Association of age at diagnosis of diabetes with subsequent risk of age-related ocular diseases and vision acuity

BACKGROUND The importance of age on the development of ocular conditions has been reported by numerous studies.Diabetes may have different associations with different stages of ocular conditions,and the duration of diabetes may affect the development of diabetic eye disease.While there is a dose-response relationship between the age at diagnosis of diabetes and the risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality,whether the age at diagnosis of diabetes is associated with incident ocular conditions remains to be explored.It is unclear which types of diabetes are more predictive of ocular conditions.AIM To examine associations between the age of diabetes diagnosis and the incidence of cataract,glaucoma,age-related macular degeneration(AMD),and vision acuity.METHODS Our analysis was using the UK Biobank.The cohort included 8709 diabetic participants and 17418 controls for ocular condition analysis,and 6689 diabetic participants and 13378 controls for vision analysis.Ocular diseases were identified using inpatient records until January 2021.Vision acuity was assessed using a chart.RESULTS During a median follow-up of 11.0 years,3874,665,and 616 new cases of cataract,glaucoma,and AMD,respectively,were identified.A stronger association between diabetes and incident ocular conditions was observed where diabetes was diagnosed at a younger age.Individuals with type 2 diabetes(T2D)diagnosed at<45 years[HR(95%CI):2.71(1.49-4.93)],45-49 years[2.57(1.17-5.65)],50-54 years[1.85(1.13-3.04)],or 50-59 years of age[1.53(1.00-2.34)]had a higher risk of AMD independent of glycated haemoglobin.T2D diagnosed<45 years[HR(95%CI):2.18(1.71-2.79)],45-49 years[1.54(1.19-2.01)],50-54 years[1.60(1.31-1.96)],or 55-59 years of age[1.21(1.02-1.43)]was associated with an increased cataract risk.T2D diagnosed<45 years of age only was associated with an increased risk of glaucoma[HR(95%CI):1.76(1.00-3.12)].HRs(95%CIs)for AMD,cataract,and glaucoma associated with type 1 diabetes(T1D)were 4.12(1.99-8.53),2.95(2.17-4.02),and 2.40(1.09-5.31),respectively.In multivariable-adjusted analysis,individuals with T2D diagnosed<45 years of age[β95%CI:0.025(0.009,0.040)]had a larger increase in LogMAR.Theβ(95%CI)for LogMAR associated with T1D was 0.044(0.014,0.073).CONCLUSION The younger age at the diagnosis of diabetes is associated with a larger relative risk of incident ocular diseases and greater vision loss.

Clinical usefulness of the baby vision test in young children and its correlation with the Snellen chart

AIM:To investigate the efficacy of a new visual acuity(VA)screening method,the baby vision test for young children.METHODS:A total 105 eyes of 65 children aged 2-8y were included in the study.Acuity testing was conducted using a standardized recognition acuity chart(Snellen visual chart:at 3 m)and the baby vision model assessment.The baby vision device includes a screen,a near infrared camera and a computer.Children were seated at a measured distance of 33-40 cm from a display for testing.VA was estimated according to the highest resolution the children could follow.Decimal VA data were converted to logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution(logMAR)for statistical analysis.The VA results for each child were recorded and analyzed for consistency.RESULTS:The mean VA measured using the Snellen visual chart was 0.62±0.32,and that assessed using the baby vision test was 0.66±0.27.The 95%limit of agreement was-0.609 to 0.695,with 95.2%(100/105)plots within the 95%limits of agreement.VA values of the baby vision test were significantly correlated with those of the Snellen chart(R=0.274,P=0.005).CONCLUSION:The baby vision test can be used as a relatively reliable method for estimating VA in young children.This new acuity assessment might be a valid predictor of optotype-measured acuity later in preverbal children.

Visual function and biofeedback training of patients with central vision loss:a review

Older individuals with macular diseases,such as age-related macular degeneration,experience central vision loss(CVL)due to degeneration of their photoreceptors and retinal cells.Patients with CVL may experience various vision impairments,including of visual acuity,fixation stability,contrast sensitivity,and stereoacuity.After CVL,most patients develop a preferred retinal locus outside the affected macular region,which serves as a new visual reference.In this review,we provide an overview of the visual function and impairment in individuals with CVL.In addition,the important role of biofeedback training on the visual function and activity of individuals with CVL is also reviewed.Accordingly,the location and development of the preferred retinal loci are discussed.Finally,this review discusses how to conduct biofeedback training to treat individuals with CVL.

无锡市新吴区学龄前儿童视力筛查结果分析

目的 分析无锡市新吴区学龄前儿童视力筛查结果,为建立学龄前儿童视力健康档案提供数据支持。方法 选择2021年6月至2022年1月无锡市新吴区各幼儿园的14 686名学龄前儿童为研究对象。对所有儿童行屈光检查和视力检查。分析不同年龄、性别儿童的屈光、视力及眼睛相关情况。结果 对不同年龄学龄前儿童行屈光及视力检查发现,共3 336名儿童存在屈光异常,其中5岁和6岁儿童的屈光异常占比较高,3岁儿童视力不良占比最低。不同年龄学龄前儿童的近视、远视、散光、屈光异常、视力不良占比比较,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。女童和男童的近视、远视占比比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);女童和男童的散光、视力不良占比比较,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。眼外观、视觉行为、红光反射、眼球运动异常在各年龄学龄前儿童中的发生率均较低。不同年龄学龄前儿童的眼外观、视觉行为、红光反射、眼位筛查、眼球运动异常占比比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。女童和男童的眼外观、视觉行为、红光反射、眼位筛查、眼球运动异常占比比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。6岁视力不良儿童中,高达41.81%的儿童合并屈光异常;4岁视力不良儿童中,仅28.00%的儿童合并屈光异常;5岁屈光不正儿童中,高达63.22%的儿童合并视力不良。不同年龄视力不良儿童中屈光异常占比比较,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);不同年龄屈光异常儿童中视力不良占比比较,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 落实学龄前儿童视力筛查有助于提早发现视力异常,做到早发现、早诊断、早治疗,能够有效提高学龄前儿童视力发育水平。

A new measure of nystagmus acuity

AIM: To construct a new visual acuity measuring function for congenital nystagmus(CN) patients by studying the relationships between acuity,velocities and positions of the eye. ·METHODS: After assessing the relationship between acuity,movement velocities and positions of the eye separately,a new function,which we call the automated nystagmus acuity function(ANAF),was constructed to measure the visual acuity of CN patients. Using a high-speed digital video system working at 500 frames per second,each eye was calibrated during monocular fixation. Twenty-six recorded nystagmus data were selected randomly. Using nystagmus waveforms,the best vision position(foveation period) and visual acuity were analyzed in three groups of subjects,and then all outputs were compared with the well-known expanded nystagmus acuity function(NAFX) and ANAF. Standard descriptive statistics were used to summarize the outputs of the two programs. ·RESULTS: Foveation periods were brief intervals in the CN waveform when the image was on or near the fovea and eye velocity was relatively slow. Results showed good visual acuity happened during the period when velocity was low and the eye position was near the zero position,which fitted the foveation periods. The data analyzed with NAFX and ANAF had a correlation coefficient of 0.934276,with an average error of-0.00973. · CONCLUSION: The results from ANAF and NAFX analyses showed no significant difference. The NAFX manually identifies foveation eye positions and produces accurate measurements. The ANAF,however,can be calculated simply using the factors eye position andvelocity,and it automatically calculates the ANAF without the need to manually identify foveation eye positions.

雷珠单抗联合激光治疗糖尿病性黄斑水肿的疗效及对BCVA、CMT的影响

目的分析雷珠单抗联合激光治疗糖尿病性黄斑水肿的疗效及对最佳矫正视力(best corrected vision acuity,BCVA)和黄斑中心凹厚度(central macular thickness,CMT)的影响。方法非随机选取莒县中医医院于2022年3月—2023年3月收治的82例糖尿病性黄斑水肿患者为研究对象,根据治疗方法不同分为研究组和对照组,各41例。对照组提供激光治疗,研究组增加雷珠单抗治疗。对比两组临床疗效、视力恢复结果、临床指标及并发症发生情况。结果研究组治疗总有效率为97.56%(40/41),高于对照组的82.93%(34/41),差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=4.987,P<0.05);治疗后,两组BCVA均明显升高,研究组的BCVA高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05);治疗后研究组CMT、黄斑区视网膜厚度、眼压低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05);两组并发症发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论糖尿病性黄斑水肿采取雷珠单抗联合激光治疗,可改善BCVA和CMT,提高临床疗效,且安全性较好。

跨上皮快速角膜胶原交联术治疗进展期圆锥角膜患者的效果

目的探讨跨上皮快速角膜胶原交联术(CXL)治疗进展期圆锥角膜患者的效果。方法选取2017年10月至2021年3月于哈尔滨爱尔眼科医院诊治的60例(65眼)进展期圆锥角膜患者,均行跨上皮快速CXL,比较患者治疗前后裸眼视力(UCVA)、最佳矫正视力(BCVA)、屈光状态、角膜透明及眼压。结果术后3、6个月,患者UCVA均高于术前及术后1、12个月,且术后12个月高于术后1个月,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后3、6个月,患者BCVA高于术前及术后1、12个月,且术后6个月高于术后3个月,术后12个月高于术后1个月,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术前及术后不同时间点的球镜度比较差异无统计学意义;术后1个月柱镜度低于术前,术后12个月柱镜度高于术后1、3、6个月,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术前及术后1、3、6、12个月,患者眼压比较差异无统计学意义。随访期间,所有患者未出现角膜感染,晶状体保持透明。结论跨上皮快速CXL治疗进展期圆锥角膜效果显著,可有效改善患者视力水平,具有较高应用价值。

沂源县中小学生视力健康情况调研报告

目的调研沂源县中小学生视力健康状况,明确中小学生存在的视力健康问题,并初步分析引发视力健康问题的危险因素,为青少年近视防控提供数据支持。方法2021年4月—2021年8月,根据国家卫健委办公厅出台的《儿童青少年近视防控适宜技术指南》(2019版)制定《沂源县儿童青少年近视综合防控推进计划》,对沂源县各中小学的在校生进行视力普查。结果沂源县4所高中(10791人)、18所初中(16909人)、51所小学(19796人)的47496人参与本次视力普查,剔除无效数据后,共计43434(91.45%)人的视力情况纳入最终分析。不同年级间的视力健康情况比较,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=10597.452,P<0.001),不同性别的青少年视力健康情况比较,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=32.710,P<0.001)。结论家长和学校应在青少年出现视力异常情况时尽早进行联合干预,保障青少年的视力健康。

Combined effects of knee extension strength, visual acuity, and knee-joint pain on older women’s gait

The purpose of this study was to examine the combined effects of knee extension strength (KES), visual acuity (VA), and knee joint pain (KP) on gait in 212 older women. Including, walking speed, cadence, were selected as gait parameters. Knee extension strength was measured by isometric knee extension strength, while knee joint pain and decreased visual acuity were evaluated by subjective judgment. The combine effect of KP and KES factors was examined. Stance time was significantly longer in persons with both-KP than in persons with no KP. In addition, people with superior KES had significantly greater values in walking speed, cadence, and step length, and lower values in stance time and walking angle than those with inferior KES. Furthermore, double support time showed that persons with both-KP have significantly greater values than persons with no or one-KP in the inferior KES group. Also, persons with the inferior KES had significantly greater values in persons with both-KP. The combine effect of KES and VA factors was examined. There are significant differences between the superior and the inferior KES groups. In conclusion, the elderly with both the factors of decreasing KES and both-KP, as compared to the elderly with just one of those factors, have markedly different gait properties.

Study of Vision Problems in Schools in Libreville and Owendo, Gabon

The purpose of this work is to evaluate the epidemiological aspects of vision problems and their repercussions in the schooling of children in Libreville and Owendo. Methodology: This transversal and descriptive study was carried out in May and June 2011. Included in the study were children in the 7th and 8th grades of the primary schools in Libreville and Owendo. For each child, an eye exam, including the subjective measure of visual acuity, was carried out using the Monoyer scale, and the color vision assessment was carried out with the Ishihara test. Any visual capacity under or equal to 7/10th in at least one eye was considered to be pathological. We gathered information about demographic characteristics, any preceding vision issues on the record, data on other medical problems on the record and the eye examination on computer cards. Results: Nine hundred and sixty-three children (416 boys and 517 girls, with a gender ratio of 0.86) were examined. The average age was 12 ± 1.7 years old. The prevalence of the drop in visual acuity was 16.2%. The prevalence of color vision anomalies was 15.5%. Complaints concerning vision problems were significantly more present from children with a drop in visual acuity (p 0.01). Visual anomalies had an impact on the children’s schoolwork, and yet, visits to the ophthalmologist’s office were few. Conclusion: The frequency of anomalies in vision justifies systematic screening in schools and organization of an appropriate treatment.

2019—2021年中小学生眼健康筛查数据分析报告

目的分析华厦眼科医院收集的全国不同区域中小学生视力健康校筛数据,明确青少年人群筛查性近视患病率及发病率,总结不同区域内中小学人群视力发展趋势。方法采用横断面研究设计,对华厦眼科医院2019—2021年全国各地区中小学生视力健康校筛数据进行横断面及队列研究分析。以单眼裸眼视力<5.0且等效球镜度数<-0.50 D定义为筛查性近视。根据筛查总人次和人数概况、裸眼视力的分布情况、屈光度和近视患病率分布情况这3个维度,以性别、年级和地区层次,对中小学生视力、屈光度数据进行分析,计算筛查性近视患病率和发病率。采用标准对数视力表进行裸眼视力检查,自动电脑验光仪进行屈光检查,筛查流程一致。结果总计19个省51个城市,4027所学校,455.6万人纳入视力研究。中小学人群整体筛查性近视患病率为64.85%,其中小学阶段人群筛查性近视患病率为54.00%,初中78.18%,高中87.05%,不同年级筛查性近视患病率差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=100.7,P<0.001)。不同性别人群筛查性近视患病率差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=5557.5,P<0.001)。中小学人群1年内筛查性近视发病率为18.68%。华东、华中和华北、西南和西北、华南1年内中小学人群筛查性近视发病率分别为16.57%、6.07%、15.11%、9.19%,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=1200.9,P<0.001)。结论中小学生筛查性近视患病率和发病率较高,存在群体教育阶段差异及地区等差异,青少年近视科学防控要兼顾群体教育阶段及区域因素影响。

孝感市孝南区某小学青少年儿童近视现状分析

目的:分析孝感市孝南区某小学青少年儿童近视现状。方法:于2018年1月对孝感市孝南区实验小学1033各三~五年级学生开展视力和屈光度检查,并收集学生基础资料,于2019年1月对同批学生进行二次检查,分析青少年儿童近视现状并提出建议。结果:2018年,不同年级视力异常率、疑近视发生率为五年级>四年级>三年级,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。同批学生2018年视力不良率、疑近视发生率低于2019年,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。视力异常学生父母近视率高于正常学生,玩电子产品时间长于视力正常学生,户外活动时间、写作业及看书时间、参加课外培优及培训时间短于视力正常学生,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:青少年儿童近视比例相对较高,并随着年级与年龄的增加而升高。不良的生活习惯会对视力产生影响,建议青少年人群经常展开户外活动,尽量保持良好坐姿,预防近视。

视功能训练联合角膜塑形镜对近视患者裸眼视力及屈光度的作用

目的:探讨视功能训练联合角膜塑形镜对近视患者裸眼视力及屈光度的作用。方法:选取2021年2月至2022年9月收治的93例近视患者,按随机数字表法分为对照组(47例)和研究组(46例)。两组均予常规治疗,在此基础上,对照组采用角膜塑形镜治疗,研究组采用视功能训练联合角膜塑形镜治疗。分析两组治疗效果、裸眼视力、屈光度、瞳孔直径及眼调节灵敏度。结果:研究组治疗总有效率为89.13%,高于对照组的68.09%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗3个月后,研究组裸眼视力、眼调节灵敏度均高于对照组,屈光度低于对照组(P<0.05);两组治疗前与治疗后的瞳孔直径对比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:近视患者采用视功能训练联合角膜塑形镜治疗可降低屈光度,提高眼调节灵敏度和裸眼视力,治疗效果更好。

角巩膜缘与角膜切口超声乳化白内障吸除术治疗老年白内障患者眼压、视力比较

目的探讨老年白内障患者在超声乳化白内障吸除术中分别采用角巩膜缘切口和角膜切口对其眼压和视力的影响。方法本文的观察对象为莆田九十五医院眼科收治的80例老年白内障患者,病例选取时间为2021年5月至2022年5月,病例分组方法为随机数字表法,分组后分别命名为对照组(n=40例)与观察组(n=40例),对照组采用角膜切口超声乳化白内障吸除术治疗,观察组采用角巩膜缘切口超声乳化白内障吸除术治疗,就两组的治疗效果进行深入分析和探讨。结果观察组治疗后的眼压水平低于对照组,最佳矫正视力、裸眼视力、基础泪液分泌试验和泪膜破裂时间对照组(均P<0.05);两组角膜敏感度、黄斑中心凹处视网膜厚度和角膜表面不对称指数比较,差异无统计学意义。结论角巩膜缘切口超声乳化白内障吸除术治疗老年白内障患者的效果较显著,不仅能有效降低其眼压水平,提高其最佳矫正视力和裸眼视力,还可以减轻对其泪膜功能和泪液分泌的负面影响。

虚拟现实视觉训练对斜视性弱视患儿病情的影响分析

目的探讨虚拟现实视觉训练对斜视性弱视患儿病情的影响。方法选取2020年4月至2021年4月间桂林市人民医院和中山大学中山眼科中心收治的斜视性弱视患儿80例(92眼)作为研究对象,参照随访数表法分为对照组(n=40,45眼)和观察组(n=40,47眼)。对照组患儿接受临床斜视性弱视常规治疗,观察组患儿在对照组基础上加入虚拟现实视觉训练,持续治疗6个月后对比两组患儿的最佳矫正视力、立体视及整体疗效差异。结果治疗后,观察组不同弱视程度患儿的最佳矫正视力分别优于对照组患儿(P<0.05);观察组不同弱视程度患儿的立体视均优于对照组患儿(P<0.05);观察组不同弱视程度患儿的治疗总有效率分别高于对照组患儿,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论斜视性弱视患儿在常规治疗基础上加入虚拟现实视觉训练,在减轻病情、优化治疗结局方面具有肯定作用。

A systematic review of reading tests

Adequate near and intermediate visual capacity is important in performing everyday tasks,especially after the introduction of smartphones and computers in our professional and recreational activities.Primary objective of this study was to review all available reading tests both conventional and digital and explore their integrated characteristics.A systematic review of the recent literature regarding reading charts was performed based on the PubM ed,Google Scholar,and Springer databases between February and March 2021.Data from 11 descriptive and 24 comparative studies were included in the present systematic review.Clinical settings are still dominated by conventional printed reading charts;however,the most prevalent of them(i.e.,Jaeger type charts)are not validated.Reliable reading capacity assessment is done only by those that comply with the International Council of Ophthalmology(ICO)recommendations.Digital reading tests are gaining popularity both in clinical and research settings and are differentiated in standard computer-based applications that require installation either in a computer or a tablet(e.g.,Advanced VISION Test and web-based ones e.g.,Democritus Digital Acuity Reading Test requires no installation).It is evident that validated digital tests will prevail in future clinical or research settings and it is upon ophthalmologists to select the one most compatible with their examination routine.

Visual resolution under photopic and mesopic conditions in patients with Sjogren's syndrome

AIM:To focus on different visual resolution tasks under photopic and mesopic conditions in Sjogren’s syndrome patients compared to age-matched healthy controls.METHODS:The visual resolution measurements included high and low visual acuities and contrast sensitivity functions.These tests were conducted under photopic and then mesopic conditions.Twenty-one Sjögren’s syndrome patients and 21 aged-matched healthy volunteers completed all the measurements in this study.RESULTS:Sjogren’s syndrome patients have greater impairment in contrast sensitivity than standardized visual acuity.This reduction was significant under the mesopic condition.Also,Sjogren’s syndrome patients treated with pilocarpine suffer more than patients without pilocarpine treatment under low light conditions.CONCLUSION:Sjogren’s syndrome patients shows greater impairment in different visual resolution tasks due to dry eye symptoms.

影响高度近视合并白内障术后视力恢复的相关因素分析

目的:分析影响高度近视合并白内障术后视力恢复的相关因素。方法:选取皖南医学院第二附属医院眼科收治的高度近视合并白内障患者41例(62眼)。所有患者均完善白内障术前检查,并行白内障超声乳化摘除联合人工晶状体植入术,对影响术后视力恢复的相关因素进行分析。结果:患者术后3个月时最佳矫正视力(BCVA)(0.49±0.24)较术前视力(1.37±0.43)改善(P<0.001),低视力组患者的眼轴[(29.61±2.13)mm]长于正常视力组[(28.40±1.84)mm](P<0.05)。术后3个月时BCVA与眼轴(r=-0.297,P<0.05)、后巩膜葡萄肿(r_(s)=-0.465,P<0.001)均呈负相关,与黄斑区视网膜椭圆体带完整性呈正相关(r_(s)=0.452,P<0.001)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,长眼轴(Or=1.429,95%CI:1.040~1.964)、有后巩膜葡萄肿(Or=5.348,95%CI:1.658~17.254)是低视力的危险因素(均P<0.05)。结论:高度近视合并白内障患者可以通过手术提高视力,术后视力与眼轴长度和后巩膜葡萄肿的严重程度存在相关性。

全飞秒激光小切口角膜基质透镜取出术在近视治疗中的应用效果

目的探讨全飞秒激光小切口角膜基质透镜取出术(SMILE)在近视治疗中的应用效果。方法选取2020年5月至2021年5月桂林爱尔眼科医院诊治的120例(240眼)近视患者作为研究对象,按照治疗方式的不同分为对照组与观察组,每组60例(120眼)。对照组行飞秒激光角膜原位磨镶术(FS-LASIK),观察组行全飞秒激光SMILE。比较两组视力改善情况、非球面参数Q值、角膜切削深度变化及并发症发生情况。结果术前、术后3个月,两组裸眼视力(UCVA)、最佳矫正视力(BCVA)比较差异无统计学意义;术后3个月,两组UCVA、BCVA均高于术前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术前,两组非球面参数Q值比较差异无统计学意义;术后3个月,两组非球面参数Q值均高于术前,但观察组低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组角膜实际切削深度比较差异无统计学意义;观察组角膜实际切削深度小于预测切削深度,切削误差大于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义。结论FS-LASIK与SMILE均能明显改善近视患者视力,且对非球面参数Q值影响较小,但SMILE与预测切削深度存有较大误差,临床需根据患者个体情况选择术式,以确保手术安全性。

不同等级球类运动员与非运动员的视觉功能对比分析研究

目的:以乒乓球等6个不同运动项目的运动员和大学在校生作为模型,进行基础视觉能力、视觉眼动能力和视觉动作技能等3方面的测试,分析运动员和非运动员在各阶层视觉能力上的差异,以探讨运动技能与视觉功能的相关性。方法:以天津体育学院260名乒乓球等6个不同运动项目的运动员和天津职业大学60名非运动员在校生作为研究对象,进行动态平衡等13项能力的测定,通过用SPSS软件分析处理,显示运动员、初级运动员和非运动员的相关视觉能力。结果:运动员有较佳的视觉敏感度和视觉记忆;初级运动员比非运动员有更好的相对深度判断等能力;运动员有较佳的手眼和身眼协调能力,表现在精确和快速判断物体在空间移动、预期物体移动的时间和位置;运动员视觉眼动的控制在两度空间测试并没有更佳的准确性和更快的反应;初级运动员通常比非运动员有较好的运动视觉,但高级运动员并没有比初级运动员好。结论:运动员与非运动员之间在逐渐适应性地使用各种视觉—运动技能方面,其能力是不同的;运动员和非运动员的视觉能力可以预测与视觉有关的运动技能;许多潜在的视觉—运动能力和基础的视觉能力对运动员的运动技能具有高度预测性,而对于非运动员的技能则只有中等程度的预测效果。