Overview of the immunological mechanisms in hepatitis B virus reactivation:Implications for disease progression and management strategies

Hepatitis B virus(HBV)reactivation is a clinically significant challenge in disease management.This review explores the immunological mechanisms underlying HBV reactivation,emphasizing disease progression and management.It delves into host immune responses and reactivation’s delicate balance,spanning innate and adaptive immunity.Viral factors’disruption of this balance,as are interac-tions between viral antigens,immune cells,cytokine networks,and immune checkpoint pathways,are examined.Notably,the roles of T cells,natural killer cells,and antigen-presenting cells are discussed,highlighting their influence on disease progression.HBV reactivation’s impact on disease severity,hepatic flares,liver fibrosis progression,and hepatocellular carcinoma is detailed.Management strategies,including anti-viral and immunomodulatory approaches,are critically analyzed.The role of prophylactic anti-viral therapy during immunosuppressive treatments is explored alongside novel immunotherapeutic interventions to restore immune control and prevent reactivation.In conclusion,this compre-hensive review furnishes a holistic view of the immunological mechanisms that propel HBV reactivation.With a dedicated focus on understanding its implic-ations for disease progression and the prospects of efficient management stra-tegies,this article contributes significantly to the knowledge base.The more profound insights into the intricate interactions between viral elements and the immune system will inform evidence-based approaches,ultimately enhancing disease management and elevating patient outcomes.The dynamic landscape of management strategies is critically scrutinized,spanning anti-viral and immunomodulatory approaches.The role of prophylactic anti-viral therapy in preventing reactivation during immunosuppressive treatments and the potential of innovative immunotherapeutic interventions to restore immune control and proactively deter reactivation.

Disparities in the Levels of Whole-Blood Epstein-Barr Virus between the Cancer and Non-Cancer Populations in Zhejiang,China

Objective This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus(EBV)infection in patients with and without cancer.Methods A total of 26,648 participants who underwent whole-blood EBV DNA(WBEBV)assays between January 1,2020,and August 31,2023,were included.The chi-square test was used for categorical data analysis,and R software was used to analyze the differences in EBV DNA load levels and the diagnostic capabilities of WBEBV.Results Positive rates were 10.2%and 25.4%for healthy controls(HC)and patients,respectively.The positivity rate for EBV-associated neoplasms(EN)was the highest at 7.53%,followed by leukemia(Le)at 5.49%.The subgroup analysis showed that the positivity rate for abnormal proliferation or hyperplasia(APH)was 31.9%,followed by 30.5%for Le.The WBEBV of patients with transplants(TP),especially living-related transplants(LT),was the highest among all subgroups.WBEBV at diagnosis was used to differentiate between infectious mononucleosis(IM)and chronic active Epstein-Barr virus(CAEBV),with a sensitivity of 67.4%(95%confidence interval[CI]:57.6-75.8)and specificity of 72%(95%CI:63.3-79.3).We conclude that the prevalence of EBV infection is low in the healthy population in this region and that a high EBV load at baseline is more common in LT,IM,and Lymphocyte Leukemia(LL).Conclusion This study used a large-sample survey to characterize the prevalence of whole-blood EBV levels in various diseases,including the stages and subtypes.The EBV detection rate was higher in patients with malignant disease than in those with benign disease.Our study provides clinicians with baseline information regarding EBV-associated diseases.

Partial Fusion (F) Gene Analysis of Newcastle Disease Virus Detected in Pakistan during 2021-2022

Newcastle disease (ND) virus is a leading threat to commercial and domestic poultry in Pakistan. The virus infects and constitutes irreversible impairment to the nervous system, damages the respiratory system, and marks severe gastrointestinal lesions leading to heavy mortality in short-living birds and substantial losses in layers and breeders. The continuous emergence and evolution of the virus made it inclined to evade the humoral response and indirectly the circumvention of artificial active immunization. Newcastle disease is caused by the orthoavula genus of the paramyxoviridae family and has shown high genetic diversity even in their genotypes while information regarding enzootic trends of the virus is scanty in Pakistan. A total of 40 tracheal samples of NDV were collected from different commercial broiler farms and 11 isolates of NDV were identified. In the current study, we determined the genetic diversity of the Newcastle disease virus based on the partial sequencing of the fusion protein gene available in the NCBI database. Genetic analysis showed that seven isolates belonged to class I genotype VII and four belonged to class II genotype II. Interestingly, two isolates had epidemiological connections with vaccine-like class II genotype II. Our findings, concerning the recent outbreaks of class I genotype VII and class II genotype II of NDV in vaccinated commercial flocks, suggest possible potential partial mutations in the fusion protein gene. Genetic diversity and formation of the new cleavage site in an important neutralizing protein of wild strain are linked with the potency of artificial active immunization and a major cause of vaccine failure.

Analysis of Occurrence and Mixed Infection of Sugarcane Bacilliform Virus Disease in Hainan Sugarcane-growing Area

[Objectives]The paper was to explore the occurrence and mixed infection of sugarcane bacilliform virus disease in Hainan sugarcane-growing area.[Methods]A total of 348 sugarcane leaf samples were collected from 7 sugarcane-growing areas in Hainan Province.Molecular detection of sugarcane bacilliform virus(SCBV)was carried out by PCR using specific primers.[Results]SCBV was detected in 244 out of 348 sugarcane samples,with an average detection rate of 70.11%.The highest detection rate was 76.66%in the Danzhou sugarcane-growing area,while the lowest was 57.14%in the Baisha sugarcane-growing area.The SCBV-positive samples were subjected to testing for SCYLV,SCSMV,SrMV,and SCMV,respectively.The results indicated that 106 out of 244 positive samples exhibited a single infection with SCBV,while 138 samples exhibited mixed infections with SCBV and other sugarcane viruses.The proportion of mixed infections among the SCBV-positive samples was as high as 56.56%.Among the various types of mixed infections,two-virus and three-virus mixed infections were the most prevalent.[Conclusions]SCBV has emerged as a significant threat to the secure production of sugarcane in the Hainan sugarcane-growing region.It presents an explosive infection in the Hainan sugarcane-growing region and frequently combines with other sugarcane viruses to infect sugarcane.The findings of this study will provide a theoretical foundation for the prevention and control of sugarcane bacilliform virus disease.

Study on Control Techniques of Virus Diseases in Facility Cherry

The diseases of sweet cherry caused by viruses and viroids have occurred in the main cherry producing areas of China and are increasing year by year, which has become an important factor affecting the yield and quality of sweet cherry. For this reason, this paper elaborated the prevention and countermeasures of virus diseases from six aspects, including soil treatment, cultivation of disease-free seedlings, prevention of disease and pest damage, reasonable pruning, water management, and treatment of virus diseases, in order to provide technical guidance for the disease resistance, high quality and high yield of facility cherry, as well as information reference for the further improvement of the technical system of virus disease prevention and cultivation of facility cherry.

Blood-brain barrier pathology in cerebral small vessel disease

Cerebral small vessel disease is a neurological disease that affects the brain microvasculature and which is commonly observed among the elderly.Although at first it was considered innocuous,small vessel disease is nowadays regarded as one of the major vascular causes of dementia.Radiological signs of small vessel disease include small subcortical infarcts,white matter magnetic resonance imaging hyperintensities,lacunes,enlarged perivascular spaces,cerebral microbleeds,and brain atrophy;however,great heterogeneity in clinical symptoms is observed in small vessel disease patients.The pathophysiology of these lesions has been linked to multiple processes,such as hypoperfusion,defective cerebrovascular reactivity,and blood-brain barrier dysfunction.Notably,studies on small vessel disease suggest that blood-brain barrier dysfunction is among the earliest mechanisms in small vessel disease and might contribute to the development of the hallmarks of small vessel disease.Therefore,the purpose of this review is to provide a new foundation in the study of small vessel disease pathology.First,we discuss the main structural domains and functions of the blood-brain barrier.Secondly,we review the most recent evidence on blood-brain barrier dysfunction linked to small vessel disease.Finally,we conclude with a discussion on future perspectives and propose potential treatment targets and interventions.

Effects of Biological Pesticides on Prevention and Treatment of Virus Diseases in Greenhouse Tomato in Autumn

To alleviate the damage of tomato virus diseases, reduce chemical pesticide consumption and residue, and prevent environmental pollution, forecasting, randomized block design and statistical analysis were adopted to conduct field efficacy tests for Lentinan ＋ Gibberellin-heteroauxin-brassinolide （GHB） and Ningnanmycin ＋ GHB. The results showed that when the virus diseases in greenhouse tomato were serious, 0.5% Lentinan AS 3 000 ml ＋ GHB WP 600 g and 8% Ningnanmycin AS 900 ml ＋ GHB WP 600 g per hectare were applied 4 times with an interval of 7 days, and the control effects on the 10th, 17th, 26th and 35th day were above 88%, 87%, 78% and 67%, respectively. The difference in control effect of the two biological pesticides was insignificant, while their control effects were all significantly better than that of moroxydine hydrochloride （CK） ＋ GHB. The obtained results indicated that Lentinan ＋ GHB and Ningnanmycin ＋ GHB were the ideal biological pesticides, which could be used not only for controlling tomato virus diseases, but also for realizing modern, pollution-free, green and organic agricultural production.

Current status of liver transplantation for human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in China's Mainland

According to the report from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)infection exceeded 1.2 million individuals by the year 2022,with an annual increase of about 80000 cases.The overall prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen among individuals co-infected with HIV reached 13.7%,almost twice the rate of the general population in China.In addition to the well-documented susceptibility to opportunistic infections and new malignancies,HIV infected patients frequently experience liver-related organ damage,with the liver and kidneys being the most commonly affected.This often leads to the development of end-stage liver and kidney diseases.Therefore,organ transplantation has emerged as an important part of active treatment for HIV infected patients.However,the curative effect is not satisfactory.HIV infection has been considered a contraindication for organ transplantation.Until the emergence of highly active anti-retroviral therapy in 1996,the once intractable replication of retrovirus was effectively inhibited.With prolonged survival,the failure of important organs has become the main cause of death among HIV patients.Therefore,transplant centers worldwide have resu-med exploration of organ transplantation for HIV-infected individuals and reached a positive conclusion.This study provides an overview of the current landscape of HIV-positive patients receiving liver transplantation(LT)in main-land China.To date,our transplant center has conducted LT for eight end-stage liver disease patients co-infected with HIV,and all but one,who died two months postoperatively due to sepsis and progressive multi-organ failure,have survived.Comparative analysis with hepatitis B virus-infected patients during the same period revealed no statistically significant differences in acute rejection reactions,cytomegalovirus infection,bacteremia,pulmonary infections,acute kidney injury,new-onset cancers,or vascular and biliary complications.

Current updates on the epidemiology,pathogenesis and development of small molecule therapeutics for the treatment of Ebola virus infections

Ebola virus disease(EVD)is a rare,highly contagious and a deadly disease with a variable fatality rate ranging from 30%to 90%.Over the past two decades,Ebola pandemic has severely affected the sub-Sahara region including Democratic Republic of the Congo(DRC),and Uganda.The causative agents of the most EVD cases are three distinct species out of six Ebolaviruses namely Zaire Ebolavirus(ZEBOV),Sudan Ebolavirus(SUDV)and Bundibugyo Ebolavirus(BDBV).In recent years,significant strides have been made in therapeutic interventions.Notably,the US Food and Drug Administration has approved two monoclonal antibodies:InmazebTM(REGN-EB3)and Ansuvimab or EbangaTM.Additionally,many small molecules are currently in the developmental stage,promising further progress in medical treatment.Addressing the critical need for preventive measures,this review provides an in-depth analysis of the licensed Ebola vaccines-Ervebo and the combination of Zabdeno(Ad26.ZEBOV)and Mvabea(MVA-BN-Filo)as well as the vaccines which are currently being tested for their efficacy and safety in clinical studies.These vaccines might play an important role in curbing the spread and mitigating the impact of this lethal disease.The current treatment landscape for EVD encompasses both nutritional(supportive)and drug therapies.The review comprehensively details the origin,pathogenesis,and epidemiology of EVD,shedding light on the ongoing efforts to combat this devastating disease.It explores small molecules in various stages of the development,discusses patents filed or granted,and delves into the clinical and supportive therapies that form the cornerstone of EVD management.This review aims to provide the recent developments made in the design and synthesis of small molecules for scientific community to facilitate a deeper understanding of the disease and fostering the development of effective strategies for prevention,treatment,and control of EVD.

Gut microbiota in gastrointestinal diseases:Insights and therapeutic strategies

Considering the bidirectional crosstalk along the gut-liver axis,gut-derived microorganisms and metabolites can be released into the liver,potentially leading to liver injury.In this editorial,we comment on several studies published in the recent issue of the World Journal of Gastroenterology.We focus specifically on the roles of gut microbiota in selected gastrointestinal(GI)diseases that are prevalent,such as inflammatory bowel disease,metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease,and hepatitis B virus-related portal hypertension.Over the past few decades,findings from both preclinical and clinical studies have indicated an association between compositional and metabolic changes in the gut microbiota and the pathogenesis of the aforementioned GI disorders.However,studies elucidating the mechanisms underlying the host-microbiota interactions remain limited.The purpose of this editorial is to summarize current findings and provide insights regarding the context-specific roles of gut microbiota.Ultimately,the discovery of microbiome-based biomarkers may facilitate disease diagnosis and the development of personalized medicine.

Study on Screening of Virus Inhibitor Combinations against Viral Diseases in Chinese Cabbage

In this study, several kinds of virus inhibitors or passivators, such as Dufulin and lentinan, were used to design 15 individual or combination treatments, to investigate their control efficiency against viral diseases in Chinese cabbage. Re- sults showed that individual treatments of Dufulin and lentinan achieved high control efficiency of 70.01% and 66.02%, respectively; combination treatments of Dufulin ＋ lentinan, Dufulin ＋ Weijiaxi and Lentinan ＋Weijiaxi also produced certain synergistic effects, with control efficiency of 83.70%, 78.07% and 82.32%, respectively.

Outcomes of ABO-incompatible liver transplantation in end-stage liver disease patients co-infected with hepatitis B and human immunodeficiency virus

BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-positive patients coinfected with hepatitis B virus(HBV)are eligible for liver transplantation(LT)in Africa and Southeast Asia,particularly China.However,the outcome of HIV-HBV coinfected patients referred for ABO-incompatible LT(ABOi-LT)is unknown.AIM To clarify the outcome of ABOi-LT for HIV-HBV coinfected patients with endstage liver disease(ESLD).METHODS We report on two Chinese HIV-HBV coinfected patients with ESLD who underwent A to O brain-dead donor LT and reviewed the literature on HIV-HBV coinfected patients treated with ABO-compatible LT.The pretransplantation HIV viral load was undetectable,with no active opportunistic infections.Induction therapy consisted of two sessions of plasmapheresis and a single dose of rituximab in two split doses,followed by an intraoperative regimen of intravenous immunoglobulin,methylprednisolone,and basiliximab.Post-transplant maintenance immunosuppressive agents consisted of tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil,and prednisone.RESULTS At the intermediate-term follow-up,patients showed undetectable HIV viral load,CD4(+)T cell counts greater than 150 cells/μL,no HBV recurrence,and stable liver function.A liver allograft biopsy showed no evidence of acute cellular rejection.Both patients survived at 36-42 mo of follow-up.CONCLUSION This is the first report of ABOi-LT in HIV-HBV recipients with good intermediate-term outcomes,suggesting that ABOi-LT may be feasible and safe for HIV-HBV coinfected patients with ESLD.

Liver biopsy in the post-hepatitis C virus era in Japan

In Japan,liver biopsies were previously crucial in evaluating the severity of hepatitis caused by the hepatitis C virus(HCV)and diagnosing HCV-related hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).However,due to the development of effective antiviral treatments and advanced imaging,the necessity for biopsies has significantly decreased.This change has resulted in fewer chances for diagnosing liver disease,causing many general pathologists to feel less confident in making liver biopsy diagnoses.This article provides a comprehensive overview of the challenges and potential solutions related to liver biopsies in Japan.First,it highlights the importance of considering steatotic liver diseases as independent conditions that can coexist with other liver diseases due to their increasing prevalence.Second,it emphasizes the need to avoid hasty assumptions of HCC in nodular lesions,because clinically diagnosable HCCs are not targets for biopsy.Third,the importance of diagnosing hepatic immune-related adverse events caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors is increasing due to the anticipated widespread use of these drugs.In conclusion,pathologists should be attuned to the changing landscape of liver diseases and approach liver biopsies with care and attention to detail.

Hepatitis A virus-associated acute acalculous cholecystitis in an adult-onset Still’s disease patient:A case report and review of the literature

BACKGROUND Acute acalculous cholecystitis(AAC)is inflammation of the gallbladder without evidence of calculi.Although rarely reported,its etiologies include hepatitis virus infection(e.g.,hepatitis A virus,HAV)and adult-onset Still’s disease(AOSD).There are no reports of HAV-associated AAC in an AOSD patient.CASE SUMMARY Here we report a rare case of HAV infection-associated AAC in a 39-year-old woman who had a history of AOSD.The patient presented with an acute abdomen and hypotension.Elevated hepatobiliary enzymes and a thickened and distended gallbladder without gallstones on ultrasonography suggested AAC,but there were no signs of anemia nor thrombocytopenia.Serological screening revealed anti-HAV IgM antibodies.Steroid treatment did not alleviate her symptoms,and she was referred for laparoscopic cholecystectomy.The resected gallbladder was hydropic without perforation,and her clinical signs gradually improved after surgery.CONCLUSION AAC can be caused by HAV in AOSD patients.It is crucial to search for the underlying etiology for AAC,especially uncommon viral causes.

Blood cell counts and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Evidence from Mendelian randomization analysis

BACKGROUND Previous research has highlighted correlations between blood cell counts and chronic liver disease.Nonetheless,the causal relationships remain unknown.AIM To evaluate the causal effect of blood cell traits on liver enzymes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)risk.METHODS Independent genetic variants strongly associated with blood cell traits were extracted from a genome-wide association study(GWAS)conducted by the Blood Cell Consortium.Summary-level data for liver enzymes were obtained from the United Kingdom Biobank.NAFLD data were obtained from a GWAS meta-analysis(8434 cases and 770180 controls,discovery dataset)and the Fingen GWAS(2275 cases and 372727 controls,replication dataset).This analysis was conducted using the inverse-variance weighted method,followed by various sensitivity analyses.RESULTS One SD increase in the genetically predicted haemoglobin concentration(HGB)was associated with aβof 0.0078(95%CI:0.0059-0.0096),0.0108(95%CI:0.0080-0.0136),0.0361(95%CI:0.0156-0.0567),and 0.0083(95%CI:00046-0.0121)for alkaline phosphatase(ALP),alanine aminotransferase(ALT),aspartate aminotransferase,and gammaglutamyl transferase,respectively.Genetically predicted haematocrit was associated with ALP(β=0.0078,95%CI:0.0052-0.0104)and ALT(β=0.0057,95%CI:0.0039-0.0075).Genetically determined HGB and the reticulocyte fraction of red blood cells increased the risk of NAFLD[odds ratio(OR)=1.199,95%CI:1.087-1.322]and(OR=1.157,95%CI:1.071-1.250).The results of the sensitivity analyses remained significant.CONCLUSION Novel causal blood cell traits related to liver enzymes and NAFLD development were revealed through Mendelian randomization analysis,which may facilitate the diagnosis and prevention of NAFLD.

Perilipin 2 inhibits replication of hepatitis B virus deoxyribonucleic acid by regulating autophagy under high-fat conditions

Hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection poses a global health concern without a definitive cure;however,antiviral medications can effectively suppress viral replication.This study delves into the intricate interplay between lipid metabo-lism and HBV replication,implicating molecular mechanisms such as the stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase 1 autophagy pathway,SAC1-like phosphatidylinositol phosphatase,and galectin-9 mediated selective autophagy of viral core proteins in regulating HBV replication.Within lipid droplets,perilipin 2(PLIN2)emerges as a pivotal guardian,with its overexpression protecting against autophagy and downregulation stimulating triglyceride catabolism through the autophagy pathway.This editorial discusses the correlation between hepatic steatosis and HBV replication,emphasizing the role of PLIN2 in this process.The study underscores the multifaceted roles of lipid metabolism,autophagy,and perilipins in HBV replication,shedding light on potential therapeutic avenues.

Comparative Analysis of Budesonide Treatments on Blood Gas and Inflammation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Remission

Objective:To investigate the effects of budesonide on blood gas and inflammation indexes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)during remission.Methods:Fifty-one patients with COPD in remission,admitted to Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University from July 2021 to December 2022,were selected and divided into two groups based on a randomized numerical table method.The control group(25 cases)received budesonide formoterol treatment,while the observation group(26 cases)received budesonide geforce treatment.Various indexes,including clinical efficacy,blood gas indexes,inflammation indexes,St.George’s Respiratory Questionnaire(SGRQ)scores,Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Assessment Test(CAT)scores,and 6-minute Walking Distance Test(6MWD)results,were compared between the two groups.Results:After 21 days of treatment,the total clinical effectiveness rate of the observation group was higher than that of the control group,with a statistically significant difference(P<0.05).Post-treatment,the PaO2 level and pH value in both groups were higher,and the PaCO_(2) level was lower compared to pre-treatment levels.The observation group showed better improvements in these indicators than the control group,with statistically significant differences(P<0.05).SGRQ and CAT scores for both groups were lower post-treatment,with the observation group scoring lower than the control group.Additionally,the 6MWD results were farther for both groups post-treatment,with the observation group achieving greater distances than the control group,with statistically significant differences(P<0.05).Conclusion:Budesonide can effectively improve blood gas indexes in patients with COPD in remission,alleviate related clinical symptoms,reduce inflammatory responses,and promote patient recovery.The treatment efficacy is significant.

Mediating function of heart failure in the causal relationship between diastolic blood pressure and hypertensive renal disease with renal failure:a mediated Mendelian randomization study

Objective:To study the causality relationship between diastolic blood pressure(DBP)and hypertensive renal disease with renal failure(HRDRF)and the mediating role of hear t failure(HF)in the causality relationship by network Mendelian randomization(MR).Methods:Genome-wide analysis of DBP,HRDRF,and HF was downloaded from the public database(Genome-Wide Analysis Study[GWAS])and was used to analyze the results and to conduct mediated MR analysis.Results:Analysis showed that DBP was positively correlated with HRDRF(OR=1.0002,95%CI:1.0001–1.0003,P=1.8076e-05)and DBP was positively correlated with HF(OR=1.0295,95%CI:1.0221–1.0370,P=2.5292e-15).HF and HRDRF had a positive causal effect(OR=1.0001,95%CI:1.0000–1.0001,P=0.0152).Mediation analysis showed that the contribution ratio of HF to the combined effect of DBP and HRDRF was 24.69%.Conclusions:DBP can increase the risk of renal disease with renal failure,and HF may play an impor tant role in mediating this causal relationship.

Hepatitis B virus infection in patients with Wilson disease:A large retrospective study

BACKGROUND Wilson disease(WD)is the most common genetic metabolic liver disease.Some studies have shown that comorbidities may have important effects on WD.Data on hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection in patients with WD are limited.AIM To investigate the prevalence and clinical impact of HBV infection in patients with WD.METHODS The clinical data of patients with WD were analyzed retrospectively,and the data of patients with concurrent WD and HBV infection were compared with those of patients with isolated WD.RESULTS Among a total of 915 WD patients recruited,the total prevalence of current and previous HBV infection was 2.1%[95%confidence interval(CI):1.2%-3.0%]and 9.2%(95%CI:7.3%-11.1%),respectively.The main finding of this study was the identification of 19 patients with concurrent WD and chronic hepatitis B(CHB)infection.The diagnosis of WD was missed in all but two patients with CHB infection.The mean delay in the diagnosis of WD in patients with concurrent WD and CHB infection was 32.5 mo,which was significantly longer than that in patients with isolated WD(10.5 mo).The rates of severe liver disease and mortality in patients with concurrent WD and CHB infection were significantly higher than those in patients with isolated WD(63.1%vs 19.3%,P=0.000 and 36.8%vs 4.1%,P<0.001,respectively).Binary logistic regression analysis revealed a significantly higher risk of severe liver disease at the diagnosis of WD in patients with current HBV infection[odds ratio(OR)=7.748;95%CI:2.890-20.774;P=0.000)]or previous HBV infection(OR=5.525;95%CI:3.159-8.739;P=0.000)than in patients with isolated WD.CONCLUSION The total prevalence of current HBV infection in patients with WD was 2.1%.The diagnosis of WD in CHB patients is usually missed.HBV infection is an independent risk factor for severe liver disease in WD patients.The diagnosis of WD should be ruled out in some patients with CHB infection.

Global Epidemic of Ebola Virus Disease and the Importation Risk into China: An Assessment Based on the Risk Matrix Method

Objective To analyze the global epidemic status of the Ebola virus disease(EVD) and assess the importation risk into China.Methods Data from World Health Organization reports were used. We described the global epidemic status of EVD from 1976–2021, and assessed and ranked the importation risk of EVD from the diseaseoutbreaking countries into China using the risk matrix and Borda count methods, respectively.Results From 1976–2021, EVD mainly occurred in western and central Africa, with the highest cumulative number of cases(14,124 cases) in Sierra Leone, and the highest cumulative fatality rate(85%) in the Congo. Outbreaks of EVD have occurred in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Guinea since 2018. The importation risk into China varies across countries with outbreaks of disease.The Democratic Republic of the Congo had an extremely high risk(23 Borda points), followed by Guinea and Liberia. Countries with a moderate importation risk were Nigeria, Uganda, Congo, Sierra Leone,Mali, and Gabon, while countries with a low importation risk included Sudan, Senegal, and Co te d’Ivoire.Conclusion China is under the risk of EVD importation with the globalization and severe epidemic status of EVD. Key attention need to be paid to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guinea, and Liberia. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent and prepare in advance for importation risk in China.