RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERNAL ORGAN(VISCERA) AND ACUPOINTS:TOWARD MERIDIAN THEORY

The theory of interrelation between acupoints and viscera （IBAV） is one of the most important parts in Traditional Chinese Medicine and the key concept in the theory of Zangfu and Jingluo （meridians）. IBAV expresses the rule between body surface and inner organs which guides the diagnosis and treatment in acupuncture practice. Yellow Emperor said. ＂The twelve-channel is the passage of the flowing of the blood and energy in human body, it has close relation with the existence of the flowing of the blood and energy in human body, it has close relation with the existence of man, the forming of disease, the human health and the recovery of disease... ＂ （Chapter 11 Jing Bie Yellow Emperors Canon Internal Medicine） Early studies noted that IBAV is bi-direetional by reflex reaction to the aeupoints on body surface. Stimulation on the acupoints can simultaneously regulate visceral functions. Recent research showed that acupuncture stimulations induced neuronal nitric oxide expression in the brainstem. Nitric Oxide in the medulla medicates various physiological reflexes. In this Review, the evidence of the relationship between viscera and acupoints will be summarized and emphases on the study of interrelation between acupoints and viscera is not only for improving clinical effects, but also for clarifying the mechanisms of acupuncture-moxibustion. A main way to treat visceral illnesses is choosing acupoints based on differentiation of symptoms and signs.

Consequences of dysthyroidism on the digestive tract and viscera

Thyroid hormones def ine basal metabolism throughout the body, particularly in the intestine and viscera. Gastrointestinal manifestations of dysthyroidism are numerous and involve all portions of the tract. Thyroid hormone action on motility has been widely studied, but more complex pathophysiologic mechanisms have been indicated by some studies although these are not fully understood. Both thyroid hormone excess and def iciency can have similar digestive manifestations, such as diarrhea, although the mechanism is different in each situation. The liver is the most affected organ in both hypo-and hyperthyroidism. Specifi c digestive diseases may be associated with autoimmune thyroid processes, such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Grave's disease. Among them, celiac sprue and primary biliary cirrhosis are the most frequent although a clear common mechanism has never been proven. Overall, thyroid-related digestive manifestations were described decades ago but studies are still needed in order to conf irm old concepts or elucidate undiscovered mechanisms. All practitioners must be aware of digestive symptoms due to dysthyroidism in order to avoid misdiagnosis of rare but potentially lethal situations.

Pathogenic and pathological characteristic of new type gosling viral enteritis first observed in China

AIM: To study the purifying method and characteristics of new gosling viral enteritis virus (NGVEV),the etiological agent of new gosling viral enteritis (NGVE) which was first recognized in China, as well as the pathomorphological development in goslings infected artificially with NGVEV. METHODS: (1)NGVEV virions were purified by the procedure of treatment with chloroform and ammonium sulfate precipitation, dialysis to remove the sulfate radical and ammonium ion and separation by gel filtration chromatography, and SDS-PAGE. (2)Forty-2-day-old White Sichuan goslings were orally administered with NGVEV and 24 hr later 2 birds were randomly selected and killed at 24hr intervals until death occurred. Specimens(duodenum, ileum, liver, heart, kidney, spleen, lung, proventriculus, pancreas, esophagus, and the intestinal embolus) were taken until all birds in this group died and were sectioned and stained with hemotoxylin and eosin and studied by light microscope. RESULTS: NGVEV shared the typical characteristics of Adenovirus and which structural proteins consisted of 15 polypeptides. Necrosis and sloughing of the epithelial cells covering the villus tips of the duodenum were first observed in goslings 2 days postinfection artificially with NGVEV. With the progress of infection, this lesion rapidly occurred in the epithelium at the base of the villus and with infiltration of the inflammatory cells, the jejunum tended to be involved. With the intensification of mucosa necrosis and inflammatory exudation of the small intestine, fibrinonecrotic enteritis was further developed and embolus composed of either intestinal contents wrapped by pseudo-membrane or of the mixture of fibrous exudate and necrotic intestinal mucosa were observed in the middle-lower part of the small intestine. This structure occluded the intestinal tract and made the intestine dilated in appearance. The intestinal glandular cells underwent degeneration, necrosis and might be found sloughed into the lumen. Hemorrhage and hyperemia could be observed on the lung and kidney. Epithelial cells of the renal tubular underwent degeneration. In some cases, granular degeneration and fatty degeneration could be found in the liver and in some cases at a later stage of this disease the epithelial cells of trachea and proventriculus might be found sloughed. In some cases at an early stage of this disease, cardiac hyperemia and hemorrhage could be observed. Esophagus, pancreas and brain were found normal. Analyses and comparisons between the pathologic lesions of NGVE and Gosling Plague (GP) were available in this paper as well. CONCLUSION: (1)NGVEV is adenovirus. (2)Pathological characteristic could be as the data for NGVE diagnosis.

Clinical Study on Therapy of Clearing Hallow Viscera in Treating Critical Patients with Gastro-enteric Function Disorder

Objective： To explore the clinical effect of therapy of clearing hallow viscera in treating critical patients with gastro-enteric function disorder （GEFD）. Methods： Retrospective analysis was carried out on 96 critical patients. They were 48 patients in the treated group treated with Dachengqi Decoction （ 大承气汤） and 48 patients in the control group treated with Western medicine for promoting gastric dynamic force. The recovery rate, recovery time of gastro-enteric function, incidence rate and fatality rate of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome （MODS）, as well as the level of plasma endotoxin （ET） before and after treatment between the two groups were compared. Results： Comparison between the two groups in gastro-enteric function recovery rate （81.3% vs 45.8 %）, functional disorder sustaining time in patients who got recovered （1.2± 0.3 daysvs4.0±1.1 days）, incidence rate （29. 17% vs 52.08%） and fatality rate （28.57% vs 56.00%） of MODS all showed significant difference （ P〈0.05 or P〈0.01 ）. The plasma level of ET after treatment in the treated group was significantly lower than that in the control group （P〈0.05）. Conclusion： Therapy of clearing hallow viscera has a good effect in treating critical patients with gastro-enteric function disorder, and could reduce the incidence and fatality of MODS.

Isolation and Characterization of Enterococci Bacteriocinic Strains from Tunisian Fish Viscera

A collection of lactic acid bacteria isolates from fish viscera was studied and investigated regarding to their functional properties and safety aspects. From these, three isolates GM1, GM2 and GM3 were identified as Enterococcus feacium species using molecular methods. Partial Amplified rDNA Restriction Analysis (partial ARDRA) with restriction enzyme HaeIII separated these isolates into distinctive group which suggest genotypic variability within enterococci strains isolated from fish viscera. The three strains GM1, GM2 and GM3 exhibited antimicrobial activity. Indeed strains have been shown to produce bacteriocins with inhibitory effect against food spoilage bacteria and pathogenic fish including Carnobacterium maltaromaticum. The molecular mass of bacteriocin, as calculated by tricine-SDS-PAGE, was found to be 4.5 kDa. All isolates were tested positive upon PCR amplification of enterocin A structural gene. Investigations of antibiotic resistance show that the isolates were mostly sensitive to several antibiotics (ampicillin, penicillin, tetracycline, gentamycine) and resistance to rifampicin. All isolates grow in esculin azide agar as a selective medium for enumeration of probiotic enterococci. This study suggests that our strains can be employed as probiotic or to improve the safety of food products.

Comparative study on in vitro transformation of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins in different shellfish tissues

Dissected tissues of three shellfish species, the Chinese scallop, Chlamys farreri, Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarurn, and Razor shell, Solen strictu were evaluated for in vitro transformation of paralytic shellfish poisoning （PSP） toxins. Tissue homogenates were incubated with extraction from toxic algae Alexandriurn rninutura to determine toxin conversion. The effects of heating and addition of a natural reductant （glutathione） on toxin conversion were also assessed. The toxin profile was investigated through high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection （HPLC-FLD）. The evident variations in the toxin content were observed only in Chinese scallop viscera homogenates. The concentration of GTX4 was reduced by 45% （approximately 0.8 μmol/dm^3） and 25% （approximately 1 μmol/dm^3） for GTX1, while GTX2 and GTX3 increased by six times （approximately 1 μmol/dm^3） and 3 times （approximately 0.3μmol/dm^3） respectively. Simultaneously, the total toxicity decreased by 38% during the 48 h incubation period, the final toxicity was 20.4 nmol STXeq/g. Furthermore, heated Chinese scallop viscera homogenates samples were compared with non-heated samples. The concentration of the GTX4 and GTX1 was clearly 28% （approximately 0.53 μmol/dm^3） and 17% （approximately 0.69μmol/dm^3） higher in heated samples, GTX2 and GTX3 were four times （0.66 μmol/dm^3） and two times （0.187 μmol/dm^3） lower respectively. GSH （＋） Chinese scallop viscera homogenates samples were compared with GSH （-） samples, the concentration in the GTX4 and GTX1 was 9% （approximately 0.12 μmol/dm^3） and 11% （approximately 0.36 μmol/dm^3） lower respectively, GTX2 and GTX3 was 17% （approximately 0.14 μmol/dm^3） and 19% （approximately 0.006 μmol/dm^3） higher respectively. In contrast,there was a little change in the concentration of PSP toxins of Manila clam and Razor shell tissue ho- mogenates. These observations on three shellfish tissues confirmed that there were species-specific differences in PSP toxins transformation. PSP toxins transformation was more pronounced in viscera tissue than in muscle tissue. PSP toxins was possibly interfered by some carbamoylase enzyme, and the activity in Chinese scallop viscera tissue is more remarkable than in the other two species.

Fatty Acid Composition in Freeze-Dried Chinese Mitten Crabs (<i>Eriocheir sinensis</i>)

Freeze drying is reported to be the best method of dehydration. Live fresh Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis) were freeze dried. The moisture content, rehydration ratio, and fatty acid composition of freeze-dried crabs were analysed. The applicability of using freeze drying to process high-value E. sinensis, so as to prolong the time duration of their storage and marketing, were discussed. After lyophilisation, the average moisture content was 6%. The physical properties (shape, size, and colour) of the musculature and viscera were maintained well during freeze drying. The rehydration ratio was 2.15 when rehydrated for 30 min at room temperature. The levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, were higher in female freeze-dried crabs than in male crabs. After full rehydration, the fatty acid composition of freeze-dried crabs showed no significant differences to that of frozen crabs after thawing. In conclusion, freeze drying can well preserve the physical properties of the edible parts and fatty acid composition of the viscera in high-value E. sinensis. Rehydration has no destruction of the nutritional value regarding to the fatty acid composition. Therefore, freeze drying is a suitable technique for the processing of high-value E. sinensis.

Sonographic Estimation of Visceral Adipose Tissue in an African Population

Purpose: To establish normal values of sonographically-quantified visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in an African population and to correlate results with biomarkers. Patients and Methods: 100 male and 150 female volunteers were scanned for intra-abdominal adipose tissue thickness. Other parameters obtained include BMI, WC, and blood pressure (BP). Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was used to estimate the degree of relationship in VAT, BMI, WC, and blood pressure. Results: The mean VAT thickness was 25.36 ± 16.42 mm. VAT correlated positively and linearly with age (r = 0.651;p < 0.05), BMI (males: r = 0.745, p < 0.05, and females: r = 0.736;p < 0.05), WC (males: r = 0.797, p < 0.05;females: r = 0.779, p < 0.05), and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. (Systolic: r = 0.524, p < 0.05, and diastolic: r = 0.535, p <0.05). Conclusion: Ultrasound is a useful tool in assessing VAT during routine scans to identify patients at risk of increased blood pressure and cardiac diseases associated with obesity.

Influence of Salt Concentration on Histamine Formation in Fermented Tuna Viscera (<i>Dayok</i>)

The formation of histamine in fermented tuna (Thunnus albacares) viscera (dayok) at different salt concentrations (10%, 17.5% and 25%) for 7 days at ambient temperature was investigated. Effect on chemical and microbiological changes on tuna viscera were monitored. Results demonstrated that the levels of pH, lactic acid, amino nitrogen and total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) increased as time of dayok fermentation progressed. The total plate count and lactic acid bacteria count decreased with increasing salt concentration. Histamine levels decreased during fermentation as salt concentration increased. Histamine levels above FDA standard limit of 50 ppm are formed at low salt concentration (10%) with a total plate count of 107 cfu/g. Results revealed that application of salt concentration greater than 17% can minimize the formation of histamine.

Research Progress in TCM Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis(RA)belongs to the category of"bi syndrome(arthralgia syndrome)"in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).According to the characteristics of clinical symptoms,there are descriptions of"bone bi(bone arthralgia)","arthroncus of knee"and"drumstick wind"in TCM.Modern physicians have studied the etiology,pathogenesis and treatment of RA from the treatment of the viscera,including the treatment from the spleen,liver and kidney,treatment from ying(nutrient)and wei(defense),and treatment from ethnic medicine by drawing on the theories of ancient physicians and clinical experience.

Effect of laparoscopic radical resection of rectal cancer on gastrointestinal hormones, visceral protein and pain stress in patients

Objective: To investigate the effects of laparoscopic radical resection of rectal cancer on gastrointestinal hormones, visceral protein and pain stress. Methods: A total of 96 patients with rectal cancer radical resection from January 2017 to December 2017 in our hospital, were selected as the research objects, the patients were randomly divided into the observation group (48 cases) and the control group (48 cases). The observation group received laparoscopic radical resection of rectal cancer, while the control group underwent open radical resection of rectal cancer. The levels of gastrin (GAS), motilin (MTL), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), transferrin (TRF), retinol binding protein (RbP), albumin (ALB), prealbumin (PRE), P substance (SP), bradykinin (BK), and prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) were measured and compared in the two groups. Results: Before operation, there was no significant difference in GAS, MTL and VIP between the two groups. 1, 3, and 5 d after operation, the GAS, MTL and VIP of the two groups were significantly lower than those before operation, and the differences were statistically significant. 1, 3, and 5 d after operation, GAS of the observation group were (66.60±5.79) μmol/L, (71.95±6.16) μmol/L and (77.68±6.38) μmol/L respectively, MTL were (225.68±19.83) pg/mL, (253.76±21.42) pg/mL and (289.98±24.74) pg/mL, VIP were (1.99±0.42) μmol/L, (2.43±0.46) μmol/L, (2.80±0.51) μmol/L, respectively, which were higher than that of the control group at the same time, and the difference was statistically significant. Before operation, there was no significant difference in TRF, RbP, ALB and PRE levels in the two groups. 1, 3 and 5 d after operation, the TRF, RbP, ALB and PRE levels in the two groups were significantly lower than those before operation, and the differences were statistically significant. 1, 3 and 5 d after operation, TRF of the observation group were (1.64±0.33) ng/L, (1.44±0.30) ng/L, (1.46 ±0.32) ng/L, RbP were (19.05±3.85) mg/L, (21.83±4.26) mg/L and (24.54±4.45) mg/L respectively, and ALB were (31.49±2.54) ng/L, (28.21±2.05) ng/L and (28.43±1.99) ng/L, PRE were (0.20±0.06) ng/L, (0.16±0.05) ng/L, (0.15±0.05) ng/L, which were all higher than those in the control group at the same time, and the differences were statistically significant. Before operation, there was no significant difference in SP, BK and PGE2 between the two groups. 1, 3 and 5 d after operation, the SP, BK and PGE2 of the two groups were significantly higher than those before operation and the differences were statistically significant. 1, 3 and 5 d after operation, SP of the observation group was (7.31±0.87) μg/mL, (5.43±0.51) μg/mL and (3.10±0.24) μg/mL, BK was (9.53±0.80) μg/L, (7.81±0.79) μg/L and 6.30±0.53) pg/mL, and PGE2 were (152.42±14.80) pg/mL, (131.22±13.35) pg/mL, (117.86±11.95) pg/mL, which were all lower than those in the control group at the same time, and the differences were statistically significant. Conclusion: Laparoscopic radical resection of rectal cancer can help patients recover gastrointestinal function faster and cause less pain stress.

Fillet Quality and Gut Content Analysis of Parachanna obscura and Clarias agboyiensis

Nigeria waters are rich with a variety of fish species but only very few are cultured and available for consumption.This study was conducted to know the fillet quality,gut content and condition of Parachanna obscura and Clarias agboyiensis in Nigeria using Igbokoda river as a reference because it is a the major fishing site in the nation.Studies were conducted on the viscera somatic index based on the organ weight and the body weight of the fish and the food item consumed by Parachanna obscura and Clarias agboyiensis between May to October,2019 to infer on the fillet quality and gut content of P.obscura and C.agboyiensis in the water body respectively.A summary of food items that constituted the diet of Clarias agboyiensis are Baccillariophyta,fish,fat droplets,dinoflagellate,insect and Chlorophyta which constituted the most important food items both occurring in all stomachs containing food.The fishes has more muscle than the viscera organs which indicate that the weight of the fish before dressing out is higher than the weight of the fish after dressing out.This is suggestive of a good quality of food fish.There was a significant correlation between body weight and total length of specimens found in this study.Increases in total length resulted in corresponding increases in body weight.The result for the condition factor showed was below the expected or standard value(K=1)which shows this species was not in favorable environmental condition.It is therefore necessary to allow phytoplanktons grow well in water body to increase availability of food items to Parachanna obscura and Clarias agboyiensis.P.obscura and C.agboyiensis are also good food fishes of a high fillet quality.They are omnivorous feeders therefore having potentials for aquaculture.

Explain the relationship between the theory of spleen viscera and the pathogenesis of malignant tumors from the perspective of system theory

The spleen visceral manifestation theory(SVMT)is formed under the simple holistic thinking mode of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).It emphasizes the change of our organic function.And SVMT can make me to understand the basic characteristics and rules of the organic functional change and disease evolution of spleen(which is a complex giant system from a macroscopic view).However,the formation of SVMT is still in the stage of fuzzy deduction,ignoring the structural basis of its function.As a result,although SVMT has a macroscopic accuracy,it is unable to analyze the internal structure from the perspective of reductionism.The systematic thought of unifying reductionism and holistic dialectics provides the possibility for the relationship between traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)theory and modern scientific research.Based on the systematic relationship between spleen storage and malignant tumor,this paper tries to take matter-energy-information as the starting point by drawing lessons from complex scientific theory and using the method of interdisciplinary comprehensive analysis under the guidance of system theory.Explore its mechanism and law more scientifically from the subcellular level,so as to further improve and deepen the theoretical system of malignant tumor research based on SVMT.

Effects of electroacupuncture at lower he-sea points on interleukin-1β and high mobility group box 1 in model rats with ulcerative colitis

Objective To comparatively observe the effect of electroacupuncture at digestive system-related lower he-sea points on the expressions of serum interleukin-1β（IL-1 β）, tumor necrosis factor-α（TNF-α） of colon tissues and high mobility group box 1 protein（HMGB 1） of ulcerative colitis（UC） model rats, and to explore whether there is relative specificity of electroacupuncture at Shàngjùxū（上巨虚 ST 37）, one of lower he-sea points of large intestine, in treatment of bowel diseases. Method A total of 60 SD rats were randomly divided into control group, model group, ST 37 group, Zúsānl？（足三里 ST 36） group, Xiàjùxū（下巨虚 ST 39） group and Yánglíngquán（阳陵泉 GB 34） group. There were ten rats in each group; five were males, and five were females. UC models were established by clysis with 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid/alcohol solution. After modeling, treatment was conducted for ten days, specimens were collected, colonic ulcers and inflammation were inspected visually and scored. The content of serum IL-1β and the expressions of TNF-α and HMGB 1 in colon were detected through ELISA. Results 1 Compared with control group, the scores of colonic ulcers and inflammation, the content of serum IL-1β and the expressions of TNF-α（except ST 37 group） and HMGB 1 were all higher（P〈0.05, P〈0.01）; 2 compared with model group, the scores of colonic ulcers in ST 36 group and ST 37 group were lower obviously（P〈0.05, P〈0.01）; the expressions of IL-1β, TNF-α and HMGB 1 in the four treatment groups were lower obviously（P〈0.01）; 3 compared with ST 37 group, the expressions of IL-1β, TNF-α and HMGB 1 in other three treatment groups were higher obviously（P〈0.05, P〈0.01）; and the scores of colonic ulcers in ST 39 group and GB 34 group were higher obviously（P〈0.05）. Conclusion 1 The score of colonic ulcers can be reduced through electroacupuncture at ST 37, ST 36, ST 39 and GB 34, which can also reduce the content of serum IL-1β and the expressions of TNF-α and HMGB 1, and effectively inhibit inflammatory response of colon caused by UC; 2 the effect trend of the four acupoints in treatment of UC is： ST 37ST 36ST 39GB 34, and electroacupuncture at ST 37 has the best effect with relative specificity.

Case examples of indirect moxibustion in treating viscera diseases

Indirect moxibustion is used to treat qi constraint amenorrhea, chest bi due to congealing cold, spleen deficiency diarrhea, cough and panting due to lung deficiency, enuresis with kidney deficiency and other diseases with satisfactory treatment effects. It is believed that indirect moxibustion is characterized by simple and effective acupoint selection and broad indications. During the treatments, quantity and duration of moxibustion should be determined according to the practical pathogenetic conditions and state of an illness, and the propagated sensation along meridians is regarded as the better treatment effect for the patients.

Effect of polypeptide 2B1 on condition of dampness pattern in rats in terms of Traditional Chinese Medicine

OBJECTIVE： This study investigated how polypeptide 2B1 is involved in regulating and governing dampness in rat models with dampness pattern defined in terms of Traditional Chinese Medicine. METHODS： We randomly divided 48 SPF 10-week-old male Sprague-Dawley （SD） rats into a normal group, normal ＋ Aristolochic acid I （AA-I） for 5 min group, normal ＋ AA-I for 60 min group, dampness pattern group （DS-Group）, dampness pattern ＋ AA-I for 5 rain tern ＋ AA-I for 60 min group, and dampness pat- group. Groups were then treated accordingly. We took out the lung, stom- ach, liver, spleen, kidney, large intestine, and small intestine tissues to detect gene and protein expres- sion of organic anion transporter polypeptide 2B1 （OATP2B1）. RESULTS= Gene expression of OATP2B1 in spleen, kidney, and small intestine of rats with dampness pattern was lower than that in normal rats （P〈0.05）. The gene expressions of OATP2B1 in liver, stomach, large intestine, and small intestine were lower than that in control rats at different time points after being stimulated by AA-I （P〈0.05）. CONCLUSION There is coordination among multiple viscera in handling the condition of dampness, and the mechanism underlying the action may rely on regulating the expression of OATP2B1.

Study on enzymes of industrial interest in digestive viscera: Greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili)

Objective:To investigate the presence of industrial enzymes (trypsin and chymotrypsin) as well as collagenolytic and fibrinolytic activities of the neglected processing waste of greater amberjackSeriola dumerili(S. dumerili). Methods: The investigations on trypsin, chymotrypsin, collagenolytic and fibrinolytic activities in residues in digestive viscera were performed. The enzymes trypsin and chymotrypsin were physicochemically characterized (including pH- and thermo-stabilities and sensitivity to metal ions and inhibitors). The kinetic parameters were also determined. Collagenolytic and fibrinolytic activities of the crude extract were also investigated. Results:The crude extract ofS. dumerili showed enzymatic activity of (1.4600 ± 0.0011 and (0.7100 ± 0.0079) IU/mg protein for trypsin and chymotrypsin, respectively. The optimal temperature and pH was 60°C and 9 for trypsin and 40°C and 8 for chymotrypsin. The main inhibitory ions were in the following order: Fe3+> Cu2+> Zn2+> Cd2+> Hg2+ (trypsin) and Hg2+> Fe3+> Zn2+> Cd2+> Mn2+(chymotrypsin). TLCK and benzamidine were the strongest inhibitors for both enzymes. The crude extract also presented collagenolytic activity [(42.44 ± 0.01) IU/mg] and fibrinolytic activity ((26.70 ± 0.05) IU/mL)Conclusions:The crude extract ofS. dumerili showed potential for reuse of its residues and to provide biomolecules of industrial interest like trypsin and to be a source of fibrinolytic enzymes.

Research Status and Perspective on Correlation between Stomach Meridian Points and Stomach

This article expounds the action mechanism on correlation between stomach meridians points and stomach as well as its perspective from myriad ancient and modem literature.

Effects of probiotic bacteria on survival, growth and body composition of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) larvae fed diets with various fish meal

Objective:To compare the the effects of the diets containing various fish viscera meal and effects of probiotic bacteria(Lactobacillus sp.,Bifidobacterium sp.and Streptococcus sp.)on the growth,survival and carcass composition of rainbow trout larvae.Methods:Twelve tanks consisting of triplicates for each treatment group were used.Triplicate groups of rainbow trout(176 mg bodyweight)were fed with three diets formulated with viscera meal(VM)derived from common carp(Cyprinus carpio),or VM derived from mullet(Liza saliens and Liza auratus)or commercial diet with in-tank probiotic respectively,and three diets without probiotic 4 times a day at 5%to 6%of body weight for 45 d.Rainbow trout larvae(average individual weight,176 mg)were randomly distributed with density of 4 fish/L into 18 fiberglass tanks.In probiotic treatments a blend of selected bacteria at 104 CFU/mL were added into rearing tanks four times a day.At the end of the 45-day experiment,growth performance,survival rates and carcass composition of larvae were determined.Results:The results indicated that change to probiotic diets significantly affect growth and survival of rainbow trout larvae(P<0.05).Rainbow trout larvae fed with commercial diet with in-tank probiotics showed the highest survival rates(98%),total weight(2226 mg)and specific growth rates(7.16%/d)among treatment groups.Conclusions:VM derived from common carp can successfully replace more than half of marine fish meal in formulated diets for rainbow trout.Use of in-tank blends of Lactobacillus sp.,Bifidobacterium sp.and Streptococcus sp.,can increase survival rates and specific growth rates in rainbow trout larvae.