Makeup Activates Brain Activity in Visually Impaired Persons: Evaluation by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Cosmetics are used to improve physical appearance, but the benefits may be limited to people without visual impairment. The importance of attractiveness among blind persons has not been assessed. We investigated the influence of makeup on brain activity of blind persons using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Participants were 7 blind females (BFs) who learned to fully apply makeup and 9 mostly age-matched normally sighted females (NSFs). Brain activity was measured using fMRI before and after application of makeup and during a makeup image task in each state. In the default mode network at rest, there was no difference between the BFs and NSFs. However, a lateral visual network to the opposite side was observed in the NSFs, whereas no such network was noted in the BFs. A weak network was noted in the BFs in the occipital fusiform gyrus and temporal occipital fusiform cortex, and an extensive visual area network defect was noted. Also, activity after makeup application was significantly higher in the nucleus accumbens, pallidum, and hippocampus. Activity in the right middle cingulate gyrus, right cerebral white matter, and right anterior cingulate gyrus was higher before makeup in both BFs and NSFs, and the activity was significantly higher and more extensive in the BFs. In conclusion, applying makeup is a personally rewarding activity, even for BFs, as it strongly activates the reward system and the reward/memory system network, even in the absence of a visual area network.

Visual problems: a review of prevalence studies on visual impairment in school-age children

Childhood visual impairment(VI) have a significant impact on the educational achievement, career choices and social life of affected individual, and in children, is mainly due to either preventable or treatable causes. Reliable data on the prevalence and causes of VI in children will guide the development of a systematic vision screening program for its early detection and successful treatment of possible causes. The purpose of this literature review is to summarize the available data on prevalence and causes of VI in school-age children from various regions globally. A discussion on the major findings highlighting the definition criteria, classifications and limitations for further studies is also presented.

Axial length/corneal radius of curvature ratio and refractive development evaluation in 3-to 4-year-old children: the Shanghai Pudong Eye Study

AIM: To measure and analysis axial length(AL)/corneal radius of curvature(CRC) ratio and other refractive parameters, provide a medical reference range for refractive development evaluation and earlier visual impairment screening of 3 to 4 y kindergarten students.METHODS: Between April and June 2017, a total of 4350 participants aged 3-to 4-year-old(8700 eyes) from 10 cluster random sampling kindergartens in Shanghai, Pudong District were involved. According to the measurement and analysis of the unaided visual acuity(VA), AL, CRC, AL/CRC ratio, astigmatism and other refractive parameters, the data distribution and reference range were obtained.RESULTS: Uncorrected VA of examined children was 0.23±0.08(logMAR, mean±SD) [95% confidence interval(CI) range ≤0.36];AL was 22.10±0.79 mm(95%CI 20.55-23.65);CRC was 7.86±0.26 mm(95%CI, 7.35-8.37);AL/CRC ratio was 2.81±0.12(95%CI, 2.57-3.05). The median of astigmatism was-0.5 D, a total of 56.3% had astigmatism <-0.50 D, 85.3%<-1.00 D, 6.7%>-1.50 D;71% were astigmatism with the rule. Eye-specific analyses were conducted. Statistical difference of VA was in right and left eyes. There were no significant differences between two eyes of AL, CRC, AL/CRC ratio and astigmatism(P>0.05).CONCLUSION: VA and AL/CRC ratio reference could be used to assess refractive development in children and screening uncorrected refractive errors or amblyopia. Astigmatism needs to be considered in the diagnosis.

The prevalence of uncorrected refractive error in urban, suburban, exurban and rural primary school children in Indonesian population

Uncorrected refractive error（URE） is a major health problem among school children. This study was aimed to determine the frequency and patterns of URE across 4 gradients of residential densities（urban, exurban, suburban and rural）. This was a cross-sectional study of school children from 3 districts in Yogyakarta and 1 district near Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The information regarding age, sex, school and school grader were recorded. The Snellen＇s chart was used to measure the visual acuity and to perform the subjective refraction. The district was then divided into urban, suburban, exurban and rural area based on their location and population. In total, 410 school children were included in the analyses（urban=79, exurban=73, suburban=160 and rural=98 school children）. Urban school children revealed the worst visual acuity（P〈0.001） and it was significant when compared with exurban and rural. The proportion of URE among urban, suburban, exurban and rural area were 10.1%, 12.3%, 3.8%, and 1%, respectively, and it was significant when compared to the proportion of ametropia and corrected refractive error across residential densities（P=0.003）. The risk of URE development in urban, suburban, exurban, and rural were 2.218（95%CI： 0.914-5.385）, 3.019（95%CI： 1.266-7.197）, 0.502（95%CI： 0.195-1.293）, and 0.130（95%CI：0.017-0.972）, respectively. Urban school children showed the worst visual acuity. The school children in urban and suburban residential area had 2 and 3 times higher risk of developing the URE.

Inclusive Architecture:Landscape Codesign in Children’s Playgrounds

Children’s playgrounds are open spaces,the basis for children’s recreation,important for the inclusion and mobility of visually impaired children in the social environment,through inclusive urban facilities that stimulate new experiences for their cognitive development.In this context,the use of co-design with visually impaired people,in the design processes of children’s playgrounds,assumes an importance for an inclusive project based on their experiences.Thus,it aimed to promote a project together,to provide more comfort and safety to users.It presents as main results as better colors,materials and types of toys for children with visual impairment to be competent in a playground including from the application of methods,tools and resources in the co-design process.

Visually Impaired Individuals in Brazil and Portugal and Learning about Drugs through a Board Game

Objective: To compare the learning of visually impaired individuals after the use of the educational game “Drugs: playing it clean”. Method: Quasi-experimental, comparative, before-after study. Results: The participants’ mean age in Brazil was lower than in Portugal;a significant difference in information acquisition was found between the pre and post-test for the low-complexity (Brazil p = 0.018 and Portugal p = 0.002), without a difference in the number of correct answers for the medium/high-complexity questions between the two countries (p = 0.655 and p = 0.0792);when comparing the number of correct answers before and after the game intervention, an increase was found in Brazil and Portugal, respectively (21.8% - 61.1%;11.2% - 38.9%);a significant difference was found in the number of correct answers between the low and medium/high-complexity questions (p = 0.030). Conclusion: The educational game permits information access and can be used as a teaching-learning strategy.

Educational Game about Drugs for Visually Impaired People: A Comparison between Brazil and Portugal

Objective: To validate the educational board game “Drugs: playing fair” for visually impaired people in Brazil and Portugal. Methods: Study of apparent validation carried out in two associations for visually impaired people in Fortaleza, Brazil, and in Porto, Portugal. Thirty-six visually impaired people, 18 from each country, participated in the study. An evaluation tool with 23 items on specifications, content and motivation of the game was applied. Results: The scores awarded in both countries were excellent, with means varying in Brazil from 9.0 to 9.6 and in Portugal, from 8.4 to 9.2. As for the categories and subcategories, the best means in Brazil were: content (9.5);theoretical and methodological consistency (9.6) and concepts/information (9.5). In Portugal, the best means were concepts/information (9.2) and curiosity (9.2). Only two items showed a significant difference: “it allows interaction” (p = 0.024) and “compatible degree of difficulty” (p = 0.012). Conclusion: The educational game on drugs was validated in Brazil and Portugal.

触觉代偿理论下的视障儿童绘画玩具设计实践

探究触觉代偿介入下的视障儿童绘画玩具系统设计,创新视障儿童的绘画体验。通过文献研究法得出当前国内外触觉代偿相关研究现状,基于文献及市场调研分析得到视障儿童玩具设计的现状分析,进而得出当前视障儿童玩具对于触觉代偿的设计需求,并归纳出视障儿童绘画玩具系统的设计路径及框架。以使视障儿童绘画行为形成正向有益的良性循环为目标,基于前期研究得出的设计路径及框架,进行视障儿童绘画玩具系统设计实践。触觉代偿指导下的视障儿童绘画玩具系统能够改善并提升视障儿童绘画历程中的综合体验,同时为视障儿童提供了一个新的感知世界和表达自我的视角。

全面急救护理在视网膜中央动脉阻塞患者急救与护理中的效果

目的探讨全面急救护理在视网膜中央动脉阻塞患者急救与护理中的效果。方法选取2020年2月至2023年2月厦门大学附属中山医院收治的视网膜中央静脉阻塞患者100例,根据护理方式分为两组,每组各50例,分析比较两组视力、黑蒙和眼前指数、日常生活能力、心理状态、生活质量、临床疗效。结果全面急救护理组患者的视力、黑蒙和眼前指数、改良Barthel指数量表(MBI)评分、生活质量评分均高于常规急救护理组(P<0.05),焦虑评分、抑郁评分均低于常规急救护理组(P<0.05),总有效率96.00%(48/50)高于常规急救护理组[76.00%(38/50)](P<0.05)。结论全面急救护理在视网膜中央动脉阻塞患者急救与护理中的效果较常规急救护理好。

Cross-sectional investigation of visual impairing diseases in Shanghai blind children school

Background The control of blindness in children is a high priority within the VISION 2020 initiative. To determine the causes of severe visual impairment and blindness in children from Shanghai Blind Children School （SBCS） can provide useful information on childhood blindness in Shanghai. Methods A cross-sectional investigation of students in SBCS was conducted in May 2010. The World Health Organization/Prevention of Blindness （WHO/PBL） eye examination record system for children with low vision and blindness was used. The results were further compared with the findings of two previous investigation studies conducted in 1986 and 2004, respectively in SBCS. Results Of the 146 children observed, 80 children （54.8%） were blind （best corrected best visual acuity less than 0.05）, 27 children （18.5%） had severe visual impairment （best corrected visual acuity less than 0.1 but better than or equal to 0.05）, and 34 children （23.3%） had moderate visual impairment （best corrected visual acuity less than 0.3 but better than or equal to 0.1）. The major affected anatomic sites in the 107 children with severe visual impairment and blindness （SVI/BL） were retina （47.7%）, whole globe （16.8%）, optic nerve （13.1%） and lens （9.3%）. The leading causes of SVI/BL were retinopathy of prematurity （ROP, 25.2%）, followed by retinal dystrophy （15.9%）, optic nerve atrophy （9.3%） and microphthalmos （9.3%）. The two leading etiologic categories of SVI/BL were perinatal/neonatal （36.4%） and congenital/hereditary groups （29.0%）. The leading cause of moderate visual impairment was aphakia after cataract surgery （congenital cataract, 44.1%）. Compared with the findings in two previous investigations in SBCS, the proportion of ROP in visual impairing diseases increased, while the proportion of disorders of the lens （cataract and aphakia） significantly decreased.

《马拉喀什条约》生效后我国图书馆视障服务策略研究

《马拉喀什条约》对我国生效后,为图书馆面向特殊群体服务带来了新的发展机遇。文章将图书馆如何实施《马拉喀什条约》放到全社会的整体角度加以考察,从更广阔的视野来思考图书馆如何更加有效地落实《马拉喀什条约》,并提出建议:制定或修改图书馆相关法规以便适用《马拉喀什条约》;图书馆行业尽快制定中国版本的《马拉喀什条约入门——图书馆员指南》,为馆员开展无障碍阅读服务提供具体的指引;多渠道采集无障碍格式版馆藏资源,并建立全国图书馆视障服务联盟机制实现资源共建共享;加强用户教育与监督管理、图书馆网站的无障碍建设。

基于“晴盲共游”理念的视障儿童玩教具设计研究

研究旨在解决视障儿童与视力正常儿童之间的互动障碍,以及这种障碍对视障儿童认知发展的负面影响。研究以“晴盲共游”理念为指导,探索玩教类产品设计的新路径,设计适合视障儿童与视力正常儿童的玩教具。同时,通过对视障儿童玩教具的设计调研,形成以“晴盲共游”理念为核心思想、以教育为目标、以游戏为媒介的玩教具设计策略,并以此开展设计实践。以期为视障儿童玩教具设计提供参考,提升玩教具设计的包容度,以及视障儿童使用时的体验感受。

视障儿童学习动机与教育期望的关系研究

为了解视障儿童学习动机与教育期望的关系,以贵州省4所特殊教育学校200余名视障儿童为研究对象,采用《学习动机问卷》和《教育期望问卷》作为研究工具。研究发现:视障儿童的学习动机与教育期望均处于中等偏上水平;在学习动机方面,女性视障儿童在学习价值上显著高于男性,完整家庭的视障儿童在自我效能上显著高于不完整家庭;教育期望方面,完整家庭的视障儿童在父母教育期望上高于不完整家庭;在父母教育期望上,与父母亲居住的视障儿童在教育期望上的得分高于与母亲、(外)祖父母及其他;视障儿童教育期望与学习动机呈显著正相关,教育期望对学习动机有显著的正向预测作用。

视障儿童触视觉融合认知图形设计研究

目的针对视障儿童群体认知渠道受限、感觉通道缺失导致的图形图像认知困难的问题,设计帮助他们加深理解对象,提高认知水平,增加学习趣味的辅助认知图形工具。方法通过融合多种感觉信息的方法提高触摸图形的信息量,基于盲人的V-T-M图像认知模式,采用结构化问卷调查、结构化设计流程,对小学教材中的主要内容对象进行触视觉融合图形设计,并采用CAT同感评估技术评估设计效果。结果设计了适用于小学视障儿童学习使用的视觉与触觉融合系列图形,显著改善了视障儿童对课文对象的认知清晰度,同时增加了他们的理解程度、想象力、学习兴趣和美感体验。结论基于触视觉融合的图形设计在一定程度上满足了视障儿童的图形认知需求,明显改善了视障儿童对课堂学习内容的认知效果。

8~16岁普校就读听障儿童自我意识水平研究

目的研究8~16岁普校就读听障儿童自我意识水平,并与常模进行比较,为听障儿童全人发展提供政策和服务建议。方法以PiersHarris自我意识量表为测量工具,选取广东、陕西、湖南、吉林、山东5个省份就读于普通学校的8~16岁听障儿童为研究对象,发放调查问卷,共回收有效问卷460份。结果(1)8~16岁普校就读听障儿童自我意识水平在年龄、地域两个维度存在显著差异(P<0.05);在性别、康复手段、是否独生子女、主要照顾者等维度不存在显著差异(P>0.05)。(2)普校就读听障儿童在行为、焦虑、合群及幸福与满足4个子维度与总分显著低于中国儿童自我意识水平常模(P<0.05)。结论8~16岁普校就读听障儿童的自我意识水平低于同龄健听儿童。全人发展理念下的社会政策和系统性支持服务是实现听障儿童心理健康的关键。

基于用户行为的视障儿童画板设计

目的 以用户体验为目标,以用户行为为切入,探究视障儿童画板设计的方法与路径。方法 首先筛选目标用户,归纳其行为特质,其次进行目标用户聚类的发散与细分,展开调研并根据调研结果绘制用户画像与用户体验旅程图,分析用户行为并整理其真实需求,从中寻找设计机会点,最后提出切实可行的产品设计原则和方案。结果 结合多种用户行为研究方法洞察用户需求,输出兼顾好用与易用、安全与情感的点显式视障儿童画板设计。结论 对用户行为及用户体验的高度重视和积极研究,使视障儿童画板的设计需求具体、过程清晰、功能多元。同时,该方法使产品设计流程更为客观和系统、设计方案更具现实价值,也可为此类特殊群体的设计提供一定参考。

公共图书馆视障儿童服务提升策略研究——基于《马拉喀什条约》实施视角

文章从资源设备、信息无障碍服务、阅读推广、专业人员等四个方面梳理了公共图书馆视障儿童服务的现状。分析了《马拉喀什条约》实施对公共图书馆开展视障儿童服务的重要意义,提出了公共图书馆提升视障儿童服务的策略,即:促进公共图书馆视障儿童服务立法,制定服务标准和规范;挖掘、整合无障碍服务资源,建立资源共建共享机制;提高视障儿童服务意识,打造专业服务队伍;寻求更广泛的合作,探索多元合作型视障儿童服务模式。

基于ICF-CY的视力障碍儿童功能状态与适应性体育的研究

目的:运用《国际功能、残疾和健康分类》(儿童和青少年版)(ICF-CY)分析视力障碍儿童的功能状态,探讨适应性体育活动的内容与作用。方法:基于ICF-CY的理论框架与方法体系,分析视力障碍儿童功能障碍,构建功能框架,分析适应性体育的运动形式、功能改善以及影响因素。结果:视力障碍儿童的功能框架涉及身体功能和结构、活动和参与以及环境因素,共计156个功能类目;视力障碍儿童在身体结构与功能方面表现为眼睛和视功能异常,活动和参与方面表现为学习交流、活动、自理和体育活动的异常,环境因素方面主要受到自然、个人、家庭、学校、社会的影响;适应性体育活动主要涉及球类、健身舞蹈和体育游戏等,改善身体结构与功能,增进日常活动参与,营造健康环境。结论:对视力障碍儿童的评估、干预、康复以及健康促进要充分考虑功能现状,适应性体育活动应根据功能需求和目标,设计个性化运动方案,促进全面健康发展。

导盲杖研究现状及分析

据国内外报告数据,目前视障人士人数逐年增加。视障人士在日常社会生活中有着极大的不便。为了提高视障人士的生活质量,需要提供安全、可靠、便捷的辅助出行设备。导盲杖可以改善视障人士的出行便利性。不搭载传感器的或搭载单一传感器的导盲杖存在功能单一或探测精度低等问题,不能有效地实现辅助出行。本文对当前国内外导盲设备——主要是导盲杖进行调研,从搭载传感器、环境识别算法、路径规划、组合导航及导盲效果等方面进行了分析;最后,对智能导盲杖的发展趋势做了预测。

基于劝导式设计的视障儿童益智玩具设计研究

在现今越来越多家长关注早期教育的情况下,玩具所发挥的作用不仅仅是娱乐,更多的是寓教于乐的载体。对于视障儿童这类特殊群体来说,玩具的设计和使用更加具有特殊意义。文章讨论了视障儿童益智玩具发展现状,分析了将劝导式设计引入视障儿童益智玩具设计中的意义,总结了基于劝导式设计的视障儿童益智玩具设计策略,提出了符合视障儿童生理、心理特点的劝导锻炼残余视力、触觉、听觉的益智玩具设计方案。