Effect of Vitex agnus-castus plant extract on polycystic ovary syndrome complications in experimental rat model

Objective: To investigate ameliorative effects of Vitex agnus-castus (VAC) and VAC containing pharmaceutical supplement (VPS) against polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Methods: PCOS in the rats was induced by daily administration of letrozole at 1 mg/kg body weight concentration for 21 d. PCOS rats were then treated daily either with metformin, VAC plant extract or VPS at 70, 8 or 8 mg/kg body weight concentration for 15 d. Rats that received none of these treatments were considered as control. Blood and ovaries were collected from all the rats. Serum glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol were measured spectrophotometrically. Serum insulin, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulation hormone, catalase, superoxide dismutase, malondialdehide and reduced glutathione were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Rats treated with letrozole demonstrated a significant increase in serum testosterone, estrogen, cholesterol, luteinizing hormone, triglycerides, glucose, insulin, and malondialdehide levels, and a significant decline in progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, catalase and reduced glutathione levels compared to control. Contrarily, no significant change in superoxide dismutase was noted in response to letrozole treatment. Rats treated with metformin, VAC or VPS showed a remarkable reversal in the levels of parameters affected by letrozole treatment. Conclusions: Data indicate that VAC and VPS exert potential ameliorative effects against PCOS through the modulation of hormonal and lipid profile as well as oxidative stress. Moreover, the favorable effects of these compounds are comparable to that of metformin.

Growth inhibition of a human colon carcinoma cell, COLO 201, by a natural product, <i>Vitex agnus-castus</i>fruits extract, <i>in vivo</i>and <i>in vivo</i>

An extract from ripe fruit of Vitex agnus-castus (Vitex) has been used to treat patients with various obstetric and gynecological disorders in Europe. We have demonstrated that Vitex showed cytocidal effects on various types of cancer cell lines including a human colon carcinoma cell line, COLO 201. In this study, we extended our previous study to investigate the detailed mechanisms underlying cytocidal effects of Vi- tex on COLO 201. Furthermore, a possible clinical application of Vitex was also explored in vivo using nude mice xenografted with the cells. Treatment with Vitex induced apoptosis in COLO 201 in a time-dependent manner, accompanying with activa-tion of caspase-9 and -3, but not caspase-8. An inhibitor for c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), but not p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), significantly suppressed the apoptosis induction along with caspase-3 activation. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related genes were also upregulated by Vitex treatment. Most importantly, the in vivo efficacy of Vitex evaluated by assessing the tumor growth revealed that the administration of Vitex significantly suppressed tumor growth in COLO 201 xenografted mice. Collectively, current results suggest that apoptosis induction by Vitex in COLO 201 is mediated through the activation of JNK and caspase-9, -3 resulted from ER stress. Based on the current clinical application of Vitex, these results thus provide a new insight into the clinical use of Vitex and leave open a possibility of a new regimen as an alternative medicine approach for such devastating colon cancer treatment.

蔓荆子活性成分vitexicarpin诱导K562细胞凋亡的机制

目的 探讨vitexicarpin对人癌细胞增殖的抑制活性及其抗癌机制。方法 以SRB法进行细胞毒测定,观察细胞的形态学变化并用流式细胞术分析癌细胞的凋亡率,DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测凋亡细胞的DNA梯带,以Westernblotting法进行蛋白质检测。结果 Vitexicarpin对K562等 4种人癌细胞表现了较强的增殖抑制活性。处理后的K562细胞表现出典型的凋亡形态特征、出现了剂量依赖性增加的亚二倍体峰并呈现出典型的DNA梯形条带;PARP和caspase- 3被剪切、胞浆中细胞色素c增高、Bcl 2表达减少、Bax表达未见明显变化。结论 Vitexicarpin通过激活线粒体调控的凋亡通路诱导K562细胞凋亡。

山东海岸单叶蔓荆现状分析及保护对策

单叶蔓荆是蔓荆子药材的来源,也是重要的野生海岸保护植被,是聚社会、生态、药用价值于一体的重要资源。鉴于目前单叶蔓荆资源受到严重破坏实情,以第四次全国中药资源普查数据为基础,结合实地调研,对山东省单叶蔓荆资源分布情况和资源特点进行分析,并针对目前单叶蔓荆资源栖息地受损严重、种质资源单一、市场效益欠佳等主要问题,提出建立保护基地、选育新品种、多用途开发等多条针对性对策建议,旨在为沿海沙质海岸单叶蔓荆种源的保护和发展利用提供客观依据。

牡荆水提物对蓖麻油腹泻小鼠的治疗作用研究

[目的]研究牡荆水提物对蓖麻油致小鼠腹泻的治疗作用,评价牡荆提取物的抗腹泻功效,为开发新型天然药物或植物提取物饲料添加剂提供理论依据。[方法]选取48只18~22 g SPF级昆明小鼠,随机分为6组:对照组、模型组、洛哌丁胺组及牡荆水提物高、中、低剂量组,每组8只,雌雄各半。牡荆水提物高、中、低剂量组小鼠灌胃16、8、4 g/kg BW牡荆水提物,对照组和模型组小鼠灌胃等剂量的生理盐水,洛哌丁胺组小鼠灌胃5 mg/kg BW洛哌丁胺,连续灌胃5 d。第5天给药后0.5 h,模型组、洛哌丁胺组及牡荆水提物高、中、低剂量组小鼠灌胃0.5 mL蓖麻油灌胃造模,对照组灌胃等量生理盐水。造模后的小鼠单笼单只饲喂。连续4 h观察小鼠腹泻情况,4 h后小鼠采血并断颈处死,每组随机取4只小鼠的肝脏、小肠各两份,一份制作组织切片;另一份用以提取RNA,检测空肠通道蛋白和肝脏急性期蛋白mRNA表达情况。[结果]模型组小鼠腹泻评分和腹泻指数均极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),说明蓖麻油腹泻模型造模成功。与模型组相比,洛哌丁胺组和牡荆水提物高剂量组小鼠腹泻评分和腹泻指数均极显著或显著降低(P<0.01;P<0.05);牡荆水提物高剂量组小鼠血清中白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)、IL-6、IL-10含量均显著或极显著降低(P<0.05;P<0.01)。肝脏组织病理结果显示,牡荆水提物高、中、低剂量组小鼠肝索结构清晰,肝细胞排列紧密,仅少量肝细胞轻度肿胀,并伴少量炎性细胞浸润。肠道组织病理结果显示,牡荆水提物高、中、低剂量组小鼠空肠黏膜层、肌层、浆膜层均清晰可见,黏膜层绒毛上皮内见大量空泡,但均未见明显坏死或炎症反应。与模型组相比,牡荆水提物高剂量组小鼠空肠中NHE8、NHE3、AQP3、AQP4表达量均无显著差异(P>0.05),NHE2表达量显著降低(P<0.05),急性期蛋白TRF和CRP表达量均显著降低(P<0.05)。[结论]牡荆水提物对蓖麻油导致的小鼠腹泻模型具有较好的治疗作用,对肝脏和小肠黏膜具有一定的保护作用,作用机制可能与其降低血清中IL-6、IL-10含量,以及在一定程度上降低NHE2表达、抑制TRF和CRP的表达有关。

育苗基质对胡枝子、荆条幼苗根系生长的影响

为探明辽西地区两种常见灌木合适的播种育苗基质,在3种基质上播胡枝子和荆条种子,测定2种苗木的根系指标。结果表明:育苗基质对胡枝子幼苗的根基径、主根长及根总体积无明显影响。在育苗基质中掺入碎石砾,胡枝子幼苗的主根、侧根较粗,细根发育不好,根总表面积相对较小,而掺入较多的园土更有利于胡枝子幼苗的侧根发育。育苗基质对荆条幼苗的根基径、根幅、总根长、根总表面积和根总体积均无明显影响,在基质中掺入一定比例的碎石砾和河沙有利于荆条幼苗的主根垂直生长发育。最后筛选出适宜的育苗基质,胡枝子为V_(河沙):V_(园土)=1:1,荆条为V_(碎石砾):V_(河沙):V_(园土)=1:1:1。

In vitro antibacterial potential of some Vitex species against human pathogenic bacteria

Objective:To study the antibacterial activity of the leaf methanol extracts of five different species of Vitex namely,Vilex altissima(V.allissima),Vitex diversifolia(V.diversifolia),Vitex negundo(V.negundo),Vitex peduncularis(V.peduncularis) and Vitex trifolia(V.trifolia). Methods:Antibacterial assay was carried out by using disc diffusion method,determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations(MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations(MBC) against five strains of Gram-positive and seven strains of Gram-negative human pathogenic bacterial strains.Results:The results of antibacterial activity of Vitex species showed that the extracts possessed a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity.The V.peduncularis possessed the highest activity against all the microorganisms screened.It produced a zone of inhibition ranged between (11.000±0.577) and(22.670±0.667) mm and the MIC values were from 62.5 to I 000.0μg/mL and the MBC values were from 125.0 to 2 000.0μg/mL.Conclusions:Based on the present study, V.peduncularis is recommended for the isolation of antibacterial molecule responsible for the activity against the tested human pathogenic bacterial strains.

In vivo antioxidant effect of aqueous root bark,stem bark and leaves extracts of Vitex doniana in CCl_4 induced liver damage rats

Objective:The antioxidant effects of aqueous root bark,stem bark and leaves of Vitex doniana(V.doniana)were evaluated in carbon tetrachloride(CCl_4)induced liver damage and non induced liver damage albino rats.Methods:A total of 60 albino rats(36 induced liver damage and 24 non induced liver damage)were assigned into liver damage and non liver damage groups of 6 rats in a group.The animals in the CCl_4 induced liver damage groups,were induced by intraperitoneal injection with a single dose of CCl_4(148mg·ml^(-1)·kg^(-1)body weight)as a 1:1(v/v)solution in olive oil and were fasted for 36 h before the subsequent treatment with aqueous root bark,stem bark and leaves extracts of V.doniana and vitamin E as standard drug(100 mg/kg body weighy per day)for 21 d,while the animals in the non induced groups were only treated with the daily oral administration of these extracts at the same dose.The administration of CCl_4 was done once a week for a period of three weeks.Results:The liver of CCl_4 induced not treated group showed that the induction with CCl_4,significantly(P<0.05)increased thiobarbituric acid reactive substance(TBARS)and significantly(P<0.05)decreased superoxide dismutase(SOD)and catalase(CAT).However there was no significant(P>0.05)difference between TBARS,SOD and CAT in the liver of the induced treated groups and normal control group.In the kidney.TBARS showed no significant(P>0.05)difference between the normal and the induced groups,SOD was significantly(P<0.05)reduced in the CCl_4 group compared to standard drug and normal control groups,CAT was significantly(P<0.05)increased in root and vitamin E groups when compared to induced not treated group.The studies also showed that when the extracts were administered to normal animals,there was no significant(P>0.05)change in the liver and kidney level of TBARS,SOD and CAT compared with the normal control except in the kidney of animals treated with stem extract where TBARS was significantly(P<0.05)lowered compared to control group.Conclusion:The result of the present study suggests that application of V.doniana plant would play an important role in increasing the antioxidant effect and reducing the oxidative damage that formed both in liver and in kidney tissues.However stem bark has potential to improve renal function in normal rats.

Hepatocurative potential of Vitex doniana root bark,stem bark and leaves extracts against CCl_4-induced liver damage in rats

Objective:To evaluate the hepatocurative effects of aqueous root bark,stem bark and leaves of Vitex doniana in carbon tetrachloride(CCl_4)induced liver damage and non induced liver damage albino rats.Methods:A total of 60 albino rats(36 induced liver damage and 24 non induced liver damage)were assigned into liver damage and non liver damage groups of 6 rats in a group.The animals in the CCl_4 induced liver damage groups,were induced by intraperitoneal injection with a single dose of CCl_4(1 mL/kg body weight)as a 1:1(v/v)solution in olive oil and were fasted for 36 h before the subsequent treatment with aqueous root bark,stem bark and leaves extracts of Vitex doniana and vitamin E as standard drug(100 mg/kg body weight per day)for 21 d,while the animals in the non induced groups were only treated with the daily oral administration of these extracts at the same dose.The administration of CCl_4 was done once a week for a period of 3 weeks.Results:There was significant(P<0.05)increase in concentration of all liver marker enzymes,alanine aminotransferase,aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline aminotransferase(ALT,AST and ALP)and significant(P<0.05)decrease in albumin in the CCl_4 induced liver damage control when compared to the normal control.The extracts caused a significant(P<0.05)reduction in the serum activities of liver marker enzymes(ALT,AST and ALP)and a significant(P<0.05)increase in albumin of all the induced treated groups.Only stem bark extract and vitamin E significantly(P<0.05)increased total prolein.All the extracts significantly(P<0.05)lowered serum creatinine whereas only root bark extract significantly(P<0.05)lowered serum level of urea in the rats with CCl_4 induced liver damage.Conclusion:Hepatocurative study shows that all the plant parts(root bark,stem bark and leaves)possess significant hepatocurative properties among other therapeutic values justifying their use in folklore medicine.

Vitex glabrata R.Br.悬浮培养细胞的生长条件优化及20-羟基蜕皮激素的生产

研究了培养基、植物生长调节素以及接种量对Vitex glabrata R.Br.悬浮培养细胞的生长情况以及对20-羟基蜕皮激素形成的作用。当细胞在添加有2.0mg/LBAP(6-苯甲酸嘌呤)和1.0mg/L2,4-D的Gamborg’s B5培养基中培养时细胞生长和20-羟基蜕皮激素的形成达到了最高水平。当接种量为20%PCV(积压细胞体积)时观察到了20-羟基蜕皮激素的最高产量,大约是1.1mg/(L.d)。实验数据也表明当接种量增加到20%PCV时,产量提高了7倍。

Study on Extraction Technology of Total Flavonoids from Vitex rotundifolia

[ Objective ] This study aimed to establish the optimal extraction technology of total flavonoids from Vitex rotundifolia and provide a theoretical basis for the utilization and development of V. rotundifolia. [ Method ] With the extraction temperature, extraction time, solid-liquid ratio and ethanol concentration as various factors, the content of total flavonoids as an indicator, the extraction technology of total flavonoids from V. rotundifolia was optimized by orthogonal experiment. [ Result] The optimal combination of extraction conditions was extraction temperature 70℃, extraction time 1 h, solid-liquid ratio 1： 12, ethanol concentration 70%. [Condusion] The optimized extraction technology was simple and efficient for extracting total flavonoids from V. rotundifolia.

Anti-Amnesic Activity of Vitex Negundo in Scopolamine Induced Amnesia in Rats

In the present study we investigated the anti-amnesic activity of Vitex negundo in scopolamine induced amnesia in rats. Wistar rats (180-200 g) were trained on active avoidance task. Each animal received session of 15 trials with inter trial duration of 15 s for 5 days. Scopolamine (3 mg/kg, i.p) was administered at different time periods on the basis of stages of memory i.e acquisition, consolidation and retention in different groups (n = 6). Effect of Vitex negundo extract was evaluated and compared to a standard drug, Donepezil. Significant (p 【0.05) increase in the avoidance response on the 5th session has been observed as compared to 1st session in control group. Scopolamine treatment significantly (p 【0.05) reduced the avoidance response compared to control. Extract treated groups shown significant (p 【0.05) increase in number of avoidance responses as compared to scopolamine treated groups. Increased oxidative stress in brain after scopolamine treatment, as observed by increase in MDA &amp;decrease in GSH &amp;SOD, was lowered in the groups treated with extracts. AChE activity was also improved after V. negundo treatment. Results of the study have shown that V. negundo treated groups decrease the phenomenon of amnesia by increasing learning of memory through antioxidant effect and decreasing AChE activity.

Effects of Nano-Cerium Oxide on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Vitex negundo

Cerium oxide nanoparticles(CeO_(2) NPs)are likely to have dramatic impacts on plant performances,yet the effects of CeO_(2) NPs on seed germination and seedling growth have not been fully explored.In this study,the seed germination and seedling growth of subshrub species Vitex negundo under different concentrations of CeO_(2) NPs(low-1 mg/L,medium-100 mg/L,high-500 mg/L)have been discussed.Results showed that:(1)The seed germination rate reduces by 11.25%and 2.5%under the low and medium concentrations of CeO_(2) NPs,respectively,but increased by 7.08%under the high concentration;(2)CeO_(2) NPs had significant effects on the growth traits(root length,shoot height and biomass)of seedlings,being the highest under the medium concentration and the lowest under the highest concentration;(3)The superoxide dismutase activity was the maximum(355.91 U/g),but the protein concentration was the minimum(3.85 ug/mL)under the high concentration of CeO_(2) NPs.Our results indicated that the effects of CeO_(2) NPs on seed germination and seedling growth are concentration-dependency,i.e.,low and medium concentrations inhibited while high concentration promoted seed germination,however,seedling growth showed opposite responses.Therefore,appropriate CeO_(2) NPs concentrations are beneficial to the seed germination and seedling growth of Vitex negundo and improve the physiological performance of seedlings and enhance their adaptability to environmental adversity.

In vitro and in vivo bactericidal activity of Vitex negundo leaf extract against diverse multidrug resistant enteric bacterial pathogens

Objective:To investigate in vitro and in vivo antibacterial potentials of Vitex negundo(V. negundo) leaf extracts against diverse enteric pathogens.Methods:Water and methanol extracts of V.negundo leaves were evaluated against enteric bacterial pathogens by using standard disc diffusion,viable bacterial cell count methods,determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations(MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations(MBC).Results:Methanol extract of V.negundo leaves showed potent antibacterial activity(inhibition zone:9.9-22.6 mm,MIC: 200-3 200μg/mL.MBC:200-6 400μg/mL) against all the pathogenic enteric bacteria(Vibrio cholerae.Vibrio parahemolyticus.Vibrio mimicus.Echerichia coli,Shigella spps.,and Aeromonas spps) tested.Methanol extract of V.negundo leaves showed potent bactericidal activity both in vitro laboratory conditions(MBC,200-400μg/mL) and in the intestinal environment(Dose,1-2 mg/mL) of infant mice against pathogenic Vibrio cholerae,the major causative agent of cholera. Furthermore,assays using the mice cholera model showed that V.negundo methanol extract can protect mice from Vibrio cholerae infection and significandy decrease the mortality rate(P【0.0001). Conclusions:For the first time we showed thal medianol extract of V.negundo leaves exhibited strong vihriocidal activity both in vitro and in vivo conditions.Therefore,it will he useful to identify and isolate the active compounds of this extract that could be a good alternative of antibiotics to treat cholera.

In vitro and in vivo bactericidal activity of Vitex negundo leaf extract against diverse multidrug resistant enteric bacterial pathogens

Objective:To investigate in vitro and in vivo antibacterial potentials of Vitex negundo(V. negundo) leaf extracts against diverse enteric pathogens.Methods:Water and methanol extracts of V.negundo leaves were evaluated against enteric bacterial pathogens by using standard disc diffusion,viable bacterial cell count methods,determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations(MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations(MBC).Results:Methanol extract of V.negundo leaves showed potent antibacterial activity(inhibition zone:9.9- 22.6 mm,MIC: 200-3 200μg/mL,MBC:200-6 400μg/mL) against all the pathogenic enleric bacteria(Vibrio cholerae,Vibrio parahaemolyticus,Vibrio mimicus,Echerichia coli.Shigella spps.,and Aeromonas spps) tested.Methanol extract of V.negundo leaves showed potent bactericidal activity both in vitro laboratory conditions(MBC,200-400μg/mL) and in the intestinal environment(Dose,1-2 mg/mL) of infant mice against pathogenic Vibrio cholerae,the major causative agent of cholera. Furthermore,assays using the mice cholera model showed that V.negundo methanol extract can protect mice from Vibrio cholerae infection and significantly decrease the mortality rate(P【0.0001).Conclusioas:For the first time we showed that methanol extract of V.negundo leaves exhibited strong vibriocidal activity both in vitro and in vivo conditions.Therefore,it will be useful to identify and isolate the active compounds of this extract that could be a good alternative of antibiotics to treat cholera.

Pancreatic islet regeneration and some liver biochemical parameters of leaf extracts of Vitex doniana in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic albino rats

Objective:To test two water soluble extracts(aqueous and ethanolic) obtained from the leaves of Vitex doniana in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats for their effects on pancreatic endocrine tissues and serum marker enzymes for a period of 21 d.Methods:A total of 55 rate divided into 11 groups of 5 rats each were assigned into diabetic and non-diabetic- groups and fallowed by a daily administration of ethanolic and aqueous extracts for21 d.Group 1 was the normal control while group 7 was treated with standard drug.Results:The histopathological studies of the diabetic rats indicated increase in the volume density of islets,percent of β-cells and size of islet in the groups that received the plant extracts,which suggested regeneration of β-cells along with p-eells repairs,as compared with the non-treated diabetic control which showed complete degeneration of the islet cells.There was significant reduction(P<0.05) in the serum activities of marker enzymes,alanine amimilransferase.aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase in diabetes treated rats,whereas an insignificant increase(P>0.01) in the serum activities of marker enzymes was observed for non-diabetic treated rats.Results of total bilirubin,direct bilirubin and unconjugated bilirubin showed that diabetic control group was significantly higher(P<0.05) in total bilirubin and unconjugated bilirubin compared with treated groups while non-diabetic treated groups showed no significant increase(P>0.01) in total bilirubin and direct bilirubin compared with the normal control.Conclusion:This herbal therapy appears to bring about repair/regeneration of the endocrine pancreas and hepatic cells protection in the diabetic rat.

Antifilarial activity of ethyl acetate extract of Vitex negundo leaves in vitro

Objective:To evaluate the possible antifilarial effect of ethyl acetate extract of Vitex negundo(Verhenaceae)leaves against Selaria cervi filarial parasite in vitro.Methods:In vitro screening was done by the method of motility inhibition and NTT reduction assay with concentralions of0.03 to 1.00 mg/mL for 2 to 24 h incubation periods respectively,for possible antifilarial effect by comparing with control.Results:In motility assay,complete inhibition of motility was observed and in MTT reduction assay which gave>50%reduction for concentrations 0.20,0.50and 1.00 mg/mL at 10,6 and 2 h incubation periods respectively in a dose dependent manner(P<0.05).An antifilarial effect imparted by plant extract was found to be a function of their relative concentrations.Inhibitory concentration(IC_(50))for the plant extract was found to be 0.16mg/mL.Conclusions:The present study recorded significant antifilarial effect of Vitex negundo plant extract and contributed toward the development of database for novel drug candidates for lymphatic fllariasis.

Ethnobotanical review and pharmacological properties of selected medicinal plants in Brunei Darussalam:Litsea elliptica,Dillenia suffruticosa,Dillenia excelsa,Aidia racemosa,Vitex pinnata and Senna alata

The aim of the current study is to review the medicinal properties of the plants found in Brunei Darussalam namely Litsea elliptica, Dillenia suffruticosa, Dillenia excelsa, Aidia racemosa, Vitex pinnata and Senna alata. The known phytochemical constituents of these plants and their ability to bring about a range of biological activities are included in this review. These plants have been used traditionally for a multitude of diseases and illnesses. There is a lot of untapped potential in these medicinal plants which could cure multiple diseases.

The coastal medicinal plant Vitex rotundifolia: a mini-review on its bioactive compounds and pharmacological activity

Humans have long used natural remedies like plants and herbs to treat disease.Furthermore,research has been ongoing to find alternative pharmaceutical drugs based on traditionally used plants,as natural products show fewer side effects compared to synthetic drugs.Medicinal plants have long been targeted in drug development due to their bioactive compounds like alkaloids,flavonoids,and terpenoids.This is not only the case for terrestrial plants,but marine environments also provide a larger diversity of flora and fauna with medicinal bioactive compounds.Vitex rotundifolia,also known as Beach Vitex,is a coastal plant that has been traditionally used to treat a variety of diseases including premenstrual syndrome,headaches,migraines,colds,and eye pain.There have been many review papers on V.rotundifolia,emphasizing its taxonomy,distribution,and biological activity.Our current mini-review not only summarizes the pharmacology and bioactivity of V.rotundifolia,but it also provides new information on the main bioactive compounds of V.rotundifolia such as flavonoids,phenolic acid,and terpenes and their current pharmacological activity in vitro and in vivo research.This information can be useful for developing new pharmaceutical and nutraceutical agents to treat and manage disease.

穗花牡荆的种实解剖结构及催芽技术研究

穗花牡荆(Vitex agnus-castus L.)是观赏价值极高的夏秋开花植物,其种子繁殖困难。本研究利用石蜡切片技术,观察穗花牡荆的种实结构,同时应用多种催芽技术,探求穗花牡荆最佳的萌发方式。结果显示,穗花牡荆具有坚硬的内果皮,且种实败育率较高。实验的催芽方法中,浓硫酸浸种20 min后再用600 mg/L赤霉素浸种24 h的组合效果最好,能够显著将发芽势、发芽率和发芽指数分别提高到10%、14.44%和1.09。