Pharmacological effects of volatile oil from chrysanthemum and its associated mechanisms:a review

Volatile oil(VO)is the main chemical component of common plants in Chrysanthemum genus,and it possesses several beneficial pharmacological properties,including bacteriostatic,antioxidant,anti-tumor,anti-inflammatory,antipyretic,analgesic,antiosteoporotic,antihypertensive,sedative,and hypnotic effects.To date,research on the effective components of Chrysanthemum extract has mainly focused on flavonoids,whereas limited data are available on the chemical constituents and underlying mechanisms of action of the VO components.In this review,the pharmacological activities and mechanisms of VO are comprehensively reviewed with the aim of providing a foundation for further development for medicinal,aromatherapy,and diet therapy applications.

GC-MS/MS Method for Determination and Pharmacokinetics of Main Components of Cang-Ai Volatile Oil in Rat Plasma after Intravenous Administration

[Objectives]To establish a gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry(GC-MS/MS)method based on multiple reaction monitoring(MRM)mode for the analysis of the major components in Cang-ai volatile oil(CAVO).[Methods]An ultrasensitive gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(GC-MS/MS)method was developed and validated for the determination of three highly abundant components in rat plasma samples.Paeonol was used as an internal standard.A multiple reaction monitoring(MRM)model was employed for the quantification of the three major components of CAVO.[Results]The method demonstrated linearity over the range of 0.25 to 50μg/mL with a correlation coefficient(R 2)greater than 0.9998.The lower limit of quantification was 0.25μg/mL.Intra-day and inter-day accuracy and precision were within 15%.Extraction recovery and matrix effect values ranged from 90.1%to 110.6%and 0.1%to 2.1%,respectively.[Conclusions]This method was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of the three components in high-level CAVO plasma samples,providing a basis for subsequent studies of CAVO.

Exploration of the efficacy and mechanism of treating head wind disease with the combination change of ginger volatile oil and gingerol by using content-weighted network pharmacology technology

Background:Exploring the efficacy,potential components,and mechanism of the combination of ginger essential oil and gingerols in the treatment of head wind disease based on network pharmacology technology with content weight.Methods:The experimental groups were divided into:0:10,1:4,1:2,1:1,2:1,4:1,10:0.The relative content(Ri)of the chemical constituents of ginger's volatile oil was determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).Additionally,the physicochemical and biological property parameters(LogP,MDCK,PPB,MW)of the components were considered.To assess the quantitative effect of the components,a grading score was performed,and the quantitative effect index(Ki)was calculated.Subsequently,the target effect index(Ti)was calculated by combining the component-target matching score(Fit score).Using these calculations,the target effect score A was determined under the influence of multiple components targeting different targets.Key targets with A≥1000 were identified.To predict the targets related to head wind disease,the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database(https://ctdbase.org/),Gene Cards(https://www.genecards.org/),and Disgenet database(https://www.disgenet.org/)were utilized.The key targets,obtained from different proportions of ginger's volatile oil and gingerol,were intersected with the predicted targets.This facilitated network pharmacological analysis and verification of the efficacy.Results:The content of volatile oil in ginger demonstrated an impact on key targets associated with the volatile oil group.Each specific combination of volatile oil consistently activated distinct pathways,with variations stemming from changes in content.Experimental testing revealed that different combinations of ginger's volatile oil and gingerol effectively alleviated migraine symptoms in rats.Conclusion:Through the application of content-weighted network pharmacology technology and pharmacodynamic verification,it was determined that altering the ratio between ginger's volatile oil and gingerol leads to variations in potential targets and pathways,consequently impacting its efficacy.

Application of Fluid Phase Recovery Method in the Early Development of BZ26-6 Volatile Oil Field in Bohai Sea

BZ26-6 Oilfield is a kind of deep metamorphic rock buried-hill volatile oilfield in Bohai Sea, China. Its early development plan is restricted due to the simultaneous production of oil and gas in large sections of reservoirs, unclear understanding of formation fluid properties and uncertainty of gas-oil interface. Through theoretical research on phase recovery and experimental analysis of crude oil phase characteristics in the original formation, characteristic parameters of the equilibrium condensate gas fluid are restored and calculated. Through the superimposed phase diagram of volatile oil and condensate gas, BZ26-6 Oilfield is determined to be a volatile oil reservoir with a condensate gas cap, with formation pressure and saturation pressure of 36.1 MPa, respectively. Based on the research results of oil-gas phase behavior characteristics, the thermodynamic equations and equation of state are jointly used to solve the problem, and the content change curves of each component at different depths are drawn. Combined with the sensitivity analysis of numerical simulation, the gas-oil interface is determined to be -3726 m above sea level. The fluid phase analysis software, Fluidmodeler, is used to simulate volatile oil degassing and condensate gas separation experiments. In combination with oil and gas production data obtained through the production test, the specific oil recovery index and the specific gas recovery index are determined to be 0.408 m3/(MPa·d·m) and 1195 m3/(MPa·d·m), respectively. And the reasonable production capacity prediction is conducted on the early development of BZ26-6 Oilfield. The research results can provide a theoretical basis for the efficient development of similar complex oil and gas reservoirs.

Volatile Oil of Platycladus Orientalis(L.)Franco Leaves Exerts Strong Anti-inflammatory Effects via Inhibiting the IκB/NF-κB Pathway

This study was designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of volatile oil of Platycladus orientalis(L.)Franco leaves(VOPF)and the underlying molecular mechanisms by using the non-infectious inflammation rat models and infectious inflammation mouse models.Ear swelling and intraperitoneal capillary permeability in mice,and carrageenan-induced toe swelling and cotton ball-induced granuloma in rats were used to reveal anti-inflammatory effects of VOPF.Moreover,the lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced mouse model of acute lung injury was used to explore the anti-inflammatory mechanism of VOPF.The results showed that VOPF could significantly inhibit auricular swelling,intraperitoneal capillary permeability in mice,and reduce granuloma swelling and paw swelling in rats.Furthermore,it significantly alleviated the pathological damage of the lung tissue.In addition,VOPF could reduce the contents of IL-1β and TNF-αand increase the content of IL-10 in the serum.It had little effect on the expression of p65 but reduced the phosphorylation level of p65 and IκB in NF-κB pathway.In conclusion,VOPF has anti-inflammatory effects and the mechanisms involve the down-regulation of the phosphorylation levels of p65 and IκB and blockage of the NF-κB signaling pathway.

Anti-inflammatory Effects of Volatile Oil of Ocimum basilicum L. in Bozhou and Its Mechanisms

[Objectives] The research aimed to study the anti-inflammatory effects of volatile oil from Ocimum basilicum L. in Bozhou through the experimental animal model of inflammation.[Methods] Xylene-induced mouse ear swelling model and carrageenan-induced mouse paw swelling model were used to compare the anti-inflammatory effects of volatile oil from O. basilicum L.[Results] The extremely high, high, medium, and low doses of volatile oil from O. basilicum L. had a certain inhibitory effect on the ear swelling of mice induced by xylene ( P <0.05), and the inhibitory effect of high-dose group on the ear swelling of mice was better. The swollen degree of the mice s toes in the different dose groups of volatile oil from O. basilicum L. was significantly lower ( P <0.05), and the high-dose and middle-dose groups had better inhibition.[Conclusions] The volatile oil from O. basilicum L. in Bozhou had a significant inhibitory effect on xylene-induced mouse ear swelling and carrageenan-induced mouse paw swelling. It proved and clarified the anti-inflammatory effects of volatile oil from O. basilicum L. in Bozhou.

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF MAGNOLIAE FARGESII VOLATILE OIL

Objective To explore the anti-inflammatory effects of magnoliae fargesii volatile oil.Methods Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were stimulated by TNF-α to express the adhesion molecules. Then the anti-adhesion effects of magnoliae fargesii volatile oil between HUVECs and human peripheral neutrophils were observed. The ischemia-reperfusion animal models were established by 60min renal ischemia followed by 1, 3, 6 and 24h reperfusion. Rats were randomly divided into the following groups: the sham-operation controls, ischemic group only treated with normal saline, and treated group infused magnoliae fargesii volatile oil before reperfusion. Then the renal injury of rats was detected. Results High rate of cell adhesion between HUVECs and neutrophils was observed. Magnoliae fargesii volatile oil could inhibit the adhesion process at the concentration of 0.5μL/mL (191.6±8.6), 1.0μL/mL (158.2±9.0) and 2.0μL/mL (155.2±9.7) (P<0.05). The anti-adhesion effects were strengthened with the increase of volatile oil concentration. Blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels of the animal models were significantly increased after 24h reperfusion while the increase was remarkably attenuated by the treatment with magnoliae fargesii volatile oil. The renal injury was severe after 1h reperfusion, which was significantly attenuated by the treatment of magnoliae fargesii volatile oil. Conclusion Magnoliae fargesii volatile oil has anti-inflammatory effects.

Chemical composition and phytotoxic activity of the volatile oil of invasive Xanthium italicum Moretti from Xinjiang,China

Aerial parts of Xanthium italicum in an air tight container greatly inhibited root elongation of radish, implying that this invasive plant could release biologically active volatile organic compounds （VOCs） into the environment to affect other plants＇ growth. This phenomenon was further studied by evaluating the phytotoxic effects of X. italicum essential oil against two dicot plants, amaranth （Amaranthus mangostanus L.） and lettuce （Lectuca sativa L.）, and two monocot plants, wheat （Triticum aestivum Linn） and ryegrass （Lolium multiforum）, and analyzing the chemical composition of the oil. Among the 4 test species, amaranth was the most sensitive plant, 0.5μl/mL essential oil application resulted in a 50% reduction on root elongation, and 2.5 μl/mL essential oil almost completely inhibited its seedling growth. Wheat was the least sensitive species, whose root growth was reduced to 36% of control by 5 μl/mL essential oil. The essential oil exerted moderate inhibitory effect on both lettuce and ryegrass. Compared to a commercial herbicide-Harness, X. italicum oil exhibited stronger phytotoxicity on amaranth, lettuce and wheat, but weaker activity on ryegrass. The chemical composition of the essential oil isolated by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts of X. italicum Moretti was analyzed by GC/MS. Thirty two compounds were identified, representing 94.89% of total oil, which was found to be rich in monoterpene hydrocarbons （60.71%）. The main constituents of the oil were limonene （51.61%）, germacrene B （6.98%）, 6-cadinol （5.94%）, β-pinene （5.23%）, α-caryophyllene （5.1%） and bornyl acetate （3.15%）. Bioassay revealed the dominant constituent-limonene, was unlikely the responsible phytotoxic compound due to its low biological activity; rather, there might be other oil constituent（s） that either act alone, or work together, and possibly assisted by synergistic effect, to display the phytotoxic activity. Our results suggested that X. italicum might produce allelopathic VOCs to facilitate its invasion success. This is the first report on the phytotoxic activity and the chemical composition of the essential oil of X. itaficum Moretti from China.

Components of Volatile Oil from Water-caltrop and Their Anti-tumor Effect in vitro

The volatile oil was extracted from water caltrop by steam distillation; it was then analyzed by GC-MS to obtain 16 components, 8 of which were identified. Apocynin was the most abundant one, accounting for 81.41% of the total oil. The in vitro inhibitory effects of the volatile oil on SMMC-7721, MCF-7, Hela, HL-60 cells, and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells（PBMC） were investigated via the MTT method. The morphological changes of the tumor cells were observed and the apoptosis of HL-60 cells was detected by flow cytometry. The proliferation of the tumor cells could be significantly inhibited and the apoptosis of HL-60 cells could be induced by the volatile oil. The proliferation inhibition effect of the volatile oil on HL-60 tumor cells and the induction of the apoptosis of ilL-60 cells had dose-dependent feature.

Component analysis of volatile oil from Illicium Verum Hook. f.

Volatile oil was extracted from Illicium Verum Hook. f. by using steam distillation. 41 kinds of compounds were separated and identified by GC/MS, and their relative contents were determined by normalization method. Among 41 identified compounds, there are 14 hydrocarbon components and 22 oxygenated hydrocarbon derivatives, and a small amount of nitrogenous compounds. The main component is anethole, accoun ting for 76.23%, and the other components such as anisyl acetone, anisaldehyde, p allylanisole, p cumic aldehyde and p allylpen take up more than 10%.

GC-MS Analysis of Chemical Components of Volatile Oil in Different Parts of Fennel( Foenicuzu vulgare Mill. )

[Objectives] This study was conducted to analyze the composition of volatile oil in different parts of fennel(Foenicuzu vulgare Mill.) and to compare the differences in the composition of volatile oil in different parts of fennel.[Methods]The steam distillation method was applied to extract volatile oil from different parts of fennel,and the components of volatile oil from different parts of fennel were separated and identified by GC-MS.The relative content of each component was determined by the peak area normalization method.[Results]37,33,18,and 44 chemical components were separated from the volatile oil of fennel roots,stems,young leaves and fruit,respectively,accounting for 98.64%,99.34%,99.59% and 95.99% of the total volatile oil of corresponding parts.A total of 77 chemical components were identified in the four parts,of which 5 were common components.The main component of the volatile oil in the stems and young leaves was trans-anethole.The main components of the volatile oil in fruit were estragole and trans-anethole.And the main component of the volatile oil in the roots was dill apiol.The components in the volatile oil of fennel roots,stems,young leaves and fruit were different in type and content.[Conclusions]This study provides a theoretical reference for the further effective development and utilization of fennel resources.

Effects of Mirazid~ and myrrh volatile oil on adult Fasciola gigantica under laboratory conditions

Objective:To evaluate the effects of Mirazid and myrrh volatile oil on adult Fasciola gigantica(F.gigantica) under laboratory conditions.Methods:The effects of oleoresin extract of myrrh(Mirazid) and myrrh volatile oil on the surface morphology of adult F.gigantica following treatment in vitro had been determined by scanning electron microscopy.The results were compared with those observed in the fluke tegument following incubation in triclabendazole sulphoxide(TCBZ-SO),active form.(Fasinex,Ciba-Geigy).Results:Observations of the efficacy of Mirazid oleoresin extract and myrrh volatile oil indicated that both products showed dosedependent anthelmintic efficacy.The anterior half of the fluke was consistently more severely affected than the posterior half.The surface changes induced by Mirazid oleoresin extract were less severe than those observed after exposure to either myrrh volatile oil or TCBZ-SO.Flukes showed swelling after these treatments,but its level and blebbing were much greater with myrrh volatile oil;in which patches of tegumental sloughing were observed in the apical cone and the posterior mid-body region of flukes.This was not observed after treatment with Mirazid oleoresin extract.Conclusions:The comparatively more disruption,observed in myrrh volatile oil exposed specimens,compared to that exposed to Mirazid oleoresin extract might suggest that the anthelmintic activity of Mirazid oleo resin extract was attributed to its content of volatile oil.So,increasing the concentration of myrrh volatile oil in Mirazid might possibly help to developing its anthelmintic activity._______________________________________________

BAIMUXIFURANIC ACID,A NEW SESQUITERPENE FROM THE VOLATILE OIL OF AQUILARIA SINENSIS(LOUR.)GILG.

A new sesquiterpenoid,named baimuxifuranic acid,has been isolated from the volatile oil of Aquilaria sinensis(Lour.)Gilg.belonging to the family Thymelaceae by silica gel column chromatography.Based on spectral analysis its structure was deduced as(1).Reduction of baimuxifuranic acid by LiAlH_4 gave a

Investigation of the volatile oils,lipid constituents and biological activity of Ballota andreuzziana,Teucrium zanonii and Verbena tenuisecta in Libya

Objective:To determine the chemical composition of essential oils and lipid constituents of Ballola andreuzziana(B.andreuzziana),Teucrium zanonii(T.zanonii) and Verbena tenuisecta(V. tenuisecta) growing in Libya,and to test the antibacterial activity of different extracts of Teucrium zanonii.Methods:The volatile oils of all plants were extracted by hydrodistillation method and analyzed by GC/MS method.The lipid constituents of plants were obtained by extraction with petroleum ether and fractionated into fatty alcohols,fatty acids and unsapoinfiable matters. Antibacterial activity of T.zanonii extracts and antioxidant activity of different extracts of T. zanonii were also studied.Results:The volate oil of B.andreuzziana was found to consists of 20 compounds in which caryophyllin is the main one(63.1%),the volatile oil of T.zanonii consists of 74 compounds in which germacrene-D was the main compound,while the volatile oil of V. tenuisecta consists of 13 compounds with l-octen-3- ol as a major constituent(52.87%).The study of antimicrobial activity of different extracts of V.tenuisecta showed that,both methanol and butanol extracts exhibited the highest activity against Mycobacterium phlei(M.pblei) and Candida albicans(C.albicans) respectively,while petroleum ether,fatty alcohols and unsaponifiable fractions had no antimicrobial activity against all the tested microorganisms. Investigation of the antioxidant activity of different extracts of T.zanonii using DPPH method proved that,the ethyl acetate and butanol fractions showed the highest activity where the inhibition percentage(1%) are 93.6 and 92.1 respectively.Conclusions:This is the first report about the volatile oils of these plants where T.zanonii have the highest content and the highest number of the identified compounds.The study of antioxidant T.zanonii extracts proved that,the ethyl acetate,butanol and aqueous extracts have the highest antioxidant activity.Methanol and butanol extracts of V.tenuisecta exhibited the highest activity against M.phlei and C.albicans respectively.

Do U.S.economic conditions at the state level predict the realized volatility of oil‑price returns?A quantile machine‑learning approach

Because the U.S.is a major player in the international oil market,it is interesting to study whether aggregate and state-level economic conditions can predict the subse-quent realized volatility of oil price returns.To address this research question,we frame our analysis in terms of variants of the popular heterogeneous autoregressive realized volatility(HAR-RV)model.To estimate the models,we use quantile-regression and quantile machine learning(Lasso)estimators.Our estimation results highlights the dif-ferential effects of economic conditions on the quantiles of the conditional distribution of realized volatility.Using weekly data for the period April 1987 to December 2021,we document evidence of predictability at a biweekly and monthly horizon.

Source,Process and End Treatment Technology of Volatile Organic Compounds in Oil Storage

Oil storage is a source of volatile organic compounds( VOCs). Volatile organic compounds can cause different damages to the environment,animals and plants. Therefore, it is important to control the discharge of VOCs in oil storage. In this paper,the control technology of sources of VOCs pollution in oil storage was analyzed from the source,process and end treatment,and measures for the prevention and control of VOCs pollution in oil storage were proposed.

Preparation and Evaluation of Microcapsule Containing Volatile Oil of Herba Schizonepetae by Emulsion Solvent Diffusion Method

Microcapsules of volatile oil containing Herba Schizonepetae(VOHS) were prepared by emulsion solvent diffusion method to improve the drug loading and reduce the amount of pharmaceutical excipients.Orthogonal assay was applied to optimize the preparation condition of microcapsulation,and the results illustrated that the ratio of ethyl cellulose(EC) to VOHS influenced the property of VOHS microcapsule significantly.GC-MS analysis indicated that some volatile components with low concentration in VOHS were lost after microencapsulation.The microcapsules prepared with optimum condition had good fluidity,and the holes on the surface of the microcapsules contributed to the release of VOHS.The particles of the microcapsule conformed to a normal distribution with the diameter of 45—220 μm.In the simulated intestinal fluid containing 0.2% sodium dodecyl sulfate,pulegone in VOHS microcapsule showed a certain degree of slow release.Compared with β-cyclodextrin method,the microencapsulation used in the present work could reduce the amount of excipients and increase the drug loading.It was beneficial to reduce the dose of Chinese medicines containing volatile oils.

Extraction Process of Volatile Oil of Artemisiae Scopariae Herba

[Objectives]To obtain the optimal extraction process parameters of volatile oil of Artemisiae Scopariae Herba.[Methods]The controlled variable method was used to take the extraction amount of volatile oil as the evaluation indicator,and the effects of single factor solid-to-liquid ratio,soaking time and extraction time on the yield rate of volatile oil were investigated.[Results]When the solid-to-liquid ratio reached 1∶12,the soaking time reached 3 h,and the extraction time reached 2 h,the yield of volatile oil was the highest.[Conclusions]The conditions of this process are stable and feasible,and it is expected to provide a certain reference for extracting volatile oil from Artemisiae Scopariae Herba.

Application of a Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) System Coated with Chromatographic Adsorbents for the Detection of Olive Oil Volatile Compounds

A sensor based on the technique of a piezoelectric quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is analyzed for the detection of six organic volatile compounds with high olive oil sensory significance, such as hexanal, acetic acid, Z-3-hexenyl acetate, undecane, 1-octen-3-ol and 2-butanone. Four sample concentrations have been exposed to each QCM sensor constructed. The detection system is based on the sample adsorption on the forty sensing films coated at the surfaces of forty AT-cut gold-coated quartz crystals. Each sensing film has been prepared with different solution concentrations of ten materials, usually used as chromatographic sta-tionary phases. Sensing film coating process shows excellent repeatability, with coefficient values less than 0.50%. The frequency shifts of the piezoelectric crystals due to the adsorption of the volatile compounds have been measured as sensor responses, using a static measurement system. The results show that only five QCM sensors, with high sensitivity values, are enough to the detection of the volatile compounds studied. Therefore, the developed detection system presented herein provides a rapid identification of organic volatile compounds with elevated olive oil sensory connotation and it could be a substitute technique to the analytical methods normally used for the analysis of the olive oil flavor.

An improved oil recovery prediction method for volatile oil reservoirs

To describe the complex phase transformation in the process of depletion exploitation of volatile oil reservoir,four fluid phases are defined,and production and remaining volume of these phases are calculated based on the principle of surface volume balance,then the recovery prediction method of volatile oil reservoir considering the influence of condensate content in released solution gas and the correction method of multiple degassing experiments data are established.Taking three typical kinds of crude oil(black oil,medium-weak volatile oil,strong volatile oil)as examples,the new improved method is used to simulate constant volume depletion experiments based on the corrected data of multiple degassing experiment to verify the reliability of the modified method.By using"experimental data and traditional method","corrected data and traditional method"and"corrected data and modified method",recovery factors of these three typical kinds of oil are calculated respectively.The source of parameters and the calculation methods have little effect on the recovery of typical black oil.However,with the increase of crude oil volatility,the oil recovery will be seriously underestimated by using experimental data or traditional method.The combination of"corrected data and modified method"considers the influence of condensate in gas phase in both experimental parameters and calculation method,and has good applicability to typical black oil and volatile oil.The strong shrinkage of volatile oil makes more"liquid oil"convert to"gaseous oil",so volatile oil reservoir can reach very high oil recovery by depletion drive.