Radiation Vulcanization of Magnetorheological Elastomers Based on Silicone Rubber

The fabrication of magnetorheological （MR） elastomers was studied by two vulcanization methods, including heat vulcanization （HV） and radiation vulcanization （RV）, were employed to fabricate MRE samples. The dynamical mechanical properties were characterized by using a dynamic mechanic analyzer. In particular, both the MR effect and its durability were investigated. The experimental results showed that RV samples have large magnetoinduced modulus, large zero-field modulus, and good durability property of MR effect. To explain these results, cubic deformation and plasticizer migration were analyzed. Large magneto-induced modulus of RV sample results from cubic deformation during vulcanization process. And the plasticizer migration results in better durability of MR effect.

Study on Kinetics of Natural Rubber Vulcanization by S/La(DiPDP)_3

Kinetics of natural rubber （NR） vulcanization by lanthanum O, O＇-diisopropyldithiophosphate [ La（DiPDP）3 ] was studied. La（DiPDP）3 had remarkable accelerating effect on the vulcanization of NR. The rate constant k6 of the reaction that turned polysulphidic cross-links into the modified main chain was higher than that of desulfuration reaction of polysulfidic cross-links （k3 ）. The activation energies （Ea2, Ea3, and Ea6） of the formation, desulfuration, and decomposition of polysulfidic cross-links were 87.57,102.34, and 95.01 kJ · mol^-1, respectively. Activation energy （Eas） of the reaction that turned the cross-link precursors into the modified main chain was 82.67 kJ · mol^-1. It could be concluded that the proportion of polysulphidic cross-links was higher than mono- and di- sulphidic cross-links during induction and curing periods, mono- and di- sulphidic cross-links increased as curing temperature rose. In the temperature range of 140 - 160 ℃, the amounts of polysulphidic cross-links were similar. However, over 160℃, mono- and di- sulphidic cross-links increased rapidly. Moreover, cross-link density of the vulcanizates was determined from the equilibrium-swelling data. A chemical probe detected the concentration of polysulphidic cross-links of vulcanizates. The change trend of the results predicated from equation corresponded to that of the experimental results.

Hydrophilicity Modification of Addition-cured Room Temperature Vulcanization Silicone Rubber

Allyl terminated polyether was used to improve the hydrophilicity of addition-cured room temperature vulcanization silicone rubber. With the increasing of the polyether, both the hydrophilicity and water absorbed of the vulcanizates were increased. The mechanical properties were also improved by adding the polyether. The result showed that 1.5wt% of the polyether provided the silicone rubber with proper hydrophilicity.

Fully bio-based,highly toughened and heat-resistant poly(L-lactide) ternary blends via dynamic vulcanization with poly(D-lactide) and unsaturated bioelastomer

Inherent brittleness and low heat resistance are the two major obstacles that hinder the wide applications of poly（L-lactide）（PLLA）. In this study,we report a fully biobased,highly toughened and heat-resistant PLLA ternary blend,which was prepared by dynamic vulcanization of PLLA with poly（D-lactide）（PDLA） and an unsaturated bioelastomer（UBE）. The results indicated that during dynamic vulcanization PDLA cocrystallized with PLLA to form stereocomplex（SC） crystallites,which not only enhanced the molecular entanglement but also accelerated the crystallization rate of PLLA matrix. With increase in the content of PDLA,the matrix molecular entanglement increased while phase-separation was enhanced,which enabled the impact strength to increase first and then decrease. The ternary blends containing 10 wt.% PDLA showed the highest impact strength. The presence of SC crystallites makes it possible to achieve a fully sustainable PLLA/VUB/PDLA ternary blend with highly crystalline matrix under conventional injection molding,due to the high nucleation efficiency of SC towards crystallization of PLLA. The highly crystalline ternary blend showed excellent heat resistance and better impact toughness than high impact polystyrene.

Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Simulation of the Non-isothermal In-mold Vulcanization of Natural Rubber

According to the vulcanization kinetic equation of natural rubber （NR） established in the isothermal situation, the numerical computation expression of the degree of cure under non-isothermal condition is constructed by means of incremental method. The description of non-isothermal in-mold vulcanization process is carried out by the finite element method. The mold-opening time, the rubber and mold temperatures, the degree of rubber cure and its distribution characteristics are numerically analyzed, by changing the key formulas and parameters in the process including the temperature of curing medium, the concentration of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, the heat transfer manner of mold side, and the convective heat transfer coefficient of heating boundary. The quantitative results will help engineers to design proper formulas and optimize processing conditions.

Insight into Vulcanization Mechanism of Novel Binary Accelerators for Natural Rubber

A novel TU derivative, N-phenyl-N＇-（γ-triethoxysilane）-propyl thiourea （STU）, is prepared and its binary accelerator system is investigated in detail. Compared to the control references, the optimum curing time of NR compounds with STU is the shortest, indicating a more nucleophilic reaction occurs. The Py-GC/MS results present that the phenyl iso- thiocyanate fragment still remains in the NPUSTU compounds with or without extracting treatment, but no silane segment can be found in the vulcanizate with extracting treatment. Vibrations of C=S, NH and aromatic ring in FTIR experiments and a new methyne carbon peak, as well as the peaks of phenyl group of STU, in the solid state 13C-NMR experiments are found in the NR/STU vulcanizate with extracting treatment. Moreover, the crosslinking density of vulcanizates with STU evolves to lower level, indicating the sulfur atom of STU does not contribute to the sulfur crosslinking. Therefore, a new vulcanization kinetic mechanism of STU is propounded that the thiourea groups can graft to the rubber main chains as pendant groups by chemical bonds during the vulcanization process, which is in accordance with the experimental observations quite well.

Vulcanization Kinetics of Graphene/Styrene Butadiene Rubber Nanocomposites

This paper presents the influence of graphene on the vulcanization kinetics of styrene butadiene rubber （SBR） with dicumyl peroxide. A curemeter and a differential scanning calorimeter were used to investigate the cure kinetics, from which the kinetic parameters and apparent activation energy were obtained. It turns out that with increasing graphene loading, the induction period of the vulcanization process of SBR is remarkably reduced at low graphene loading and then levels off; on the other hand, the optimum cure time shows a monotonous decrease. As a result, the vulcanization rate is suppressed at first and then accelerated, and the corresponding activation energy increases slightly at first and then decreases. Upon adding graphene, the crosslinking density of the nanocomposites increases, because graphene takes part in the vulcanization process.

Combining push-pull airflow and top draft hood for local exhaust of tyre vulcanization process

This paper proposes a push-pull airflow combined with a top draft hood to conduct local exhaust in a rubber workshop.Field measurements are carried out to investigate the characteristics of the emission source,while numerical simulation is performed based on the measurement to test the capture efficiency and to further optimize various parameters including push velocity,hood height and exhaust air rate.Compared with the high-hanging hood,the low-hanging hood can effectively capture the pollutant generated by tyre with lower exhaust air rate.The capture efficiency of the low-hanging hood reaches 98.18%with exhaust air rate of 6000 m^(3)/h and push air velocity of 5m/s.The results indicates that the new ventilation appliance can effectively collect the pollutant at a relatively low exhaust rate.

Waste Recovery and Sustainable Development. A Case Study of Material Development from Used Tires in Africa

This paper outlines a mechanical transformation process for rubber recycling, demonstrating the development of a new material from used tires. With the crumbs obtained using a crusher-compactor, a novel material for the manufacture of O-rings has been developed, with properties close to those found on the market. The process includes an experimental methodology of a sulfur vulcanization system choice and the quantification of ingredients, as well as the experimental determination of cure parameters. Mechanical tests on the samples completed the work by providing the mechanical characteristics of both unaged and aged (thermo-oxidative ageing) novel material. This process has a high potential for sustainable development and industrialization, making it a valuable contribution to the recycling of rubber in African developing countries.

三维激光扫描和Vulcan软件在矿井下生产中的联合应用

应用Geoslam三维激光扫描技术,对玲珑金矿东风分矿井下残采、残出生产区域进行了大范围的多次扫描,并结合Vulcan三维软件对扫描数据进行处理、分析,详细客观的反映生产现状,将存窿矿石的体积、矿量、品位、合计金属量直观展现。为黄金生产从源头提供了准确的数据资料,达到对残采残出、充填治理、高品位矿柱回收等黄金生产工作的精益指导。

阿舍勒铜锌矿床三维模型的研究

本文是在研究阿舍勒铜锌矿矿区地质及矿床地质的基础上,对该矿区的三维地质模型进行研究。主要探讨了该矿区的地质模型在计算机上实现三维可视化的可能,根据该区的地质工程资料,探索性的利用目前世界上较优秀的VULCAN软件系统建立矿区的钻孔三维模型,在此基础上根据矿体的空间赋存状态建立矿体的三维立体模型,进而建立矿区的三维地质模型,并进行矿体储量的估算,这将对深部地质的认识和矿山开采有重要意义。

VULCAN系统在我国露天矿中应用前景

VULCAN软件系统是由澳大利亚 MAPTEK公司开发成功的。该系统功能强大、内容丰富 ,主要用于地表及地下三维数据的处理 ,包括地质工程、环境工程、地理地形、测量工程、采矿工程、水库工程、地震分析等方面的数据处理及工程设计。VUL CAN有 PC版、工作站版等版本 ,操作使用方便、适应性强、性能优越 ,适合在我国露天矿推广应用 ,与我国自行开发的有关软件配合使用可达到优势互补、相互借鉴、促进提高软件开发水平的效果。

新疆阿舍勒铜锌矿床三维矿体模拟及资源评估

在 VUL CAN的软件环境下对新疆阿舍勒矿体进行三维计算机模拟和可视化研究 ,建立阿舍勒铜锌矿的三维矿体模型和地质模型 ,以便更直观的研究和分析矿体的形态变化规律 ;同时在把矿体细分为小的长方体块的基础上 。

COORDINATION CROSSLINKING OF NITRILE RUBBER FILLED WITH COPPER SULFATE PARTICLES

By incorporating copper sulfate （CuSO4） particles into acrylonitrile butadiene rubber （NBR） followed by heat pressing, a novel vulcanization method is developed in rubber through the formation of coordination crosslinking. This method totally differs from traditional covalent or non-covalent vulcanization approaches of rubber. No other vulcanizing agent or additional additive is involved in this process. By analyzing the results of DMA, XPS and FT-IR, it is found that the crosslinking of CuSO4 particles filled NBR was induced by in situ coordination between nitrogen atoms of nitrile groups （-CN） and copper ions （Cu^2＋） from CuSO4. SEM and EDX results revealed the generation of a core （CuSO4 solid particle）- shell （adherent NBR） structure, which leads to a result that the crosslinked rubber has excellent mechanical properties. Moreover, poly（vinyl chloride） （PVC） and liquid acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber （LNBR） were used as mobilizer to improve the coordination crosslinking of CuSO4/NBR. The addition of PVC or LNBR could lead to higher crosslink density and better mechanical properties of coordination vulcanization. In addition, crystal water in CuSO4 played a positive role to coordination crosslinking of rubber because it decreased the metal point of CuSO4 and promoted the metal ionization.

STUDY ON THE MISCIBILITY OF DYNAMICALLY VULCANIZED EPDM/PP BLEND BY POSITRON ANNIHILATION SPECTROSCOPY

Positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) was utilized to investigate the relationship between the free-volume hole properties and miscibility of dynamically vulcanized EPDM/PP blend. The results showed that the noncrystalline region of PP and EPDM in the blend was partially miscible and the miscibility of the blend became worse when the weight percent of EPDM was <50%. This was also demonstrated by DMTA and mechanical properties of the blends with various compositions.

EFFECTS OF SOME PHENYLETHYNYLSILICON COMPOUNDS ON HEAT-CURABLE SILICONE RUBBER Ⅲ 1, 1, 3, 3-TETRAMETHYL-1, 3-DIPHENYLETHYNYL-DISILOXANE

We have shown that some phenylethynylsilicon compounds are good cure crosslinkersof heat-curable silicone rubber(HCSR). In this paper the effects of 1, 1, 3, 3-tetramethyl-1, 3-diphenylethynyldisiloxane (TMDPDS) as a crosslinker on HCSR were studied. Thevulcanizates with fine mechanical properties could be obtained with suitable amounts ofTMDPDS. Sol fractions, and crosslinking density of vulcanizates and vulcanizationretardation effect of TMDPDS on hydrosilation curing silicone rubber were also discussed.

表面改性炭材料在微生物燃料电池中的应用(英)

研究了在空气阴极微生物燃料电池中修饰方法如硝酸处理和硝酸-氨水酸碱等对XC-72R作为阴极氧还原催化剂催化活性的影响,并且使用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、Boehm滴定法和X射线光电子能谱(谱(XPS)等手段对催化剂进行了表征.FTIR测试证明硝酸处理可引入含氧基团氨水处理可引入含氮基团.另外,还测试了含有不同表面官能团的XC-72R对氧还原的活性,并将其作为阴极催化剂用在MFC中,测试了电池性能.实验表明,经酸碱修饰的XC-72R作为空气阴极MFC的催化剂具有很好的应用前景.

澳大利亚Vulcan次盆Puffin油田油气源与成藏

Puffin油田目前油气来源不明,主力烃源岩展布及主要生、排烃期不确定都制约了下一步勘探的进行。利用烃源岩二维生烃模拟以及生物标志物指纹对比等方法,揭示了下Vulcan组海相泥页岩是本区最为重要的一套烃源岩,白垩纪—中新世为主要生、排烃期;而本区的Plover组烃源岩普遍演化程度较高,在晚侏罗世已达到高成熟,生烃潜力差,对于成藏的贡献较为有限,属于次要烃源岩。成藏事件图反映出Puffin垒带上的圈闭主要形成于侏罗纪—白垩纪,中新世以前由于侏罗系以上地层断裂不发育,下Vulcan组主力烃源岩生成的原油主要在地堑中的侏罗系圈闭中聚集成藏。中新世末,区域性的构造挤压运动形成众多垂向断裂并且使早期形成的断裂体系活化,使得早期成藏的油气垂向调整到浅层的白垩系聚集成藏。因此,目前Puffin油田发现的白垩系油藏主要为次生油藏,为早期侏罗系油藏调整改造到浅部垒带上形成。

VULCAN软件系统及其在元宝山露天矿的应用

软件系统功能强大,内容丰富,主要用于地表及地下三维数据的处理,形成三维立体模VULCAN型,包括地质工程、环境工程、地理地形、测量工程、采矿工程、水库工程、地震分析等方面的数据处理及工程设计。应用该软件成功地建立了元宝山露天煤矿的矿床地质模型,进行地质储量管理,形成彩场测量验收现状图,并编制各种开采生产计划。

Use of Shore Hardness Tests for In-Process Properties Estimation/Monitoring of Silicone Rubbers

Casting is an important rubber manufacturing process for both production and material developments. A quick and flexible way of testing the constitutive materials properties of rubber products is very important for optimising the processing parameters and quality control. In many cases, standard tests such as tensile or compression tests are time consuming and require a large volume of materials. This work reports some recent work in using a combined numerical and experimental approach to characterise the properties of rubber materials during a casting process. Durometer shore hardness is used to test silicone rubbers (as a model material) with different compositions on different moulding planes and the linear elastic property is estimated from the hardnesses. The predicted properties are systematically compared with the experimental tests on hard and soft silicone rubber samples with different compositions. The work shows that shore hardness can be used as an effective way to monitor the materials properties during amoulding process for process optimisation and quality control.