EXPERIMENTS AND ANALYSIS OF HYSTERESIS OF VORTEX BREAKDOWN OVER PITCHING-UP DELTA WINGS

An investigation of the hysteresis of vortex breakdown over pitching-up deltawings is presented. Based on experiments, there are two main reasons which can be usedto explain the hysteresis of vortex breakdown. One is the time or phase lag due to the ini-tial suPerPOsition of linearized small disturbance, which enlarges the range of the incidenceof keeping attached flow and postpones the initial incidence of vortex breakdown. Theother is the reduction of adverse pressure gradient due to the periphery centrifugal instabil-ity after the concentrated vortex has come into being, which is the key reason of hystere-sis of vortex breakdown- The structure of vortex over a pitching up delta wing can be di-vided into three layers, which is not a significant a1teration compared with that of vortexover a static delta wing.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF VORTEX BREAKDOWN ON A DELTA WING AT LOW SPEED

The incompressible N-S equations are solved by using a pseudo-compressibility method. Computation is made for both 60°and 70°sharp edged delta wings. Thepredictions for position and angle attack of vortex breakdown are investigated. The effectof the leading edge sweep angle on vortex breakdown is also discussed. Numerical resultsshow that the present method is an effective tool for investigation of vortex breakdown atlow speed.

Study on Forms of Vortex Breakdown over Delta Wing

Visualization test is performed at the water channel of BUAA. The vortex coreis visualized by dye injection from a small tube located upstream the apex of a delta wing. Thetest results are recorded by a video camera connected to a computer and processed by Photoshop^(^R)software. The test shows new findings in the following respects: (1) Besides the well known spiraland bubble forms of vortex breakdown, there are 3 other forms of vortex breakdown over delta wingfound in the test. They are the frog-jump form, the double spiral form and the filiform spiral form.(2) It has also been found that there is a transition from the spiral form to the bubble form andthen back to the spiral form in the test. Therefore it shows that the spiral form vortex breakdownover delta wing is often observed. (3) In a certain sense it can be said that the bubble form ofvortex breakdown is a special case of the spiral form type. There is no essential difference betweenthem. For the bubble form of vortex breakdown , there are branches of the vortex core and manyelements carrying vorticity separated from the vortex core. However, there is at least one vortexfilament that forms a spiral or a complex warping shape.

Numerical investigation of unsteady vortex breakdown past 80°/65° double-delta wing

An improved delayed detached eddy simulation （IDDES） method based on the k-x-SST （shear stress transport） turbulence model was applied to predict the unsteady vortex breakdown past an 80o/65o double-delta wing （DDW）, where the angles of attack （AOAs） range from 30° to 40°. Firstly, the IDDES model and the relative numerical methods were validated by simulating the massively separated flow around an NACA0021 straight wing at the AOA of 60°. The fluctuation properties of the lift and pressure coefficients were analyzed and compared with the available measurements. For the DDW case, the computations were compared with such mea-surements as the mean lift, drag, pitching moment, pressure coefficients and breakdown locations. Furthermore, the unsteady properties were investigated in detail, such as the frequencies of force and moments, pressure fluctuation on the upper surface, typical vortex breakdown patterns at three moments, and the distributions of kinetic turbulence energy at a stream wise section. Two dominated modes are observed, in which their Strouhal numbers are 1.0 at the AOAs of 30°, 32° and 34° and 0.7 at the AOAs of 36o, 38° and 40°. The breakdown vortex always moves upstream and downstream and its types change alternatively. Furthermore, the vortex can be identified as breakdown or not through the mean pressure, root mean square of pressure, or even through correlation analysis.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON VORTEX BREAKDOWN IN SPIN-UP AND SPIN-DOWN PROCESSES VIA PIV

The whole field measurements of swirling flow in spin-up and spin-downprocesses via PIV are presented in the paper. Investigation of the flow patterns at H/R = 1. 50 wasexperimentally carried out for the first time in both processes. By means of symmetry analysis, itis found that the overall flow structure in the spin-up process still keep axi-symmetric to a greatextent, but deteriorated very fast in the spin-down process. The time to settle to the state of restin the spin-down process is found to be greatly shorter than the time to achieve the steady statein the spin-up process. Temporarily oscillatory vortex breakdown was discovered during the spin-upprocess, although no breakdown in the steady state at the same Reynolds number is found in preciousresearches.

3D FLOW INSIDE BUBBLE-TYPE VORTEX BREAKDOWN: AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION VIA LDV

Bubble-type vortex breakdown of the swirling flow inside a closed cylindricalcontainer with a rotating upper endwall was experimentally investigated via LDV. 3D measurement ofthe steady bubble at H/R =1.5 was firstly carried out with very fine grid arrangement. Flow detailsinside the bubble and its Re -dependent structure were made clear. Abrupt waves of the azimuthalvelocity component were always found to be between the bottom stationary endwall and the upstreamstagnation point, which might be the reason of bubble formation. Variation of bubble structure andbubble center with the increasing Re gives the explanation for the disappearance of the breakdownregion.

JOINT INVESTIGATION OF ROTATING FLOW WITH VORTEX BREAKDOWN USING CFD, VISUALIZATION AND LDV

Vortex breakdown of the steady axisymmetic rotating flow in a confined cylindrical container with a rotating endwall was numerically and experimentally studied. High-quality precision-controlled turntable facilities were established at Shanghai Jiaotong University and Tokyo Denki University independently. Collaborative investigations of vortex breakdown were carried out using CFD, Laser Doppler Velocimetry （LDV） and streakline visualization, respectively. The characteristics of vortex breakdown were delineated in terms of comparative investigation using numerical and experimental results. SIMPLEC scheme and FMG multigrid was applied to numerical simulation. Numerical simulation was extensively compared with streakline visualization and LDV measurements, showing qualitative and quantitative agreements.

STRUCTURES OF CONFINED VORTEX BREAKDOWN IN CONSTANT DIAMETER PIPE FLOW

Numerical solutions of three-dimensional, incompressible and unsteady Navier-Stokes equations for constant diameter swirling pipe flows are used to study vortex breakdown, including the detailed flow structures in the bubble domain and the ＂tail＂ behind the bubble during the vortex breakdown, and a comparison is made between the numerical solutions and the experimental results.

The effects of vortex breakdown on the static rolling aerodynamics of finned slender body

The static rolling aerodynamics of a finned slender body is numerically studied in this paper.Simulation results show a nonlinear uprising of the rolling moment when the angle of attack is greater than 20°in subsonic flows.Asymmetric vortex break down phenomenon on the"horizontal"rudders is found to be responsible for this phenomenon.By introducing the geometric-equivalent angle of attack and geometric-equivalent sweep angle,the cause of the nonlinear rolling moment characteristics can be explained by the delta wing vortex breakdown analysis.

Mechanism of Generation and Collapse of a Longitudinal Vortex System Induced around the Leading Edge of a Delta Wing

The purpose of the paper is to clarify the mechanism of generation and collapse of a longitudinal vortex system induced around the leading edge of a delta wing. CFD captured well characteristics of flow structure of the vortex system. It is found that the vortex system has a cone-shaped configuration, and both rotational velocity and vorticity have their largest values at the tip of the vortex and reduce downstream along the vortical axis. This resulted in inducing the largest negative pressure at the tip of the delta wing surface. The collapse of the vortex system was also studied. The system can still remain until the tip angle of 110 degrees. However, between 110 degrees and 120 degrees, the system becomes unstable. Over 120 degrees, the characteristics of the vortex are considered to have converted from the longitudinal vortex to the transverse one.

预混段结构对氢燃料旋流预混燃烧诱导涡破碎回火极限影响的数值研究

燃烧诱导涡破碎(combustion induced vortex breakdown,CIVB)回火是氢燃料旋流预混燃烧可靠运行所面临的重要问题之一。文中通过数值模拟分析了预混段长度L和预混段出口水力直径D对CIVB回火极限的影响。数值"试验"设计方案的选取借鉴试验设计(DOE)方法,而结果处理则采用方差分析方法。得到如下结论:L和D对回火临界当量比?cri和熄火因子Cquen都有显著影响,其中?cri对应LD2,Cquen对应LD;预混段结构通过改变混合物在预混段内的停留时间作用于CIVB回火极限,可以通过减小L或D改善CIVB回火的发生;此外,文中证实了回火极限与预混段几何结构间函数关系的存在,拓宽了已有时间尺度模型的应用范围。

小展弦比飞翼跨声速典型流动特性研究

小展弦比飞翼标模为国内自主设计的融合体飞翼通用研究模型,前缘后掠角为65°,展弦比为1.54。风洞试验结果表明小展弦比飞翼标模在跨声速迎角4°开始出现非线性升力,在迎角12°至16°范围内会出现升力突然下降、俯仰力矩突然上扬的现象。为了分析该现象的机理,通过数值模拟的方法研究了小展弦比飞翼标模在马赫0.9时的流动特性,分析了前缘涡的产生、发展直至破裂的整个过程,结果表明:小展弦比飞翼标模在迎角4°开始出现涡升力;随着迎角增加,前缘涡逐渐向内侧移动,涡强和背风面激波的强度也逐渐增加,前缘涡与激波发生交叉干扰并达到一个平衡流态;当前缘涡与激波无法维持既有平衡时则会发生涡破裂,流场急剧变化以达到新的平衡,从而导致升力突然下降并产生抬头力矩增量。

三角翼前缘涡破裂形式及特性研究

基于流动显示和PIV技术测量的实验结果,对三角翼前缘涡破裂的一些形式和破裂特性进行了分析和讨论．通过PIV测量所得到的涡量分布证实了在螺旋破裂的情况下,涡核的螺旋方向与前缘涡的旋转方向相反,及双螺旋破裂形式的存在等．进而对螺旋波的形成机理提出了与有关文献不同的看法．

预混段结构对旋流预混氢火焰回火形式影响的数值研究

为了区分不同类型的回火形式,以便可以对不同类型的回火施加不同的控制方法,引入试验设计(DOE)方法和方差分析方法数值分析了预混段长度L和预混段出口处水力直径D对回火形式和回火极限的影响。主要得到如下结论:L和D对回火极限均有显著影响,通过减少混合物在预混段内的停留时间可以同时改善燃烧诱导涡破碎(CIVB)回火和边界层回火;L/D存在两个临界值,当L/D≤(L/D)cri1时发生边界层回火,当L/D>(L/D)cri2时发生CIVB回火,当(L/D)cri1<L/D≤(L/D)cri2时可能只发生CIVB回火或两种回火形式共存;L/D通过改变CIVB回火发生所需的临界切向涡量值而作用于CIVB回火,L/D值越大,诱发CIVB回火所需的临界切向涡量值越小,越容易发生CIVB回火。

间隙大小对压气机转子间隙泄漏流场的影响

针对叶尖率先出现失速信号的一亚音速轴流压气机转子,采用全三维数值模拟方法分析了3种顶部间隙情况下泄漏流动特点,以及它对转子气动性能的影响。数值模拟结果表明,不同间隙情况下泄漏涡的运行特性与压气机的性能和稳定性密切相关。3种间隙情况下,泄漏涡在近失速工况下均发生了破碎。涡破碎造成泄漏涡体积突然膨胀,从而使堆积在机匣壁上的低能流体迅速扩散,对来流产生了很大的阻塞效应。在下游工况相同的条件下,大间隙时最先发生了泄漏涡破碎,说明泄漏涡初始形成时的强度越强,越容易出现涡破碎。

涡轮叶顶泄漏涡非定常破碎特性分析

为了分析涡轮叶顶间隙泄漏涡的非定常破碎特性,采用数值方法联合标准k-ω两方程湍流模型求解非定常雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程,通过施加非定常边界条件引入流场的非定常性,研究了涡轮叶顶间隙泄漏涡的非定常破碎过程,分析了流动非定常性影响泄漏涡破碎的深层次原因,探讨了泄漏涡破碎与损失的关联关系。结果表明:随着叶顶泄漏流动向下游发展,泄漏涡趋于不稳定,在叶片60%轴向弦长位置之后逆压区出现了破碎现象,涡破碎后的流动呈现出明显的非定常特征;尾迹引起的逆射流掠过泄漏涡的过程中与其发生强烈的相互作用,使得泄漏涡破碎位置在71%轴向弦长位置附近周期性前后摆动;同时,尾迹效应还使得泄漏涡破碎前后间隙外掺混损失也相应产生了周期性波动,并且涡破碎后间隙外掺混损失的波动幅度更大,意味着泄漏涡破碎是一种新的泄漏损失产生机制。

后缘喷流对三角翼前缘涡的影响

本实验应用染色液流动显示技术和激光测速技术 (LDV)研究了 6 0°后掠三角翼在后缘差动喷流、对称喷流情况下前缘涡破裂位置、涡核的空间分布、涡核的速度分布以及三角翼背风面流动结构随迎角的演化等。实验结果表明 ,喷流增大了三角翼前缘涡涡核保持高速度的区域 ,推迟了涡核减速的位置 ,在大迎角情况下 ,对称喷流有助于消除由前缘涡振荡引起的“摇滚”现象。

边条翼布局双垂尾抖振的数值模拟

对边条翼布局的双垂尾抖振进行了较为深入的数值模拟研究。模拟来流马赫数为0.2,迎角为10°-40°。通过非定常Euler方程计算各迎角下的非定常流场及垂尾根部弯矩系数。并将随时间脉动的根部弯矩系数进行计算得到根部弯矩系数均方根值,从而得出根部弯矩响应大小随迎角的变化曲线。结合流场特性对该布局双垂尾抖振的发生机理及抖振响应随迎角的变化规律作了深入分析。结果表明：该边条翼布局双垂尾抖振主要是由于边条破裂涡作用在垂尾上的脉动载荷引起的。最后,将垂尾根部弯矩响应的计算结果与该模型双垂尾抖振的风洞实验结果作了比较,结果符合得较好。

三角翼跨声速动态失速与涡破裂特性研究

通过数值方法研究了高速气流中细长三角翼作匀速上仰机动飞行时的背风面分离流与涡破裂特性和气动力特性。结果表明，在三角翼匀速上仰非定常绕流中，涡破裂起始攻角与上仰速度关系比较复杂，在本计算速度范围内，涡破裂起始攻角变化很小；动态时涡破裂点发展速度随攻角变化规律与静态结果差别甚大；三角翼大攻角非定常绕流前缘涡涡轴附近的流动以不稳定涡和涡破裂为主要特征；在一定的上仰速度以后即使在中等攻角前非定常升力与定常升力仍有较大差别，与低速情况有所不同；上仰运动使涡破裂点发展速度被延缓，从而提高了失速攻角和最大升力，并使失速攻角与涡破裂起始攻角的间隔进一步拉大。

跨、超声速三角翼背风区旋涡运动的数值模拟

采用杂交通量分裂的NND格式模拟了跨、超声速三角翼背风区的旋涡运动结构。结果表明，旋涡的截面结构依赖于涡轴上的速度与密度的乘积沿轴向的导数λ＝［（1／ρ）（ρu1／l）］，当它大于零时，涡心附近的截面流线向里转，而当它小于零时，涡心附近的截面流线向外转，λ由大于零变到小于零，涡心附近将出现一个稳定的极限环，多一次变号，将多出现一个极限环。对超声速的计算，λ出现了一次变号，横截面流态中出现了一个极限环，对跨声速的计算，λ发生两次变号，横截面流态中出现了两个极限环。对跨声速三角翼的计算得到了涡破裂现象并发现涡破裂是从螺旋型起始并逐步演变成泡型。在破裂区，流动具有弱非定常特性。数值结果验证了张涵信的拓扑分析结果。