基于VOXEL-MAN针灸学三维影像浏览器的研究

以腧穴解剖研究成果为基础,将临床常用的18个危险穴位的解剖结构数据融入汉堡大学VOXEL-MAN三维数字化虚拟人体中,开发一套VOXEL-MAN 3D Navigator:Acupuncture运行软件(针灸学三维影像浏览器),动态、三维显示腧穴的层次解剖结构和不同角度针刺所经过的断面解剖结构,并建立相关的知识库体系,能够加深对图像内容的理解,有利于提高临床针刺疗效和避免针刺意外事故的发生,并为针灸提供一种理想直观的多媒体教学手段和方法。

可变Voxel与像素映射相结合的图像建模算法

图像建模在军事遥感图像建模、医学人体器官建模、虚拟现实、增强现实等多个领域应用前景广阔。为提高雕刻算法效率,减少图像建模的时间开销,提出了可变Voxel与像素映射相结合的高效空间雕刻图像建模算法,该算法既可以快速雕刻掉物体以外的空间又不用判别可见面就可以快速获得每个表面Voxel的所有可见像素。实验结果表明,该算法在像素映射算法的基础上进一步提高了图像建模速度。

基于压缩Voxel模型的五坐标数控加工仿真新方法

文章介绍了一种基于压缩Voxel模型的五坐标数控加工仿真新方法。该方法采用压缩Voxel模型表示数控加工工件模型和刀具空间扫描体模型,计算机内部存贮空间小,布尔操作简单、速度快。通过MarchingCubes方法提取数控加工仿真工件表面三角网格模型并进行图形显,提高了仿真工件显示质量。文章同时提出了一种基于压缩Voxel模型的刀具空间扫描体构造新方法,通过构造基本几何体球体、圆柱体、圆环体、锥形体和鼓形体的空间扫描体,完成各种加工刀具棒刀、球头刀、环形刀、锥形刀和鼓形刀空间扫描体压缩Voxel模型。该方法在《基于压缩Voxel模型的五坐标数控加工仿真系统》中得到了应用,仿真结果三维信息完备,操作人员可从任意方向观察、验证仿真结果,克服了现有五坐标数控加工仿真方法和商品化软件系统的不足,该方法是虚拟数控加工的关键技术。

基于压缩Voxel模型的整体涡轮叶盘五坐标数控电火花加工仿真验证

提出了基于压缩Voxel模型的整体涡轮叶盘五坐标数控电火花加工仿真、验证新方法.该方法首先构造整体涡轮叶盘仿真工件、成型电极压缩Voxel模型,再根据数控加工轨迹构造成型电极扫描体,最后在三维虚拟空间完成加工过程仿真.利用Marching Cubes方法提取仿真工件表面三角网格,增强了仿真工件显示质量和速度.通过仿真工件压缩Voxel模型与标准CAD模型的三维对比实现了仿真结果分析验证.该方法在某航天火箭发动机整体涡轮叶盘五坐标数控电火花加工编程仿真与验证中得到了应用,效果良好.

二尖瓣和瓣环的Voxel模型三维重建超声显像及其在二尖瓣脱垂中的应用

本文旨在评价经食管体元模型动态三维重建超声显像在二尖瓣脱垂诊断中的价值.研究对象为22例门诊和住院心血管病患者,男12例,女10例,年龄27～56岁,平均40.6±9.3岁,其中三尖瓣正常者12例,经手术证实的二尖瓣脱垂患者10例.图像采集选用美国HewlettPackard Sonos 2500多功能超声诊断仪和5MHz多平面经食管探头.动态三维超声重建采用德国Tomtec计算机工作站.12例二尖瓣正常者和10例二尖瓣脱垂者均能耐受经食管三维超声检查,获得满意的三维图像.用提取法对收缩期二尖瓣环进行三维重建,可得到一静态、立体的二尖瓣环形态.其前叶侧和后叶侧瓣环最高,左右交界侧瓣环最低,整个二尖瓣环呈一立体“马鞍”形,正常组和脱垂组二尖瓣环形态相似.10例二尖瓣脱垂者均能立体显示病变瓣膜的形态特征.从左房往左室方向观察,在心脏收缩期,脱垂部位象“伞面”状飘向在心房,并可精确显示二尖瓣脱垂累及前叶、后叶、前后叶均累及的情况,以及脱垂的具体部位.此外,三维重建后还能直接测量瓣叶脱垂的横径和纵径,明确脱垂大小.结果与术中所见相似.经食管体元模型动态三维重建超声显像能够正确诊断二尖瓣脱垂,且无假阳性和假阴性,具有临床推广意义.

Effect of layer thickness and voxel size inversion on leaf area density based on the voxel-based canopy profiling method

Voxel-based canopy profiling is commonly used to determine small-scale leaf area.Layer thickness and voxel size impact accuracy when using this method.Here,we determined the optimal combination of layer thickness and voxel size to estimate leaf area density accurately.Terrestrial LiDAR Stonex X300 was used to generate point cloud data for Masson pines(Pinus massoniana).The canopy layer was stratified into 0.10-1.00-m-thick layers,while voxel size was 0.01-0.10 m.The leaf area density of individual trees was estimated using leaf area indices for the upper,middle,and lower canopy and the overall canopy.The true leaf area index,obtained by layered harvesting,was used to verify the inversion results.Leaf area density was inverted by nine combinations of layer thickness and voxel size.The average relative accuracy and mean estimated accuracy of these combined inversion results exceeded 80%.When layer thickness was 1.00 m and voxel size 0.05 m,inversion was closest to the true value.The average relative accuracy was 92.58%,mean estimated accuracy 98.00%,and root mean square error 0.17.The combination of leaf area density and index was accurately retrieved.In conclusion,nondestructive voxel-based canopy profiling proved suitable for inverting the leaf area density of Masson pine in Hetian Town,Fujian Province.

VOXEL模型样本在ICT仿真中的应用

仿真检测样本模型的研究是CT仿真成像系统研究的一个重要方面,以往所应用的简单体素定义方法和CAD软件造型定义方法等在一定程度上不能够完全满足目前多种多样的零件类型和材料类型,因此本文将基于体素(VOXEL)模型的功能梯度材料(FGM)建模方法引入ICT仿真系统的样本模型研究中,建立了基于VOXEL的非均质材料仿真样本模型,使之能够在当前复合材料等新型材料广泛应用的前提下,较真实地模拟现实中的检测样本,并在CBVCT仿真原型软件中加以应用,取得了较好的结果。

基于Voxel改进模型的数控三维实体建模及显示

传统的Voxel模型在处理多轴数控切削仿真时,不仅在判断是否发生切削上会耗费大量的运算时间,而且数据点的存储也占据了较大的内存空间,不能满足实时快速仿真的要求;在压缩体素模型构造方法中,虽然能够满足多轴数控切削仿真的要求,且存储空间较小,模型重构速度较快,但是在切削判断上的布尔运算量较大,间接影响了数控仿真的实时性。针对以上方法的不足,提出一种基于Voxel改进模型的三维实体建模方法,在显示速度和切削判断上都能够较好地满足数控实体仿真的实时性。

Voxel Placement Precision for GABA-Edited Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

The purpose of the present study was to assess the reproducibility of voxel placement for GABA-edited MRS. GABA-edited MRS data were acquired in 13 healthy volunteers from (3 cm)3 voxel;and within the same session a second acquisition was independently prescribed. A three-dimensional voxel mask image was reconstructed in T1-image-space using the SVMask tool (in house software). Reproducibility of voxel placement was assessed using the Dice overlap coefficient, both within-subject and between-subject following co-registration of T1 images and transformation of voxel mask images to standard space. Within-subject overlap coefficients were 86% ± 5%. Between-subject overlap coefficients were 75% ± 10%. For the two voxel locations considered (occipital and sensorimotor), voxel overlap was very similar. Between-subject values are higher due to between-session effects, anatomical variability and volume mismatch in standard space. While surprisingly low in terms of volume overlap, the overlap coefficients correspond to acceptable linear displacements.

Influence of voxel size on forest canopy height estimates using full-waveform airborne LiDAR data

Background: Forest canopy height is a key forest structure parameter. Precisely estimating forest canopy height is vital to improve forest management and ecological modelling. Compared with discrete-return LiDAR(Light Detection and Ranging), small-footprint full-waveform airborne LiDAR(FWL) techniques have the capability to acquire precise forest structural information. This research mainly focused on the influence of voxel size on forest canopy height estimates.Methods: A range of voxel sizes(from 10.0 m to 40.0 m interval of 2 m) were tested to obtain estimation accuracies of forest canopy height with different voxel sizes. In this study, all the waveforms within a voxel size were aggregated into a voxel-based LiDAR waveform, and a range of waveform metrics were calculated using the voxelbased LiDAR waveforms. Then, we established estimation model of forest canopy height using the voxel-based waveform metrics through Random Forest(RF) regression method.Results and conclusions: The results showed the voxel-based method could reliably estimate forest canopy height using FWL data. In addition, the voxel sizes had an important influence on the estimation accuracies(R2 ranged from 0.625 to 0.832) of forest canopy height. However, the R2 values did not monotonically increase or decrease with the increase of voxel size in this study. The best estimation accuracy produced when the voxel size was 18 m(R2= 0.832, RMSE = 2.57 m, RMSE% = 20.6%). Compared with the lowest estimation accuracy, the R2 value had a significant improvement(33.1%) when using the optimal voxel size. Finally, through the optimal voxel size, we produced the forest canopy height distribution map for this study area using RF regression model. Our findings demonstrate that the optimal voxel size need to be determined for improving estimation accuracy of forest parameter using small-footprint FWL data.

MCVM:MONTE CARLO MODELING OF PHOTON MIGRATION IN VOXELIZED MEDIA

The Monte Carlo code MCML(Monte Carlo modeling of light transport in multi-layered tissue)has been the gold standard for simulations of light transport in multi-layer tissue,but it is ineffective in the presence of three-dimensional(3D)heterogeneity.New techniques have been attempted to resolve this problem,such as MCLS,which is derived from MCML,and tMCimg,which draws upon image datasets.Nevertheless,these approaches are insufficient because of their low precision or simplistic modeling.We report on the development of a novel model for photon migration in voxelized media(MCVM)with 3D heterogeneity.Voxel crossing detection and refractive-index-unmatched boundaries were considered to improve the precision and eliminate dependence on refractive-index-matched tissue.Using a semi-infinite homogeneous medium,steady-state and time-resolved simulations of MCVM agreed well with MCML,with high precision(∼100%)for the total diffuse reflectance and total fractional absorption compared to those of tMCimg(<70%).Based on a refractive-index-matched heterogeneous skin model,the results of MCVM were found to coincide with those of MCLS.Finally,MCVM was applied to a two-layered sphere with multi-inclusions,which is an example of a 3D heterogeneous media with refractive-index-unmatched boundaries.MCVM provided a reliable model for simulation of photon migration in voxelized 3D heterogeneous media,and it was developed to be a flexible and simple software tool that delivers high-precision results.

Regional gray matter abnormality in hepatic myelopathy patients after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: a voxel-based morphometry study

Hepatic myelopathy is a complication seen in patients with chronic liver failure with physiologic or iatrogenic portosystemic shunting. The main symptom is progressive lower limb dyskinesia. The role of the brain motor control center in hepatic myelopathy is unknown. This study aimed to investigate the gray matter changes in patients with hepatic myelopathy secondary to transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt and to examine their clinical relevance. This was a cross-sectional study. Twenty-three liver failure patients with hepatic myelopathy(hepatic myelopathy group), 23 liver failure patients without hepatic myelopathy(non-hepatic myelopathy group) after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, and 23 demographically matched healthy volunteers were enrolled from March 2014 to November 2016 at Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University(Fourth Military Medical University), China. High-resolution magnetization-prepared rapid gradient-echo brain imaging was acquired. Group differences in regional gray matter were assessed using voxel-based morphometry analysis. The relationship between aberrant gray matter and motor characteristics was investigated. Results demonstrated that compared with the non-hepatic myelopathy group, gray matter volume abnormalities were asymmetric, with decreased volume in the left insula(P = 0.003), left thalamus(P = 0.029), left superior frontal gyrus(P = 0.006), and right middle cingulate cortex(P = 0.021), and increased volume in the right caudate nucleus(P = 0.017), corrected with open-source software. The volume of the right caudate nucleus in the hepatic myelopathy group negatively correlated with the lower limb clinical rating of the Fugl-Meyer Assessment(r = –0.53, P = 0.01). Compared with healthy controls, patients with and without hepatic myelopathy exhibited overall increased gray matter volume in both thalami, and decreased gray matter volume in both putamen, as well as in the globus pallidus, cerebellum, and vermis. The gray matter abnormalities we found predominantly involved motor-related regions, and may be associated with motor dysfunction. An enlarged right caudate nucleus might help to predict weak lower limb motor performance in patients with preclinical hepatic myelopathy after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University(Fourth Military Medical University), China(approval No. 20140227-6) on February 27, 2014.

改进的Voxel模型及其精度验证算法的研究

分析了五轴数控加工仿真中常用的三维实体建模方法的优缺点,并提出了改进的Voxel模型,可以有效的降低模型的空间复杂度,同时结合三向Dexel射线求交算法和动态标志位复位技术,能够有效的提高切削判断计算速度,保证数控仿真的实时性。在此基础上,引入了精度验证的概念,阐述了各种精度验证算法的思想,并将Z&N精度验证算法应用于改进的Voxel模型中,达到验证模型误差在可接受范围内的目的。

Effects of CT based Voxel Phantoms on Dose Distribution Calculated with Monte Carlo Method

A few CT-based voxel phantoms were produced to investigate the sensitivity of Monte Carlo simulations of X-ray beam and electron beam to the proportions of elements and the mass densities of the materials used to express the patient’s anatomical structure. The human body can be well outlined by air, lung, adipose, muscle, soft bone and hard bone to calculate the dose distribution with Monte Carlo method. The effects of the calibration curves established by using various CT scanners are not clinically significant based on our investigation. The deviation from the values of cumulative dose volume histogram derived from CT-based voxel phantoms is less than 1% for the given target.

Differences in brain structure in patients with distinct sites of chronic pain:A voxel-based morphometric analysis

A reduction in gray matter volume is common in patients with chronic back pain, and different types of pain are associated with gray matter abnormalities in distinct brain regions. To examine differ- ences in brain morphology in patients with low back pain or neck and upper back pain, we investi- gated changes in gray matter volume in chronic back pain patients having different sites of pain using voxel-based morphometry. A reduction in cortical gray matter volume was found primarily in the left postcentral gyrus and in the left precuneus and bilateral cuneal cortex of patients with low back pain. In these patients, there was an increase in subcortical gray matter volume in the bilateral putamen and accumbens, right pallidum, right caudate nucleus, and left amygdala. In upper back pain patients, reduced cortical gray matter volume was found in the left precentral and left postcen- tral cortices. Our findings suggest that regional gray matter volume abnormalities in low back pain patients are more extensive than in upper back pain patients. Subcortical gray matter volume in- creases are found only in patients with low back pain.

White matter abnormalities in young males with antisocial personality disorder Evidence from voxel-based morphometry-diffeomorphic anatomical registration using exponentiated lie algebra analysis

Voxel-based morphometry-diffeomorphic anatomical registration using exponentiated lie algebra analysis was used to investigate the structural characteristics of white matter in young males with antisocial personality disorder （APD） and healthy controls without APD. The results revealed that APD subjects, relative to healthy subjects, exhibited increased white matter volume in the bilateral prefrontal lobe, right insula, precentral gyrus, bilateral superior temporal gyrus, right postcentral gyrus, right inferior parietal Iobule, right precuneus, right middle occipital lobe, right parahippocampal gyrus and bilateral cingulate, and decreased volume in the middle temporal cortex and right cerebellum. The white matter volume in the medial frontal gyrus was significantly correlated with antisocial type scores on the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire in APD subjects. These experimental findings indicate that white matter abnormalities in several brain areas may contribute to antisocial behaviors in APD subjects.

Regional brain structural abnormality in ischemic stroke patients:a voxel-based morphometry study

Our previous study used regional homogeneity analysis and found that activity in some brain areas of patients with ischemic stroke changed significantly. In the current study, we examined structural changes in these brain regions by taking structural magnetic resonance imaging scans of 11 ischemic stroke patients and 15 healthy participants, and analyzing the data using voxel-based morphometry. Compared with healthy participants, patients exhibited higher gray matter density in the left inferior occipital gyrus and right anterior white matter tract. In contrast, gray matter density in the right cerebellum, left precentral gyrus, right middle frontal gyrus, and left middle temporal gyrus was less in ischemic stroke patients. The changes of gray matter density in the middle frontal gyrus were negatively associated with the clin- ical rating scales of the Fugl-Meyer Motor Assessment （r = -0.609, P = 0.047） and the left middle temporal gyrus was negatively correlated with the clinical rating scales of the nervous functional deficiency scale （r = -0.737, P = 0.010）. Our findings call objectively identify the functional abnormality in some brain regions of ischemic stroke patients.

DIRECT VOXEL-PROJECTION FOR VOLUMETRIC DATA RENDERING IN MEDICAL IMAGERY

The volumetric rendering of 3 D medical image data is very effective method for communication about radiological studies to clinicians. Algorithms that produce images with artifacts and inaccuracies are not clinically useful. This paper proposed a direct voxel projection algorithm to implement volumetric data rendering. Using this algorithm, arbitrary volume rotation, transparent and cutaway views are generated satisfactorily. Compared with the existing raytracing methods, it improves the projection image quality greatly. Some experimental results about real medical CT image data demonstrate the advantages and fidelity of the proposed algorithm.

Using three-dimensional discrete spherical Fourier descriptors based on surface curvature voxels for pollen particle recognition

This paper presents a new method for extract three-dimensional （3D） discrete spherical Fourier descriptors based on surface curvature voxels for pollen particle recognition. In order to reduce the high amount of pollen information and noise disturbance, the geometric normalized curvature voxels with the principal curvedness are first extracted to represent the intrinsic pollen volumetric data. Then the curvature voxels are decomposed into radial and angular components with spherical harmonic transform in spherical coordinates. Finally the 3D discrete Fourier transform is applied to the decomposed curvature voxels to obtain the 3D spherical Fourier descriptors for pollen recognition. Experimental results show that the presented descriptors are invariant to different pollen particle geometric transformations, such as pose change and spatial rotation, and can obtain high recognition accuracy and speed simultaneously.