Prediction of lime utilization ratio of dephosphorization in BOF steelmaking based on online sequential extreme learning machine with forgetting mechanism

The machine learning models of multiple linear regression(MLR),support vector regression(SVR),and extreme learning ma-chine(ELM)and the proposed ELM models of online sequential ELM(OS-ELM)and OS-ELM with forgetting mechanism(FOS-ELM)are applied in the prediction of the lime utilization ratio of dephosphorization in the basic oxygen furnace steelmaking process.The ELM model exhibites the best performance compared with the models of MLR and SVR.OS-ELM and FOS-ELM are applied for sequential learning and model updating.The optimal number of samples in validity term of the FOS-ELM model is determined to be 1500,with the smallest population mean absolute relative error(MARE)value of 0.058226 for the population.The variable importance analysis reveals lime weight,initial P content,and hot metal weight as the most important variables for the lime utilization ratio.The lime utilization ratio increases with the decrease in lime weight and the increases in the initial P content and hot metal weight.A prediction system based on FOS-ELM is applied in actual industrial production for one month.The hit ratios of the predicted lime utilization ratio in the error ranges of±1%,±3%,and±5%are 61.16%,90.63%,and 94.11%,respectively.The coefficient of determination,MARE,and root mean square error are 0.8670,0.06823,and 1.4265,respectively.The system exhibits desirable performance for applications in actual industrial pro-duction.

Effects of binder strength and aggregate size on the compressive strength and void ratio of porous concrete

To test the influence of binder strength, porous concretes with 4 binder strengths between 30.0-135.0 MPa and 5 void ratios between 15%-35% were tested. The results indicated that for the same aggregate, the rates of strength reduction due to the increases in void ratio were the same for binders with different strengths. To study the influence of aggregate size, 3 single size aggregates with nominal sizes of 5.0, 13.0 and 20.0 mm （Nos. 7, 6 and 5 according to JIS A 5001） were used to make porous concrete. The strengths of porous concrete are found to be dependent on aggregate size. The rate of strength reduction of porous concrete with small aggregate size is found to be higher than that with larger aggregate size. At the same void ratio, the strength of porous concrete with large aggregate is larger than that with small aggregate. The general equations for porous concrete are related to compressive strength and void ratio for different binder strengths and aggregate sizes.

Inversion and Prediction of Consolidation Settlement Characteristics of the Fluvial Sediments Based on Void Ratio Variation in the Northern Modern Yellow River Subaqueous Delta, China

The modern Yellow River delta is formed near the estuary of the Yellow River with the characteristics of short formation time, efficient sedimentation rate and loose structure which make sediments prone to be compacted and consolidate under the geostatic stress and overburden stress. It is one of the key areas with land subsidence disasters in China, bringing a series of safety hazards to production and living. Based on the data of massive surface cores and ten drill holes ranging from 12 to 40 m obtained from the northern modern Yellow River subaqueous delta, the inversion method suitable for the calculation of consolidation settlement characteristics of the modern Yellow River subaqueous delta is discussed, and the consolidation settlement characteristics of the delta sediments are inversed and predicted in this paper. The actual void ratio of the delta sediments at the depth from 3 to 15 m shows a significant power function relationship with the depth, while the void ratio of the sediments below 15 m changes little with depth. The pre-consolidation settlement(from deposition to sampling) of the delta sediments is between 0.91 and 1.96 m, while the consolidation settlement of unit depth is between 9.6 and 14.0 cm m^(-1). The post-consolidation settlement(from sampling to stable) of the subaqueous delta sediments is between 0.65 and 1.56 m in the later stage, and the consolidation settlement of unit depth is between 7.6 and 13.1 cm m^(-1) under the overburden stress. The delta sediments with a buried depth of 3 to 7 m contribute the most to the possible consolidation settlement in the later stage.

Study on the packed volume and the void ratio of idealized human red blood cells using a ?nite-discrete element method

Numerical simulations are performed to examine the packing behavior of human red blood cells(RBCs). A combined ?nite-discrete element method(FDEM) is utilized, in which the RBCs are modeled as no-friction and no-adhesion solid bodies. The packed volume and the void ratio of a large number of randomly packed RBCs are clari?ed,and the effects of the RBC shape, the mesh size, the cell number, and the container size are investigated. The results show that the packed human RBCs with normal shape have a void ratio of 28.45%, which is slightly higher than that of the ?at or thick cells used in this study. Such information is bene?cial to the further understanding on the geometric features of human RBCs and the research on RBC simulations.

Bearing ratio and leachate analysis of pond ash stabilized with lime and lime sludge

Recycling of industrial waste is one of the effective ways to overcome their disposal problem. Ash produced by thermal power plants and lime sludge produced by paper mills require huge disposal land and may create environmental problems such as dusting and leaching of harmful heavy metals. Stabilization of the ash can improve its engineering properties and address the environmental problems. This paper reports the laboratory test results of a Class F pond ash stabilized with lime(2%, 4%, 6% and 8% by weight)alone and in combination with lime sludge(5%, 10% and 15% by weight). The X-ray diffraction(XRD) and scanning electron micrograph(SEM) tests were also performed to identify the possible formation of crystalline phases after stabilization. The effects of lime sludge on the unsoaked and soaked bearing ratios of pond ash with different lime contents, after 7 d, 28 d and 45 d of curing, were observed. Test results indicated that the bearing ratio increased considerably up to a 4% lime content which can be taken as the optimum lime content. Further increase in lime content increased bearing ratio gradually but at a slower rate. The effect of lime sludge was more pronounced at the optimum lime content,particularly at a low curing period. Lime sludge improved the bearing ratio in soaked condition significantly. Leachate analysis of stabilized ash was performed using toxicity characteristic leaching procedure(TCLP-1311) method. The concentrations of toxic elements Zn, Cu, Cd, Ni and Cr in the stabilized mixes were lower than those in the unstabilized waste. The results indicated that the pond ash-lime-lime sludge mixes have potential application as road subbase material.

Evaluation of the Effect of Lime Content on the California Bearing Ratio of Silty Soils: Case of Fombap District

The present study is inscribed within the framework of the amelioration of the soils of the Santchou plain for employment as pavement subgrade. The bearing capacity proposed by these soils at their respective optimum dry densities is relatively small, although most of these experimental California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values of the studied soils are more important than the ones prescribed by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Classification system (AASHTO) for A5, A6, and A7 types. The stabilization of this soils with lime has been chosen to improve the bearing capacity and by association, their resilient modulus. The results of this study show that the increase of lime content is not proportional with the increase of the expected mechanical performances. In fact, the literature explains that when the lime content arrives at an optimum, the mechanical parameters no longer increase, but decrease significantly. After this optimum, the soil stabilization no longer shows advantages in the increase of geo-mechanical properties of soils.

Effects of porosity,dry unit weight,cement content and void/cement ratio on unconfined compressive strength of roof tile waste-silty soil mixtures

One of the conventional ways to improve the mechanical behavior of soils is to mix them with cementing agents such as cement, lime and fly ash. Recently, introduction to alternative materials or sub-products that can be adopted to improve the soil strength is of paramount importance. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the effects of porosity(h), dry unit weight(gd) of molding, cement content(C)and porosity/volumetric cement content ratio(h/Civ) or void/cement ratio on the unconfined compressive strength(quor UCS) of silty soileroof tile waste(RT) mixtures. Soil samples are molded into four different dry unit weights(i.e. 13 kN/m^3, 13.67 kN/m^3, 14.33 kN/m^3 and 15 kN/m^3) using 3%, 6% and 9%cement and 5%, 15% and 30% RT. The results show that with the addition of cement, the strength of the RT esoil mixtures increases in a linear manner. On the other hand, the addition of RT decreases quof the samples at a constant percentage of cement, and the decrease in porosity can increase qu. A dosage equation is derived from the experimental data using the porosity/volumetric cement content ratio(h/C_(iv)) where the control variables are the moisture content, crushed tile content, cement content and porosity.

Factors Affecting the Relation of Fracture Toughness V_(GC) with Critical Void Growth Ratio R_C/R_O

The relationship between fracture toughness VGC and critical void growth RC/RO was studied for ten kinds of Steel. The macroscopic fracture toughness VGC was determined by using notched tensile specimens. and the microscopic parameters of critical void growth ratio RC/RO were quantitatively measured under SEM. Then, the coefhcient C in the relation VGC = C In(RC/RO) proposed in author's past work was specifically explored. The correlation of C with tensile proderty parameter φ=σyδ/(Eφn) was presented for the Steel investigated, and the effects of low temperature on C were also discussed. Results show that the coefficient C is linearly related to the parameter and insensitive to low temperature.

考虑孔隙比影响的堆石料湿化试验及湿化模型

对某堆石坝的坝壳料进行了不同密实状态下的单线法三轴湿化试验,分析了湿化变形随围压、应力水平以及初始孔隙比的变化规律。结果表明:在围压和应力水平相同条件下,随着初始孔隙比的减小,堆石料湿化轴向应变和体积应变均明显降低;初始孔隙比对湿化应力剪胀规律影响不大,采用对数形式的湿化剪胀方程可对不同初始孔隙比条件下的湿化应力剪胀关系进行统一描述。对指数形式的湿化轴向应变经验模型进行修正,构建了考虑初始孔隙比及应力状态影响的湿化轴向应变计算模型,并联立湿化剪胀方程推导了湿化体积应变的计算公式,通过对三轴湿化试验结果进行模拟验证了该公式的合理性。

橡胶混合黏土小应变剪切模量特性试验研究

为了研究橡胶混合黏土(混合土)的动变形特性,对不同橡胶掺量、橡胶粒径和围压的混合土开展共振柱试验,分析动剪切模量G和阻尼比λ的发展规律,并基于二元介质模型,提出了表达混合土接触状态的骨架孔隙比e_(sk)计算方法,进一步依托骨架孔隙比e_(sk)对混合土的最大动剪切模量G_(max)进行评价。结果表明:掺入橡胶颗粒后,混合土的G减小,λ增大,且橡胶掺量增大时,混合土的G减小、λ增大;围压增大时,混合土的G增大、λ减小;橡胶粒径增大时,混合土的G增大、λ减小。随着橡胶掺量增大,骨架孔隙比e_(sk)增大,G_(max)降低;在相同橡胶掺量时,随着橡胶粒径的增大,e_(sk)增大,G_(max)升高。在Hardin公式的基础上,基于骨架孔隙比e_(sk)提出了考虑橡胶掺量和橡胶粒径的G_(max)表征模型,该模型具有较好的准确性,可为评价橡胶混合黏土G_(max)提供依据。

砂-粉混合料颗粒接触状态的临界条件确定

砂-粉混合料被广泛应用于高速铁路路基、人工筑岛及海底沉管隧道垫层等重大工程,如何科学地表征砂-粉混合料复杂的颗粒接触状态及连续演变的力学行为特征,并深入揭示其对混合料静/动力学特性的影响已是一项紧迫的基础性科学研究任务。本文基于代表性砂-粉混合料的基本物理性能指标及力学特性指标试验数据,验证Rahman等提出的区分“细粒填充砂粒”和“砂粒悬浮细粒”的阈值细粒含量FCth半经验公式预测能力。基于理想二元介质材料的理论最小孔隙比计算方法,提出确定中间性态土颗粒接触状态临界条件参量FC_(in-min)和FC_(in-max)的方法,分析各参数对FC_(in-min)和FC_(in-max)的影响规律,建立基于基本物理性能指标的FC_(in-min)和FC_(in-max)预测方法,最终提出全FC范围(FC=0~100%)的砂-粉混合料各颗粒接触状态临界条件参量的有效评价方法。

振动排水条件下软黏土的渗透特性试验研究

为研究振动排水条件下软黏土的渗透特性,采用振动排水固结仪和变水头渗透试验装置,对软黏土进行振动排水条件下的渗透试验,分析了荷载幅值、频率以及孔隙比对软黏土渗透性的影响规律。研究结果表明:软黏土的渗透系数随着加载时间的增加呈现先减小后增大再减小的趋势;随着载荷幅值的增大,渗透系数的增幅亦相应增大;不同频率下的渗透系数在加载中期增幅不同,1 Hz时对应的增幅最高;提出了适用于振动排水条件下e-k非线性表达式,渗透系数随着孔隙比的减小而减小。研究结论可为振动排水固结法的设计及应用提供参考。

提高自动化控制水平降低石灰窑煤耗

根据石灰窑特性和工艺特点,用模糊控制理论建立模糊控制规则,通过模糊推理获得模糊控制决策,进而对石灰窑进行温度模糊控制,提高炉窑温度控制精度。通过Bang-Bang控制器解决了炉窑温度控制调节时间长的问题通过案例推理优化空煤比,降低煤耗。

考虑孔隙比的冻胀弱敏感性土修正PCHeave模型研究

针对我国严寒地区高速铁路路基填料和机场填方等工程具有严格的压实度要求,而考虑孔隙比的冻胀弱敏感性土冻胀影响研究尚未有系统性的理论分析,采用理论与经验分析相结合的方法,基于冻胀弱敏感性土的孔隙比与渗透系数和未冻水含量之间的关系,建立考虑孔隙比的修正PCHeave模型。基于该模型分析孔隙比与冻胀量、冻结深度和冻胀率之间的关系,并进行试验对比验证。研究结果表明:孔隙比与冻胀弱敏感性土的未冻水含量之间存在很好的线性关系;冻胀弱敏感性土的冻胀量和冻胀率均随孔隙比先增大再减小,即存在一个最不利孔隙比使得冻胀量和冻胀率均达到最大值;冻胀弱敏感性土的冻结深度随孔隙比增大而逐渐增大;若仅考虑孔隙比对饱和渗透系数的影响,冻胀量和冻胀率均随孔隙比显著增加,若仅考虑孔隙比对未冻水含量的影响,冻胀量和冻胀率均随孔隙比减小,但减小幅度很小。冻胀弱敏感性土通常被认为不能产生显著冻胀,在一定孔隙比下也能产生较大冻胀,同时考虑孔隙比对饱和渗透系数与未冻水含量的影响要更合理。冻胀弱敏感性土的冻胀不能忽略孔隙比的变化,与试验结果对比,该模型能够较好地描述孔隙比对冻胀弱敏感性土的冻胀影响。

基于空隙率数值模拟的水稳碎石级配研究

为了确定空隙率最小的CTB-30水泥稳定碎石级配,通过简化模型参数构建了离散元PFC3D的空隙率数值试验模型,粗集料级配采用数值试验确定,细集料级配通过i法确定,确定了空隙率最小的CTB-30级配,对CTB-30级配进行了力学性能验证与芯样强度测试。结果表明:19~31.5 mm、9.5~19 mm与4.75~9.5 mm三档集料空隙率最小的配比为42∶28∶30,i为0.75时细集料空隙率最小,粗、细集料的最佳比例为67∶33。采用重型击实法成型试件,在5%的水泥剂量下,与骨架密实级配中值、悬浮密实级配中值相比,空隙率最小的CTB-30级配的最佳含水率分别降低0.2%、0.4%,最大干密度分别提高0.018 g/cm^(3)、0.039 g/cm^(3),无侧限抗压强度分别增加3.8%、9.1%,劈裂强度分别增加5.7%、3.4%。通过试验段总结了施工要点,芯样检测结果超过室内试验结果,施工观感符合预期。

石灰铁盐法处理高砷废酸应用研究

选择工业具有代表性的高砷污酸,研究了石灰铁盐法控制性因素,如反应终点pH、Fe/As摩尔比、反应时间及氧化方式对除砷及固砷的影响。结合工业应用实际情况,在pH=1.2、石膏晶种比1∶1、反应时间2 h的条件下,优先产出合格石膏产品。再以H_(2)O_(2)为氧化剂,H_(2)O_(2)/As摩尔比1.5,反应终点pH=8,晶种比例1∶1,Fe/As摩尔比4.5,反应时间3 h进行除砷,除砷后液As浓度0.12 mg/L,小于标准值(0.5 mg/L),除砷率接近100%,除砷渣TCLP浸出毒性为2.25 mg/L,小于标准值(3 mg/L)。该工业应用工艺方法流程简单、操作方便、成本低廉,是一种可靠安全除砷固砷工艺。

粘粒含量和孔隙比对微生物固化粉土效果影响研究

为研究粘粒含量和孔隙比对微生物固化粉土的影响效果,以黄河中下游典型粉土为研究对象,通过人工制作不同粘粒含量和孔隙比的粉土,采用蠕动泵将微生物菌液和营养盐对粉土进行低压注浆。分析了不同粘粒含量和孔隙比与碳酸钙生成量、单抽抗压强度和波速之间的变化规律。试验结果表明,当孔隙比为0.8且小于0.075 mm的粘粒含量为75%时,微生物加固粉土效果达到最优,继续增大孔隙比与粘粒含量,各项指标均呈现下降趋势。

EAF steelmaking process with increasing hot metal charging ratio and improving slagging regime

A new electric arc furnace （EAF） steelmaking process with increasing hot metal charging ratio and improving slagging regime simultaneously was developed and applied in a 50 t electric arc furnace for more than a year at No. 1 Steelmaking Plant of Shanxi Taigang Stainless Corporation Limited. The essential fact of the new EAF steelmaking process was to charge hot metal in two portions or steps： firstly, 35wt%-40wt% hot metal was pretreated by blowing oxygen in a specially designed reactor for decar burization and improving hot metal temperature and melting premelted slag; secondly, 30wt% hot metal was charged into EAF with high basicity refining slags from ladle furnace （LF）-vacuum degassing furnace （VD） refining process. The results show that the hot metal charging ratio can reach to about 65wt%-70wt% for the new EAF steelrnaking process; meanwhile, the tap-to-tap time of a 50 t EAF can shorten by 5-10 min, the electricity consumption can decrease by 35-50 kW·h/t, the lime consumption can reduce by 10.5 kg/t of molten steel, and the content of harmful heavy metals in molten steel can be easily controlled to less than the upper limits of aimed steel specification or grade compared with the traditional EAF steelmaking process. In addition, the dephosphorization ability shows a slight strengthening, however, a small degree of lessening for desulphurization ability is observed for the new EAF steelmaking process, but the weakness of desulphurization ability cannot become an obstacle to its further application since a stronger desulphurization ability can be achieved during secondary refining of LF coupled with VD after EAF steelmaking process.

Optimizing the evolution of strength for lime-stabilized rammed soil

In the present study,unconfined compressive strength(qu)values of two lime-treated soils(soil 1 and 2)with curing times of 28 d,90 d and 360 d were optimized.The influence of void/lime ratio was represented by the porosity/volumetric lime content ratio(η/Liv)as the main parameter.η/Liv represents the volume of void influenced by compaction effort and lime volume.The evolution of qu was analyzed for each soil using the coefficient of determination as the optimization parameter.Aiming at providing adjustments to the mechanical resistance values,the η/Liv parameter was modified to η/LivC using the adjustment exponent C(to make qu-η/Liv variation rates compatible).The results show that with the decrease of η/LivC.qu increases potentially and the optimized values of C were 0.14-0.18.The mechanical resistance data show similar trends between qu and η/LivC for the studied silty soil-ground lime mixtures,which were cured at ambient temperature(23±2)℃ with different curing times of 28-360 d.Finally,optimized equations were presented using the normalized strengths and the proposed optimization model,which show 6% error and 95% acceptability on average.

Test study of high liquid limit clay modified by quick lime used as sub-grade material

Through laboratory test, the relationships among change of compactibility, liquid/plastic limit, free swell, swell ratio without load, california bearing ratio (CBR) and soakage (after being soaked in water), and mix-ratio of quick lime and time were studied. The results show that optimum water content, plastic limit and CBR of high liquid limit clay improved by quick lime increase with the increase of mix-ratio of quick lime, while the maximum dry density, liquid limit, plasticity index, soakage (after being immersed in water), free swell, and swell ratio without load decrease with the increase of mix-ratio of quick lime. Plastic limit of high liquid clay improved by quick lime gradually increases with time, while the liquid limit, plasticity index, free swell and swell ratio without load gradually decrease with time. When the mix-ratio of quick lime exceeds 2%, after 14 d, swell ratio without load of the improved clay is zero, its free swell is about 30% of that of untreated soil, and its plasticity index is less than 26 for sub-grade material, satisfying the requirement by 'Specifications for Design of Highway Subgrade'.