Containment-Based Multiple PCC Voltage Regulation Strategy for Communication Link and Sensor Faults

The distributed AC microgrid(MG) voltage restoration problem has been extensively studied. Still, many existing secondary voltage control strategies neglect the co-regulation of the voltage at the point of common coupling(PCC) in the AC multi-MG system(MMS). When an MMS consists of sub-MGs connected in series, power flow between the sub-MGs is not possible if the PCC voltage regulation relies on traditional consensus control objectives. In addition, communication faults and sensor faults are inevitable in the MMS. Therefore, a resilient voltage regulation strategy based on containment control is proposed.First, the feedback linearization technique allows us to deal with the nonlinear distributed generation(DG) dynamics, where the PCC regulation problem of an AC MG is transformed into an output feedback tracking problem for a linear multi-agent system(MAS) containing nonlinear dynamics. This process is an indispensable pre-processing in control algorithm design. Moreover, considering the unavailability of full-state measurements and the potential faults present in the sensors, a novel follower observer is designed to handle communication faults. Based on this, a controller based on containment control is designed to achieve voltage regulation. In regulating multiple PCC voltages to a reasonable upper and lower limit, a voltage difference exists between sub-MGs to achieve power flow. In addition, the secondary control algorithm avoids using global information of directed communication network and fault boundaries for communication link and sensor faults. Finally, the simulation results verify the performance of the proposed strategy.

Determination of AVR System PID Controller Parameters Using Improved Variants of Reptile Search Algorithm and a Novel Objective Function

Two novel improved variants of reptile search algorithm(RSA),RSA with opposition-based learning(ORSA)and hybrid ORSA with pattern search(ORSAPS),are proposed to determine the proportional,integral,and derivative(PID)controller parameters of an automatic voltage regulator(AVR)system using a novel objective function with augmented flexibility.In the proposed algorithms,the opposition-based learning technique improves the global search abilities of the original RSA algorithm,while the hybridization with the pattern search(PS)algorithm improves the local search abilities.Both algorithms are compared with the original RSA algorithm and have shown to be highly effective algorithms for tuning the PID controller parameters of an AVR system by getting superior results.Several analyses such as transient,stability,robustness,disturbance rejection,and trajectory tracking are conducted to test the performance of the proposed algorithms,which have validated the good promise of the proposed methods for controller designs.The performances of the proposed design approaches are also compared with the previously reported PID controller parameter tuning approaches to assess their success.It is shown that both proposed approaches obtain excellent and robust results among all compared ones.That is,with the adjustment of the weight factorα,which is introduced by the proposed objective function,for a system with high bandwitdh(α=1),the proposed ORSAPS-PID system has 2.08%more bandwidth than the proposed ORSA-PID system and 5.1%faster than the fastest algorithm from the literature.On the other hand,for a system where high phase and gain margins are desired(α=10),the proposed ORSA-PID system has 0.53%more phase margin and 2.18%more gain margin than the proposed ORSAPS-PID system and has 0.71%more phase margin and 2.25%more gain margin than the best performing algorithm from the literature.

State coordinated voltage control in an active distribution network with on-load tap changers and photovoltaic systems

Decreasing costs and favorable policies have resulted in increased penetration of solar photovoltaic(PV)power generation in distribution networks.As the PV systems penetration is likely to increase in the future,utilizing the reactive power capability of PV inverters to mitigate voltage deviations is being promoted.In recent years,droop control of inverter-based distributed energy resources has emerged as an essential tool for use in this study.The participation of PV systems in voltage regulation and its coordination with existing controllers,such as on-load tap changers,is paramount for controlling the voltage within specified limits.In this work,control strategies are presented that can be coordinated with the existing controls in a distributed manner.The effectiveness of the proposed method was demonstrated through simulation results on a distribution system.

Combination of Reactive Current Droop Compensation and Line Drop Compensation for Improving Voltage Stability

Recent events related to power system failure have shown that voltage collapse can be a cause of widespread outages.The thrust of this paper is to discuss and establish means of mitigating system voltage instability by using a combination of both reactive current droop compensation and line drop compensation.It is shown that the point that the voltage regulator controls can be defined by a new method which is based on a widely accepted voltage stability analysis tool.This tool can be used to determine which generators will have an impact on the maximum permissible loading of a bus.Dynamic analysis was carried out on the CIGRE Nordic test system to study the impact of control point location on time to collapse and it is shown that the new scheme can improve the voltage stability.

Speed Regulation Method Using Genetic Algorithm for Dual Three-phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors

Dual three-phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor(DTP-PMSM)is a nonlinear,strongly coupled,high-order multivariable system.In today’s application scenarios,it is difficult for traditional PI controllers to meet the requirements of fast response,high accuracy and good robustness.In order to improve the performance of DTP-PMSM speed regulation system,a control strategy of PI controller based on genetic algorithm is proposed.Firstly,the basic mathematical model of DTP-PMSM is established,and the PI parameters of DTP-PMSM speed regulation system are optimized by genetic algorithm,and the modeling and simulation experiments of DTP-PMSM control system are carried out by MATLAB/SIMULINK.The simulation results show that,compared with the traditional PI control,the proposed algorithm significantly improves the performance of the control system,and the speed output overshoot of the GA-PI speed control system is smaller.The anti-interference ability is stronger,and the torque and double three-phase current output fluctuations are smaller.

Analysis and Design Aspects of a Series Power Semiconductor Array with Digital Waveform Control Capability for Single Phase AC Voltage Regulators and Other Applications

A series connected power semiconductor array, with digital control capability could be used for developing single phase AC regulators or other applications such as AC electronic loads. This technique together with an ordinary gapless transformer could be used to develop a low cost AC voltage regulator (AVR) to provide better or comparable specifications with bulky ferro-resonant AVR types. One primary advantage of the technique is that digital control can be used to minimize harmonics. Commencing with a review of AC voltage regulator techniques for single phase power conditioning systems, an analysis and design aspects of this technique is presented with experimental results for AVRs. Guidelines on how to utilize the technique in a generalized basis is also summarized together with a summary of a technique for achieving harmonic control.

改进下垂控制下的中压直流配电系统双时间尺度分层调控方法

针对中压直流配电系统,在负荷激增、可再生能源出力突变等特殊工况下,传统优化调度方案与协调控制策略存在系统运行经济性有待提升、直流母线电压易越限的问题。为此,提出一种基于改进下垂控制的中压直流配电系统双时间尺度分层调控方法。首先,构建一种具备直流故障穿越能力的3端混合型模块化多电平换流器(modular multilevel converter,MMC)环状±10 kV中压直流配电系统,该系统含电动汽车充电站、储能系统、分布式光伏与风电等灵活性资源。其次,制定各单元协调控制策略,并采用tan函数改进传统下垂控制,以提高系统应对大幅功率波动的能力。然后,基于改进控制策略提出一种双时间尺度分层优化调控方法:在长时间尺度的系统调度层,以运行总成本最小为优化目标,确定各换流器参考功率;在短时间尺度的换流器间协调控制层,改进下垂曲线,并优化控制系数,以兼顾系统运行经济性与电能质量。最后,以典型算例验证该文所提优化调度方案及协调控制策略的有效性:通过灵活调度多种柔性资源,系统运行总成本可降低约11%;在某数据中心负荷激增100%的工况下,各直流母线电压波动仍能维持在±3%UN(额定电压)的允许范围内。

考虑可再生能源接入的多端MMC交直流混合系统协调控制

模块化多电平变换器的零转动惯量特性,使其无法对交流电网的频率波动提供支撑,导致交直流混合系统的整体惯性下降,影响并网系统的动态性能与稳定性。文章将改进功率-电压下垂控制与虚拟同步机技术相结合,提出一种新型功率协调控制策略。在系统直流电压稳定的情况下,对交流电网进行频率调节,同时对各变换器间的功率进行合理分配,无需通讯系统即可建立有效的能量管理体系。与传统双闭环控制进行对比试验,结果表明,所提控制策略有效解决了系统由低惯量、欠阻尼引起的动态性能与稳定性的问题。

风电机组自适应步进惯量控制策略

若风电机组参与调频时采用步进惯量控制(stepwise inertial control,SIC)策略,其退出调频时有功快速下降可能会引发系统频率二次跌落(frequency second drop,FSD)问题。已有文献中一类改进的SIC策略通过减小风电机组退出调频后有功下降阶段的斜率来应对FSD问题,然而该类改进的SIC策略使得风电机组在退出调频后其有功需要一段时间才会小于风能捕获,在此期间转子转速会继续下降并有可能低于转速下限,危及风电机组运行安全。文章对这一类改进的SIC策略做了进一步完善,提出了一种风电机组自适应SIC策略,根据风电机组退出调频时的转子转速自适应设置风电机组退出调频后有功下降阶段的斜率,在确保风电机组退出调频后转子转速不会低于转速下限的前提下,最小化FSD的幅度。

双芯移相变压器在主动配电网电压和潮流调控中的应用分析

双芯移相变压器可以有效控制线路电压和潮流,优化潮流分布,提高电网电能质量。针对分布式电源的高比例接入造成的主动配电网电压波动和偏差问题,以及对潮流大小、方向和均衡度的影响,文章研究了双芯移相变压器的拓扑结构和工作原理;然后分析了串联变压器和励磁变压器的具体结构和作用,梳理了移相变压器分别应用于电压调节和潮流控制时的档位控制策略;最后基于MATLAB/Simulink建立了详细的仿真模型,研究了双芯移相变压器的电压调节效果,并对双线路并联、两路电源并联供电、多路电源并联供电三种应用场景下的潮流控制效果作了比较。仿真结果表明,双芯移相变压器可以在有限的档位内将线路电压控制在允许范围;与双线路并联、多路电源并联供电应用场景相比,两路电源并联供电时的潮流均衡效果最好,潮流偏差最小,本研究为双芯移相变压器的广泛应用提供了参考。

基于强化学习的柴油机调速算法研究

为了更好地调节柴油机转速,提出一种强化学习–比例积分微分(proportional integral derivative, PID)控制器,并应用到了柴油机转速控制中。基于连续动作空间的柔性动作–评价(soft actor-critic, SAC)算法,结合连续型PID控制器,设计了一种强化学习–PID控制器,可代替传统PID控制的转速环。优化设计了基于演员–评论家(actor-critic)框架的输入输出和奖励函数以匹配柴油机特性,采用随机动作增加寻优效率,形成SAC-PID控制柴油机转速的网络交互结构,达到快速调整转速,减小稳定时间的效果。构建了以柴油机D6114为原型机的MATLAB/Simulink平均值模型,并利用试验数据验证了仿真模型的有效性。利用平均值模型,仿真验证了该控制算法效果。经过仿真验证本算法使柴油机转速响应曲线超调量更小,响应时间更快,鲁棒性更强,SAC-PID控制负载瞬态调速率和稳定时间均已达到1级精度指标。仿真对比验证了SAC算法的联合控制效果,结果表明其较其他算法更佳。

计及风力发电机转速安全约束的DFIG一次调频模型预测控制策略

针对传统方法控制双馈感应发电机(DFIG)的调频效果过于依赖参数整定的问题,该文提出了一种基于模型预测控制(MPC),计及转速安全约束的风力发电机参与一次调频控制策略。该方法结合风力发电机动力学模型与频率响应模型建立预测模型,通过线性回归方法变参考值将风力发电机转速的稳定性纳入考虑。相较于虚拟惯性控制等方法将系统频率偏差与转子动能直接关联,该文方法通过建立全新的预测模型,实时统筹考虑整个系统的状态信息,无需反复调整参数,在考虑转速安全性的同时兼顾全局性能。最后,通过实际算例分析验证了该文调频策略的有效性以及相对现有方法的优越性。

基于反步控制的特定次谐波电流补偿研究

电网中广泛采用非线性负载,由此造成的谐波污染问题日益严重,有源电力滤波器是解决谐波污染的有效手段之一。基于谐波提取算法,兼顾稳态响应以及参数选取,提出将反步法引入谐波补偿的设计,对谐波电流跟踪控制器进行重新构建。依据反步法理论进行控制器的设计,能够达到较好的稳态补偿效果,其参数的选取较易。在MATLAB/Simulink中进行PI控制与反步控制的仿真对比,结果验证了所提控制策略对特定次谐波补偿的有效性,直流侧电容电压的反步控制较PI控制超调小、响应速度快,仿真结果证明了反步控制具有更高的补偿精度以及较快的动态响应。

VPSA制氧系统中离心鼓风机变工况调节规律研究

为提升离心鼓风机的变工况性能,以某真空变压吸附(VPSA)制氧系统中的离心鼓风机为研究对象,采用数值计算的方法分别对转速、扩压器角度单独调节以及二者联合调节时离心鼓风机的性能变化规律进行了研究。结果表明,相较于固定式,联合调节的工作压比范围扩大42%,可以使离心鼓风机在全压比范围内保持高效稳定运行;通过建立效率与转速、扩压器角度、压比之间的函数模型,采用内点法寻优得出了联合调节的最佳控制方案,为离心鼓风机的高效运行提供了依据。最后为验证寻优结果的可靠性,结合离心鼓风机的实际工作压比变化规律,按照最佳控制方案对试验模型的转速与扩压器角度进行联合调节,经测量可使离心鼓风机保持效率为87%以上持续运行。

舰船脉冲功率负载Buck变换器自适应阻尼比控制方法

针对脉冲功率负载的周期性功率突变造成接口变换器输出电压瞬时跌落和持续扰动的问题,提出一种Buck变换器的自适应阻尼比控制方法,使得输出电压的响应性能能够直接通过阻尼比实现精确调节,不依赖于控制参数,且对输入电压扰动具有抑制作用。该方法通过引入类电压环消除了时变的输入和占空比的非线性饱和,建立输出电压与其参考值的单输入单输出二阶系统,将不确定负载扰动的控制问题转化为二阶系统的阻尼比控制问题。此外,在不影响电压调节性能的前提下,通过附加占空比调节实现并联变换器供电结构的均流控制。仿真和硬件在环实验结果表明,在脉冲功率负载的不同暂态过程,并联变换器均能够实现快速平滑的电压调节和输出电流均衡。

基于深度强化学习的孤立多微电网系统频率和电压综合控制

分布式电源出力不确定性和负荷功率扰动给孤立多微电网系统稳定带来较大威胁。提出基于多智能体柔性动作评价(MA-SAC)算法的孤立多微电网负荷频率控制器(LFC),同时采用柔性动作评价(SAC)算法对自动电压调节器(AVR)的比例积分(PI)控制参数进行优化调整。建立了多微电网LFC和AVR组合模型。对于电压和频率控制器的设计,分别根据SAC算法和多智能体深度强化学习(MA-DRL)框架建立各自的状态、动作空间与奖励函数。选择合适的神经网络与训练参数经过预学习生成深度强化学习控制器。最后通过仿真分析,基于SAC算法优化的PI控制器能更快跟踪电压参考值;多微电网系统遭遇功率扰动时,MASAC控制器可以快速维持频率稳定。

无人战车轮毂电机稳定性控制策略研究

为了降低无人战车轮毂电机外部受到的大负载扰动提出了基于滑模负载转矩观测器的自抗扰控制(Active Dis-turbance Rejection Control,ADRC)策略,可以即时观测负载扰动变化,并将观测到的负载转矩变化前馈至转矩电流中,从而提升了速度控制系统的响应速度、减小了转矩波动。利用Simulink软件仿真,对滑模速度控制、滑模负载转矩观测器及ADRC速度环控制进行了对比分析。根据仿真结果可知,该模型平稳度高、系统抗扰能力强。