an immediate-early regulatory phosphoprotein homologous to gene products identified in all classes of herpesviruses so far. To raise the antiserum to ICP27 for further characterization of its biological function, the ICP27 gene was cloned into the pET-28a (+) vector, then ICP27 protein was expressed in E. coli and purified by nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni 2+ -NTA) affinity resin column, finally the purified protein was used to raise antiserum. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the antiserum recognized the recombinant protein, and the antiserum was able to probe the ICP27 in HSV-1 infected cells with high specificity by immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Therefore, the specific antiserum will provide a valuable tool for further studies investigating ICP27's biological function during HSV-1 infection.

The Study on The Immune Response Induced by Expressing Recombinant Plasmid of Dengue Virus Type 2 NS3 Protein

The PSV?NS3, an expressing recombinant plasmid of dengue virus type 2 NS3 protein, was injected directly into the quadriceps of Balb/C mice to explore whether it could inducing immune response. The splenic T cell subsets of two groups was analysed by flow cytometry. It was found that the percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells of experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group. The titer of IgG antibody was as high as 1∶5 120 in experimental group, but it couldn’t be detected in control group by ELISA. The western blot further proved that the IgG antibody was specific for NS3 protein. Those results Suggested that inoculation Balb/C mice with PSV?NS3 could inducing immune response, and the NS3 protein might be used as the candidate protein of DNA vaccine of dengue virus.

ENHANCEMENT OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND ONCOGENIC TRANSFORMATION OF MOUSE CELLS WITH 12-O-TETRADECANOYL PHORBOL- 13-ACETATE FOLLOWING HERPES SINPLEX VIRUS TYPE 2 INFECTION

Sequential exposure of mouse embryo cells to HSV-2 and TPA gave rise to a synergistic enhancement of the transformation frequency. The transformants were selected for their ability to form dense foci of cells in medium containing 10% or 1%(low) fetal bovine serum. The average number of foci induced with HSV -2 followed by TPA was about 3 or 5(in low serum) fold greater than that induced with HSV- 2 alone. HSV- 2 antigen could be detected in about 10% of transformed cells before 27th passage with immunofluorescence technique. Of two cell lines established from single focus , one designated BL which was preferable to form foci in subcultures was tumorigenic after 21th passage. All of the tumors were sarcomas with interlacing bundles of pleomorphic fibroblasts. The other,designated NP was nontumorigenic until 50th passage. The BL cell line was composed of two distict cell types, i. e.,pigmented and unpigmented. No viral DNA sequences weredetected in the cells of tumors derived from BL cell line.

Oral and perioral herpes simplex virus infection type I in a fivemonth- old infant: A case report

BACKGROUND Herpes simplex virus(HSV)is a highly infectious pathogen that is easily transmitted via the bodily fluids of an infected individual.This virus usually affects individuals older than six months of age,and rarely causes lesions or symptoms in younger patients.CASE SUMMARY We present the case of a five-month-old healthy girl who presented with painful herpetic gingivostomatitis and perioral vesicles.We discuss the pathophysiology of primary HSV infection and the effect of maternal antibodies on the infant’s immune system.In addition,we explain the diagnosis,management,and prognosis of HSV infection in young infants.CONCLUSION This case highlights the importance of early diagnosis and management of HSV infections to decrease the risk of developing severe complications and death.

FAILURE OF HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE 2 TO SUBSTITUTE FOR DIMETHYL-BENZANTHRACENE IN TWO-STAGE SKIN CARCINOGENESIS

There are some Indications thtt herpes aimplex virus (HSV) may be mutagenic. Specific chromosomal changes have also been demonstrated In cultured cells infected with HSV. To further Investigate the mutagenic activity of HSV type 2 (HSV-2) we used mouse skin as a model system for cardnogenetls. Inoculation of the back skin of 4-week-old Sencar mke with live virus twice per week for one week or with Inactivated virus twice per week for two weeks was used to Initiate the mouse akin. After Initiation with HSV-2, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetale(TPA) was applied twice weekly for 50 weeks as a promoter. During a period of 52 weeks, no skin carcinoma was found In the experimental groups, whereas 55% of control mice treated with 9, 10-dlmethy1-1, 2- benzanthracene (DMBA ) and then with TPA-developed skin carcinoma. The results demonstrate that HSV-2 could not substitute for DMBA in this animal model of two-stage skin carcinogenesis.

SEARCH FOR HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE2（HSV－2）AND HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS（HPV）IN THE NORMAL AND ABNORMAL CERVICAL SAMPLES

The specimens of 111 cervical carcinomas. 68 chronic cervicitis and 43 normal cervical exfoliated epithelial cells were examined for the presence of HSV2 DNA sequences with DNA hybridization using HSV2 BgL Ⅱ N fragment probe labelled by 32PdCTP. The result showed that the infection rates of HSV2 in the samples of cervical cancer.chronic cervicitis and normal epithelial cells were 1 4. 41 %(16/111). 27.94%( 19/68) and 25.58% ( 11/43),respectively. It was implied that early stages carcinogenesis of cervical epithelial cells might be correlated with the HSV2 infection.Sixteen HSV 2 positive samples of cervical carcinomas were also examined for the presence of the sequences homologous to human papillomavirus (HPV) type 6B/11. 16 and 18 DNA using dot blot hybridization (Tm17℃). The result indicated that 13 out of 16 were HPV 16 DNA hybridization positive accounting for 81. 2% of all HSV-2 positive samples and none of them were positive for HPV type 6B/11 and 18. The result indicated that double infection of HSV 2 and HPV16 in the same cervical carcinoma tissues may provide a strong evidence of the viral synergistic interaction in the induction of female cervical

Human Herpes Virus Type 2 ( HSV2 ), Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in the Male Genital Tract and Fertilization

The possibility of infection of the human male genital tract by human herpes virus type 2 (HSV2) or human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is well established and their sexual transmission has been the object of many studies. Moreover, medically assisted procreation, which helps in numerous fertility problems, raises the question of new viral risks linked to the application of these new technologies. In this review, we shall consider current knowledge in terms of the presence of HSV 2 and HCMV in the different parts of the genital tract of immunocompetent or immunodepressed men. We shall also consider the possibility of viral transmission by the sexual act or by the various techniques used in medically assisted procreation. We shall describe studies in human beings and in animals.

Preliminary study on Herpes simplex virus type 1 infection of human oral epithelial cell in vitro

Objective： To explore the functions and mechanisms of herpes simplex virus type I（HSV-1） while infecting human oral epithelial cells in vitro（being similar to the infection in vivo）. Methods：An abundance of HSV-1 strains amplified in Vero cells were used to infect human oral epithelial cells. The culture supernatant was collected to infect Vero cells again. Morphology of HSV-1 was identified by inverted microscope and transmission electron microscope. Nucleic acid of the virus was detected by PCR. Results：The infected human oral epithelial cells didn＇ t display an obvious cytopathic effect（CPE） under inverted microscope（while Vero cells which were infected by the culture supernatant showed typical（CPE）. The virus particles were not observed in the cytoplasm nor in nucleus of human oral epithelial cells, however under transmission electron microscope in the cytoplasm of Vero cells, the nucleic acid of HSV-1 could be detected in infected human oral epithelial cells, by PCR. Conclusion-HSV-1 can successfully infect human oral epithelial cells. This model may provide a useful approach for studying the pathogenesis of herpes virus-associated periodontal disease.