Effects of vugs on resistivity of vuggy carbonate reservoirs

The pore structure characteristic parameters of vuggy carbonate reservoirs were extracted,and matrix resistivity of vuggy reservoir was calculated by the percolation network simulation.A segmented cross-scale resistivity calculation method was established,in which the finite element method was used to simulate the resistivity of vuggy reservoirs.The mathematical models of vug porosity and water saturation with rock resistivity in vuggy carbonate reservoir were established,and the relationships between them were obtained.Experimental results verified the reliability of the simulation results.The method presented provides new technical means and research method for the resistivity log interpretation of vuggy carbonate reservoirs.The matrix porosity,vug porosity and matrix pore water saturation are the key factors determining the resistivity of reservoir rocks.

Automatic fracture–vug identification and extraction from electric imaging logging data based on path morphology

We present a path morphology method to separate total rock pore space into matrix, fractures and vugs and derive their pore structure spectrum. Thus, we can achieve fine pore evaluation in fracture–vug reservoirs based on electric imaging logging data. We automatically identify and extract fracture–vug information from the electric imaging images by adopting a path morphological operator that remains flexible enough to fit rectilinear and slightly curved structures because they are independent of the structuring element shape. The Otsu method was used to extract fracture–vug information from the background noise caused by the matrix. To accommodate the differences in scale and form of the different target regions,including fracture and vug path, operators with different lengths were selected for their recognition and extraction at the corresponding scale. Polynomial and elliptic functions are used to fit the extracted fractures and vugs, respectively, and the fracture–vug parameters are deduced from the fitted edge. Finally, test examples of numerical simulation data and several measured well data have been provided for the verification of the effectiveness and adaptability of the path morphology method in the application of electric imaging logging data processing. This also provides algorithm support for the fine evaluation of fracture–vug reservoirs.

A review of pressure transient analysis in reservoirs with natural fractures,vugs and/or caves

A review of the pressure transient analysis of flow in reservoirs having natural fractures,vugs and/or caves is presented to provide an insight into how much knowledge has been acquired about this phenomenon and to highlight the gaps still open for further research.A comparison-based approach is adopted which involved the review of works by several authors and identifying the limiting assumptions,model restrictions and applicability.Pressure transient analysis provides information to aid the identification of important features of reservoirs.It also provides an explanation to complex reservoir pressuredependent variations which have led to improved understanding and optimization of the reservoir dynamics.Pressure transient analysis techniques,however,have limitations as not all its models find application in naturally fractured and vuggy reservoirs as the flow dynamics differ considerably.Pollard’s model presented in 1953 provided the foundation for existing pressure transient analysis in these types of reservoirs,and since then,several authors have modified this basic model and come up with more accurate models to characterize the dynamic pressure behavior in reservoirs with natural fractures,vugs and/or caves,with most having inherent limitations.This paper summarizes what has been done,what knowledge is considered established and the gaps left to be researched on.

Production prediction for fracture-vug carbonate reservoirs using electric imaging logging data

Considering the fluid flow non-darcy characteristics in fracture-vug carbonate reservoirs, a new multi-scale conduit flow model production prediction method for fracture-vug carbonate reservoirs was presented using image segmentation technique of electric imaging logging data. Firstly, based on Hagen-Poiseuille's law of incompressible fluid flow and the different cross-sectional areas in single fractures and vugs in carbonate reservoirs, a multi-scale conduit flow model for fracture-vug carbonate reservoir was established, and a multi-scale conduit radial fluid flow equation was deduced. Then, conduit flow production index was introduced. The conduit flow production index was calculated using fracture-vug area extracted from the result of electrical image segmentation. Finally, production prediction of fracture-vug carbonate reservoir was realized by using electric imaging logging data. The method has been applied to Ordovician fracture-vug carbonate reservoirs in the Tabei area, and the predicted results are in good agreement with the oil testing data.

Experiments on the influences of well pattern on water flooding characteristics of dissolution vug-cave reservoir

Based on the similarity criterion, volcanic rock samples were taken from outcrops to make experimental models. Water flooding experiments of five-spot well pattern, nine-spot well pattern, five-spot to nine-spot well pattern, the relationship between relative well and fracture positions, and injection rate in dissolution vug-cave reservoirs with/without fractures were carried out to analyze variation regularities of development indexes, find out development characteristics of water flooding with different well patterns and sort out the optimal water flooding development mode. For dissolution vug-cave reservoirs without fractures, five-spot well pattern waterflooding has very small sweeping area, serious water channeling and low oil recovery. When the well pattern was adjusted from five-spot to nine-spot well pattern, oil recovery could be largely improved, but the corner well far from the injector is little affected. In dissolution vug-cave reservoirs with fractures, when the injector and producer are not connected by fractures, the fractures could effectively connect the poorly linked vugs to improve the development effect of water flooding. Whether there are fractures or not in dissolution vug-cave reservoirs, the development effect of nine-spot well-pattern is much better than that of five-spot well pattern and five-spot to nine-spot well pattern, this is more evident when there are fractures, and the edge well has better development indexes than corner well. At the high-water cut stage of water flooding with nine-spot well pattern, the oil recovery can be further improved with staggered line-drive pattern by converting the corner well into injection well. It is helpful to increase the oil production of corner well of nine-spot well pattern by increasing the injection rate, and improve ultimate oil recovery, but the water-free production period would be greatly shortened and water-free recovery would decrease.

Permeability analysis of fractured vuggy porous media based on homogenization theory

Based on the characteristics of fractured vuggy porous media,a novel mathematical model was proposed to model fluid flow in such media on fine scale,i.e.,the discrete fracture-vug network model.The new model consists of three systems:porous rock system,fracture system,and vug system.The fractures and vugs are embedded in porous rock,and the isolated vugs could be connected via the discrete fracture network.The flow in porous rock and fractures follows Darcy's law,and the vugs system is free fluid region.Using a two-scale homogenization limit theory,we obtained a macroscopic Darcy's law governing the media on coarse scale.The theoretical formula of the equivalent permeability of the fractured vuggy porous media was derived.The model and method of this paper were verified by some numerical examples.At the end the permeability of some fractured vuggy porous media with typical fracture-vug structures was analyzed.

基于“扩缝串洞”理念的超深层小缝洞群碳酸盐岩储层改造数值模拟

随着四川盆地和塔里木盆地碳酸盐岩油气藏勘探开发逐渐迈向超深层领域,受地质条件影响,储层由大型缝洞向以厘米—毫米级小缝洞群转变,以往针对大型缝洞储层改造的酸压技术系列难以适应小缝洞群储层。为充分释放超深层小缝洞群碳酸盐岩储层的天然气产能潜力,基于小缝洞群碳酸盐岩储层特征,构建了多尺度离散缝洞方法,建立了考虑岩石变形、裂缝延伸、酸液流动反应、温度变化的热流固化多场耦合数值模型,最后提出了以多级转向扩面积、精准控黏串缝洞、定点生酸扩缝长为核心的“扩缝串洞”缝控改造理念,并对小缝洞群碳酸盐岩储层“扩缝串洞”缝控改造方式进行了优化分析。研究结果表明:①多级交替注入形成的黏性指进现象可以促进缝控改造面积的增加和裂缝非均匀刻蚀,从而提高改造后的产能,且缝控改造效果最佳;②酸液注入黏度比增加,缝控改造无因次产能指数呈现先增大后减小的规律,当黏度比超过30,缝控改造无因次产能指数开始迅速减小,缝控改造中酸液交替黏度比需控制在25~35区间;③酸液用量越大,缝控改造面积及改造后无因次产能指数越大,但对于一定地层参数和单井控制面积的缝控改造存在极限酸液用量,超过该酸液用量后缝控面积趋于极限值,而无因次产能指数仍随酸液用量的增加而稳定增大。结论认为,提高缝控改造面积和激活动用小缝洞群是小缝洞群碳酸盐岩储层提产的关键,该认识为超深层小缝洞群碳酸盐岩气藏的高效开发提供了理论指导。

四川盆地中部地区震旦系大型碳酸盐岩气藏开发技术新进展

四川盆地中部地区(以下简称川中地区)震旦系灯影组气藏为大型古老深层岩溶风化壳型碳酸盐岩气藏,气藏整体表现为低孔隙度低渗透率,储集空间小尺度缝洞发育,储层非均质性强特征,气藏开发面临储层表征难、井位部署和效益开发难度大等系列挑战。为此,以川中地区安岳气田灯影组气藏为对象,通过地质工程一体技术化攻关,深化了对储层发育特征和成因机理的认识,提出了气藏开发新模式,创建形成了气藏高效开发的关键技术。研究结果表明:①灯影组储层主要为岩溶成因储层,具有“叠合岩溶差异控储”的发育特征;②岩溶储层非均质性强,“溶蚀相成因控储”可精细刻画储层的非均质性;③灯影组气藏宜采用“单井指标叠加论证气藏规模”的开发新模式;④创新形成了“双界面”岩溶古地貌恢复及定量刻画方法,并指导平面选区,其中Ⅰ+Ⅱ类井比例由评价期的40%提高到方案建设期的100%;⑤创建了小尺度缝洞识别、刻画及表征技术,并指导钻井轨迹设计,测试百万立方米气井比例由开发评价期的41.6%提高到建产期的60%;⑥配套完善了分段酸压工艺技术,高效动用了优质储层,并解放了低品位储层,储层渗透率由改造前的0.62 mD提高到酸压改造后的6.77 mD。结论认为,“十四五”期间,在上述开发技术的支持下,安岳气田由台缘带灯四段高效开发转向长期稳产和台内地区多层系效益开发,蓬莱含气区由单井高产转向区块高产和气藏规模建产,将强力支撑中国石油西南油气田公司“十四五”末天然气上产500×10^(8)m^(3)。

考虑酸蚀效应的缝洞交互行为研究

缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层具有低孔、低渗透和非均质性强的特点,酸压是该类储层增产改造的主要技术手段,酸压改造的关键在于高效沟通缝洞储集体。由于受到非均质性和随机分布孔洞的影响,酸压过程中裂缝扩展路径复杂,缝洞交互规律认识不清。为此,开展室内实验,研究碳酸盐岩酸蚀前后孔隙度、渗透率和力学性质变化规律。实验结果表明:酸岩反应对岩石力学参数影响显著,以质量分数为15%胶凝酸为例,酸蚀作用后,岩心孔隙度、渗透率增加,岩心抗压强度、弹性模量分别降低了42%和60%,泊松比增加了25%。通过在经典内聚力模型中引入岩石物理力学演化方程,建立了一种考虑酸岩反应的裂缝扩展模型,将该模型与常规水力裂缝扩展模型和室内酸压物理模拟实验对比,验证了该模型的有效性和正确性。利用建立的模型研究了孔洞尺度、注液排量、水平地应力差对裂缝扩展路径的影响,结果表明:①人工裂缝倾向于贯穿小孔洞、绕过中型孔洞、沟通大型孔洞。②当水平地应力差超过5 MPa,注液排量超过0.057 m3/s时,有助于裂缝与孔洞沟通。③酸岩反应能明显提高缝洞沟通效率,注液排量为0.1 m^(3)/s时酸压裂缝扩展面积是常规水力压裂的2倍。因此,改造高应力差碳酸盐岩储层时,为了提高缝洞沟通效率、改善酸压效果,应适当提高注液排量。

The Segmentation of FMI Image Based on 2-D Dyadic Wavelet Transform

A key aspect in extracting quantitative information from FMI logs is to segment the FMI image to get images of pores, vugs and fractures. A segmentation method based on the dyadic wavelet transform in 2-D is introduced in this paper. The first step is to find all the edge pixels of the FMI image using the 2-D wavelet transform. The second step is to calculate a segmentation threshold based on the average value of the edge pixels. Field data processing examples show that sub-images of vugs and fractures can be correctly separated from original FMI data continuously and automatically along the depth axis. The image segmentation lays the foundation for in-situ parameter calculation.

塔河缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏渗流特征

根据塔河缝洞型油藏储层及生产动态特征和流动机理不同,把塔河缝洞型油田划分成5种类型的油藏。1)溶洞为主的低饱和缝洞型油藏,初期产能高、稳产期长、见水慢、有较长的无水采油期。这类油藏要注意地层压力的变化并及时注水补充能量。2)缝洞为主的低饱和缝洞型油藏,初期产能较高、稳产期较短、易见水、无水采油期短、水淹速度快。这类油藏要注意早期完井不要进行大型的酸压作业并减小生产压差、延长无水采油期。3)缝孔为主的低饱和缝洞型油藏,初期产能相对较低、稳产期较短、见水速度快。这类油藏要注意减小生产压差、减缓底水的锥进。4)具气顶的过饱和缝洞型油藏,初期具有较高的产能、见水速度慢、含水上升的梯度小。这类油藏要注意尽可能减小气顶气的采出、保持地层中气的驱动能量。5)稠油缝洞型油藏,初期具有较高的产能、含水率呈脉冲式、整体含水率上升趋势缓慢。这类油藏要注意地层压力及采油方式的研究。

塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层预测技术

塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩油藏埋深在5300 m以上,基质不具储集性,储集类型以裂缝、溶洞为主,油气受控于古岩溶缝洞,储层纵、横向非均质性强,地震信噪比、分辨率低,预测难度大。寻找和预测奥陶系缝洞发育带是塔河油田增储上产的关键。在储层成因机理研究的基础上,建立了碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层的成因预测模式,为储层预测奠定了地质基础。针对塔河油田奥陶系储层的特点,建立了以叠前时间偏移和目标精细处理技术为核心的碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层精细成像技术,为储层预测提供了扎实的基础资料。通过储层标定和正演模拟分析,建立了碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层的地球物理识别模式,包括测井识别模式和地震识别模式,为储层识别和预测提供了依据。应用振幅变化率、相干体分析、波阻抗反演等技术,有效地预测了碳酸盐岩缝洞发育带。

塔里木盆地哈拉哈塘地区复杂油气藏特征及其成藏机制

塔里木盆地塔北哈拉哈塘地区是近年来新发现的一个石油富集区带,蕴藏了丰富的油气资源,奥陶系碳酸盐岩是主要的勘探目的层。由于该区缝洞型储层非均质性极强,油气水分布关系复杂,油藏类型多样、流体性质多变、油水界面不统一等特点,给油气勘探带来了诸多困难。本文通过对该区油气水等样品的分析测试,结合钻井地质资料等,分析了该区油气的成因与来源,探讨了油气的充注成藏过程。研究认为,该区油气主要来自于中上奥陶统烃源岩,油气充注成藏时间在晚海西期(二叠纪末期);油气性质的复杂性受晚海西期油藏盖层的控制。北部潜山区油藏在晚海西期其上覆盖层剥蚀严重,导致油藏遭受强烈生物降解,形成未饱和油藏,原油以稠油-超稠油为主;南部深埋区盖层基本未遭受剥蚀,油藏保存较好,以弱挥发性油藏为主,原油为正常油。晚海西期以来,油藏处于深埋过程,油藏流体相态一直保存至今。由此推断,南部深埋区将以寻找正常油和轻质油为主。

裂缝和洞与井筒连通的三重介质油藏试井解释方法研究

针对由基岩、裂缝和溶洞组成的三重介质油藏提出了裂缝和洞与井筒连通的试井解释模型,建立了相应的数学模型,并采用Laplace变换和数值Laplace反演方法进行了求解,分析了介质的弹性储容比、窜流因子以及裂缝渗透率比对压力响应的影响,同时还提出了三重介质油藏的试井解释方法———利用遗传算法进行自动拟合,并编制了实用软件,实例分析表明了该新方法的可靠性和实用性。

基于交会图决策树的缝洞体类型常规测井识别方法——以塔河油田奥陶系为例

塔河油田奥陶系具有丰富的油气资源,受岩溶作用影响发育洞穴、孔洞和裂缝等多种储集空间,洞穴中充填不同物质。多种储集空间和充填物组合形成多种缝洞体类型,导致常规测井响应特征复杂,识别类型难度大。依据露头、岩心和井壁成像测井等信息,确定了6种缝洞体类型,分别为未充填洞穴型、砂泥充填洞穴型、角砾充填洞穴型、方解石充填洞穴型、缝洞型和裂缝型。结合不同类型缝洞体之间岩性和物性差异,对比分析不同类型缝洞体的双侧向、自然伽马、声波、中子、密度测井响应特征及分布规律。将测井响应两两组合建立交会图,优选出9个识别缝洞体类型敏感的测井响应交会图版,结合决策树方法,形成逐级识别缝洞体类型方法。应用该方法对塔河油田实际井资料进行处理解释,识别结果与岩心和录井对比,符合率均大于85%。该识别方法减少不同类型缝洞体常规测井响应之间相互混淆的影响,有助于发挥每个常规测井响应的作用,提高识别符合率。

非均质碳酸盐岩储层及产能评价方法探索

非均质碳酸盐岩储层的定量评价以及产能预测一直是测井分析中难以解决的问题,利用成像测井、核磁共振测井和偶极声波测井等资料分析了非均质储层特征,通过核磁共振测井分析了孔径大小及其与渗透率的关系,介绍了如何利用POROSPECT计算结果来描述原生、次生孔隙度,并研究了成像测井和核磁共振测井定量描述非均质储层的方法,较好地探索了孔洞缝发育程度、总孔隙度、次生孔隙度、渗透率、孔径大小与产能的关系以及利用核磁共振、成像测井评价产能的适应性,效果明显。

缝洞型油藏的离散缝洞网络流动数学模型

针对现有油藏渗流理论在描述缝洞型油藏流动机理上存在的困难,基于缝洞型油藏储层的特点,提出了离散缝洞网络流动数学模型。该模型将缝洞型油藏划分为岩块系统、裂缝系统和溶洞系统;其中裂缝和溶洞嵌套于岩块中,并相互连接成网络;岩块和裂缝系统视为渗流区域,溶洞系统视为自由流动区域。阐述了模型的基本原理,推导了相应的有限元数值计算格式,通过算例验证了其正确性。算例分析结果表明,离散缝洞网络流动数学模型能够正确地描述出缝洞型油藏的流动特征。

塔里木盆地顺北地区中-下奥陶统“断控”缝洞系统划分与形成机制

碳酸盐岩地层普遍发育各类成因机制的非均质性缝洞储层,其孔隙系统的形成演化受岩石的地质演化控制。一般情况下,这类非均质性缝洞储层的形成与地层流体系统中各种不饱和性流体的热化学作用方式和所能带走的物质体积总和有关。但是,塔里木盆地顺北地区发现的"断控"缝洞储层未经历不饱和性流体的溶蚀改造作用,其空间展布明显受到断裂带边界约束,勘探证实可以形成商业价值储层。因此,断裂活动能否发生大规模的物质体积调整,形成完整的缝洞储集系统,需要引起重视。通过应用三维地震、钻井异常工况、测井、元素录井、压恢试井、干扰试井和生产动态资料等,综合表征"断控"储层特征,反演"断控"缝洞单元和储集系统。针对走滑断裂活动过程中的岩石物理特性、构造增容机理和流体改造机制,开展了脆性岩层应变方式、断层封闭性控制因素、水-岩作用方式等研究,提出断裂带内部受岩体错动、破碎及力学-热化学作用而发生的物质体积调整是顺北地区"断控"缝洞储层形成的主导因素,其孔隙系统的形成、演化与断裂活动关系密切。当"断控"缝洞系统形成、演化过程中无法忽视流体影响时,可依据流体性质和作用方式等,细分出"岩溶型"和"热溶型"亚类,作为"断控"储层概念的理论衍生。

裂缝和孔洞型储层孔隙模型的理论进展

对有洞的和裂缝型储层的分析已经成为一个热点,因而孔隙模型的研究近年得到了很好的发展.目前已经用双孔隙和三孔隙模型研究这类储层的特性并寻找估计孔隙指数的方法,以便计算含水饱和度.用串联或并联电阻网络模拟储层表明:双孔隙模型适用于基质与非连通孔洞储层以及裂缝和(或)连通孔洞的储层.三孔隙模型更适用于由基质、裂缝和不连通孔洞组成储层的岩石物理评价,对于当前碳酸盐岩和火成岩以及变质岩储层评价具有明显的指导意义.