Efficient and selective removal of Pb(Ⅱ) from landfill leachate using L-serine-modified polyethylene/polypropylene nonwoven fabric synthesized via radiation grafting technique

In this study,to efficiently remove Pb(Ⅱ) from aqueous environments,a novel L-serine-modified polyethylene/polypropylene nonwoven fabric sorbent(NWF-serine)was fabricated through the radiation grafting of glycidyl methacrylate and subsequent L-serine modification.The effect of the absorbed dose was investigated in the range of 5–50 kGy.NWF-serine was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,thermogravimetric analysis,and scanning electron microscopy.Batch adsorption tests were conducted to investigate the influences of pH,adsorption time,temperature,initial concentration,and sorbent dosage on the Pb(Ⅱ) adsorption performance of NWF-serine.The results indicated that Pb(Ⅱ) adsorption onto NWF-serine was an endothermic process,following the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model.The saturated adsorption capacity was 198.1 mg/g.NWF-serine exhibited Pb(Ⅱ) removal rates of 99.8% for aqueous solutions with initial concentrations of 100 mg/L and 82.1% for landfill leachate containing competitive metal ions such as Cd,Cu,Ni,Mn,and Zn.Furthermore,NWF-serine maintained 86% of its Pb(Ⅱ) uptake after five use cycles.The coordination of the carboxyl and amino groups with Pb(Ⅱ) was confirmed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and extended X-ray absorption fine structure analysis.

Near-zero-adhesion-enabled intact wafer-scale resist-transfer printing for high-fidelity nanofabrication on arbitrary substrates

There is an urgent need for novel processes that can integrate different functional nanostructures onto specific substrates,so as to meet the fast-growing need for broad applications in nanoelectronics,nanophotonics,and fexible optoelectronics.Existing direct-lithography methods are difficult to use on fexible,nonplanar,and biocompatible surfaces.Therefore,this fabrication is usually accomplished by nanotransfer printing.However,large-scale integration of multiscale nanostructures with unconventional substrates remains challenging because fabrication yields and quality are often limited by the resolution,uniformity,adhesivity,and integrity of the nanostructures formed by direct transfer.Here,we proposed a resist-based transfer strategy enabled by near-zero adhesion,which was achieved by molecular modification to attain a critical surface energy interval.This approach enabled the intact transfer of wafer-scale,ultrathin-resist nanofilms onto arbitrary substrates with mitigated cracking and wrinkling,thereby facilitating the in situ fabrication of nanostructures for functional devices.Applying this approach,fabrication of three-dimensional-stacked multilayer structures with enhanced functionalities,nanoplasmonic structures with~10 nm resolution,and MoS2-based devices with excellent performance was demonstrated on specific substrates.These results collectively demonstrated the high stability,reliability,and throughput of our strategy for optical and electronic device applications.

Matching Dyeing and Properties of Silk Fabrics with Natural Edible Pigments

The silk fabrics were matching dyed with three natural edible pigments(red rice red,ginger yellow and gardenia blue).By investigating the dyeing rates and lifting properties of these pigments,it was observed that their compatibilities were excellent in the dyeing process:dye dosage 2.5%(omf),mordant alum dosage 2.0%(omf),dyeing temperature 80℃and dyeing time 40 min.The silk fabrics dyed with secondary colors exhibited vibrant and vivid color owing to the remarkable lightness and chroma of ginger yellow.However,gardenia blue exhibited multiple absorption peaks in the visible light range,resulting in significantly lower lightness and chroma for the silk fabrics dyed with tertiary colors,thus making it suitable only for matte-colored fabrics with low chroma levels.In addition,the silk fabrics dyed with these three pigments had a color fastness that exceeded grade 3 in resistance to perspiration,soap washing and light exposure,indicating acceptable wearing properties.The dyeing process described in this research exhibited a wide range of potential applications in matching dyeing of protein-based textiles with natural colorants.

Preparation and electromagnetic shielding properties of PET/rGO/SWCNT composite fabric

Graphene oxide(GO)with excellent dispersion ability can assist the dispersion of single-walled carbon nanotube(SWCNT)and promote the formation of uniform and stable GO/SWCNT coating liquid.The highly conductive polyethylene terephthalate/reduced graphene oxide/SWCNT(PET/rGO/SWCNT)electromagnetic shielding composite fabric was successfully prepared by anchoring rGO/SWCNT on PET fabric via dip-coating piror to low-temperature thermal reduction.The results showed that the carboxyl groups and hydroxyl groups formed of hydrophilic-treated PET were conducive to the formation of hydrogen bonds with that of GO,which enhanced the interaction between PET fabric and GO/SWCNT coating;the loading of GO/SWCNT increased with the number of dip-coating,the unit area loading of rGO/SWCNT in the final composite fabric was 2.7 mg/cm^(2) after 10 dip-coating cycles and thermal reduction;the PET/rGO/SWCNT composite fabric had a continuous and dense conductive network,with a conductivity of up to 41.6 S/m and the average electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness in X-band was 22 dB;the flexible PET/rGO/SWCNT composite fabric was not only easy to process,but also exhibited excellent conductivity and shielding efficiency,showing great potential in the application of electromagnetic shielding fabrics.

Preparation of Durable Antibacterial Polyester Fabrics by Grafting with the Natural Quaternary Ammonium Compound Betaine

Recently, the textile industry has increasingly advocated for natural resource-based healthcare textiles. This research presents a facile and eco-friendly approach to developing durable antibacterial polyester fabrics. Polyester fabric was first subjected to an alkaline hydrolysis to impart hydroxyl groups on the fiber surface. A natural antibacterial agent, betaine, was then covalently bonded to the hydrolyzed polyester fiber surface through esterification. XPS, Raman, SEM, and Wicking measurements were carried out to verify the esterification reaction. Antibacterial tests confirmed that betaine treatment grafted polyester fabrics revealed a remarkable antibacterial effect with inhibition rates > 99.9% against both E. coli and S. aureus and still remained inhibition rates of up to 91.5% against both bacteria after home washing for 20 cycles. Moreover, the modification significantly increased the capillary effect of polyester fabric but did not cause apparent adverse effects on the fabric’s hand or tensile strength. Overall, this grafting strategy for durable, antibacterial polyester fabric represents a significant practicality in the textile industry.

Predicting the Stitch Density of Finished Fabrics Using Weft Blended Grey Knit Fabrics

Stitch density is one of the critical quality parameters of knit fabrics. This parameter is closely related to other physical quality parameters like fabric weight, fabric tightness factor, fiber types, blend ratio, yarn diameter and linear density, and fabric structure. Selecting stitch density (wales per inch, course per inch) is essential to getting the appropriate fabric weight and desired quality. Usually, no rules or assumptions exist to get the desired stitch density in the finished fabric stage. Fifteen types of blended knit fabrics were prepared to conduct the study. The varying percentages of cotton, polyester, and elastane are incorporated in the blends. Regression analysis and regression ANOVA tests were done to predict the stitch density of finished fabrics. A suitable regression equation is established to get the desired results. The study also found that the stitch density value in the finished stage fabric decreases by approximately 15% compared to the stitch density in the grey fabric stage. This study will help the fabric manufacturers get the finished fabric stitch density in advance by utilizing the grey fabric stitch density data set. The author expects this research to benefit the knitting and dyeing industry, new researchers, and advanced researchers.

一种面向联盟链Hyperledger Fabric的并发冲突事务优化方法

随着区块链技术应用的普及,联盟链Hyperledger Fabric(简称Fabric)已成为知名区块链开源平台,并得到广泛关注.然而Fabric仍受困于并发事务间冲突问题,冲突发生时会引发大量无效交易上链,导致吞吐量下降,阻碍其发展.对于该问题,现有面向块内冲突的方案缺乏高效的冲突检测和避免方法,同时现有研究往往忽略区块间冲突对吞吐量的不利影响.提出了一种Fabric的优化方案Fabric-HT(fabric with high throughput),从区块内和区块间2方面入手,有效降低事务间并发冲突和提高系统吞吐量.针对区块内事务冲突,提出了一种事务调度机制,根据块内冲突事务集定义了一种高效数据结构——依赖关系链,识别具有“危险结构”的事务并提前中止,合理调度事务和消除冲突;针对区块间事务冲突,将冲突事务检测提前至排序节点完成,建立以“推送-匹配”为核心的冲突事务早期避免机制.在多场景下开展大量实验,结果表明Fabric-HT在吞吐量、事务中止率、事务平均执行时间、无效事务空间占用率等方面均优于对比方案.Fabric-HT吞吐量最高可达Fabric的9.51倍,是最新优化方案FabricSharp的1.18倍;空间利用率上相比FabricSharp提升了14%.此外,Fabric-HT也表现出较好的鲁棒性和抗攻击能力.

基于Fabric的海量交易数据上链预处理机制

Hyperledger Fabric是一种国内外广泛使用的联盟链框架,在基于Fabric技术的一些业务中具有协同组织众多、交易操作频繁、事务冲突增加等特点。Fabric采用的多版本并发控制技术能够在一定程度上解决部分交易冲突,提升系统并发性,但其机制不完善,会出现部分交易数据无法正常上链存储的问题。为了实现海量交易数据完整、高效、可信的上链存储,提出一种基于Fabric预言机的数据上链预处理机制。设计海量数据冲突预处理(MCPP)方法,通过检测、监听、延时提交、事务加锁、重排序缓存等方式实现主键冲突交易数据的完整上链。引入数据传输保障措施,在传输过程中利用非对称加密技术防止恶意节点伪造认证信息,确保交易数据链外处理前后的一致性。通过理论分析和实验结果表明,该机制可有效解决联盟链平台中海量交易数据上链时的并发冲突问题,当交易数据规模达到1 000和10 000时,MCPP的时效性比LMLS提高了38%和21.4%,且成功率接近100%,具有高效性和安全性,同时在无并发冲突情况下不影响Fabric系统性能。

基于CP-ABE算法的Fabric隐私保护模型

传统区块链系统缺少对区块数据的隐私保护。结合CP-ABE(基于属性加密的密文策略)算法和IPFS(星际文件系统),提出一种可以对Fabric区块链实现访问控制的隐私保护模型CP-PPM。CP-PPM的数据所有者可以灵活设置访问控制策略。仿真结果表明,与现有Fabric区块链系统相比,CP-PPM模型支持细粒度的访问控制,具有更强的隐私保护效果;CP-ABE算法可以安全初始化,对数据的加解密效率更高,同时增强了区块链系统的存储性能。

Robust and Trustworthy Data Sharing Framework Leveraging On-Chain and Off-Chain Collaboration

The proliferation of Internet of Things(IoT)systems has resulted in the generation of substantial data,presenting new challenges in reliable storage and trustworthy sharing.Conventional distributed storage systems are hindered by centralized management and lack traceability,while blockchain systems are limited by low capacity and high latency.To address these challenges,the present study investigates the reliable storage and trustworthy sharing of IoT data,and presents a novel system architecture that integrates on-chain and off-chain data manage systems.This architecture,integrating blockchain and distributed storage technologies,provides high-capacity,high-performance,traceable,and verifiable data storage and access.The on-chain system,built on Hyperledger Fabric,manages metadata,verification data,and permission information of the raw data.The off-chain system,implemented using IPFS Cluster,ensures the reliable storage and efficient access to massive files.A collaborative storage server is designed to integrate on-chain and off-chain operation interfaces,facilitating comprehensive data operations.We provide a unified access interface for user-friendly system interaction.Extensive testing validates the system’s reliability and stable performance.The proposed approach significantly enhances storage capacity compared to standalone blockchain systems.Rigorous reliability tests consistently yield positive outcomes.With average upload and download throughputs of roughly 20 and 30 MB/s,respectively,the system’s throughput surpasses the blockchain system by a factor of 4 to 18.

Solvent engineering towards scalable fabrication of high-quality perovskite films for efficient solar modules

Over the last decade,remarkable progress has been made in metal halide perovskite solar cells(PSCs),which have been a focus of emerging photovoltaic techniques and show great potential for commercialization.However,the upscaling of small-area PSCs to large-area solar modules to meet the demands of practical applications remains a significant challenge.The scalable production of high-quality perovskite films by a simple,reproducible process is crucial for resolving this issue.Furthermore,the crystallization behavior in the solution-processed fabrication of perovskite films can be strongly influenced by the physicochemical properties of the precursor inks,which are significantly affected by the employed solvents and their interactions with the solutes.Thus,a comprehensive understanding of solvent engineering for fabricating perovskite films over large areas is urgently required.In this paper,we first analyze the role of solvents in the solution-processed fabrication of large-area perovskite films based on the classical crystal nucleation and growth mechanism.Recent efforts in solvent engineering to improve the quality of perovskite films for solar modules are discussed.Finally,the basic principles and future challenges of solvent system design for scalable fabrication of high-quality perovskite films for efficient solar modules are proposed.

Two-photon polymerization-based 4D printing and its applications

Two-photon polymerization(TPP)is a cutting-edge micro/nanoscale three-dimensional(3D)printing technology based on the principle of two-photon absorption.TPP surpasses the diffraction limit in achieving feature sizes and excels in fabricating intricate 3D micro/nanostructures with exceptional resolution.The concept of 4D entails the fabrication of structures utilizing smart materials capable of undergoing shape,property,or functional changes in response to external stimuli over time.The integration of TPP and 4D printing introduces the possibility of producing responsive structures with micro/nanoscale accuracy,thereby enhancing the capabilities and potential applications of both technologies.This paper comprehensively reviews TPP-based 4D printing technology and its diverse applications.First,the working principles of TPP and its recent advancements are introduced.Second,the optional4D printing materials suitable for fabrication with TPP are discussed.Finally,this review paper highlights several noteworthy applications of TPP-based 4D printing,including domains such as biomedical microrobots,bioinspired microactuators,autonomous mobile microrobots,transformable devices and robots,as well as anti-counterfeiting microdevices.In conclusion,this paper provides valuable insights into the current status and future prospects of TPP-based4D printing technology,thereby serving as a guide for researchers and practitioners.

Self-propelled Leidenfrost droplets on femtosecond-laser-induced surface with periodic hydrophobicity gradient

The controllable transfer of droplets on the surface of objects has a wide application prospect in the fields of microfluidic devices,fog collection and so on.The Leidenfrost effect can be utilized to significantly reduce motion resistance.However,the use of 3D structures limits the widespread application of self-propulsion based on Leidenfrost droplets in microelectromechanical system.To manipulate Leidenfrost droplets,it is necessary to create 2D or quasi-2D geometries.In this study,femtosecond laser is applied to fabricate a surface with periodic hydrophobicity gradient(SPHG),enabling directional self-propulsion of Leidenfrost droplets.Flow field analysis within the Leidenfrost droplets reveals that the vapor layer between the droplets and the hot surface can be modulated by the SPHG,resulting in directional propulsion of the inner gas.The viscous force between the gas and liquid then drives the droplet to move.

2D multifunctional devices:from material preparation to device fabrication and neuromorphic applications

Neuromorphic computing systems,which mimic the operation of neurons and synapses in the human brain,are seen as an appealing next-generation computing method due to their strong and efficient computing abilities.Two-dimensional (2D) materials with dangling bond-free surfaces and atomic-level thicknesses have emerged as promising candidates for neuromorphic computing hardware.As a result,2D neuromorphic devices may provide an ideal platform for developing multifunctional neuromorphic applications.Here,we review the recent neuromorphic devices based on 2D material and their multifunctional applications.The synthesis and next micro–nano fabrication methods of 2D materials and their heterostructures are first introduced.The recent advances of neuromorphic 2D devices are discussed in detail using different operating principles.More importantly,we present a review of emerging multifunctional neuromorphic applications,including neuromorphic visual,auditory,tactile,and nociceptive systems based on 2D devices.In the end,we discuss the problems and methods for 2D neuromorphic device developments in the future.This paper will give insights into designing 2D neuromorphic devices and applying them to the future neuromorphic systems.

Recent advances in fabrication and functions of neuromorphic system based on organic field effect transistor

The development of various artificial electronics and machines would explosively increase the amount of information and data,which need to be processed via in-situ remediation.Bioinspired synapse devices can store and process signals in a parallel way,thus improving fault tolerance and decreasing the power consumption of artificial systems.The organic field effect transistor(OFET)is a promising component for bioinspired neuromorphic systems because it is suitable for large-scale integrated circuits and flexible devices.In this review,the organic semiconductor materials,structures and fabrication,and different artificial sensory perception systems functions based on neuromorphic OFET devices are summarized.Subsequently,a summary and challenges of neuromorphic OFET devices are provided.This review presents a detailed introduction to the recent progress of neuromorphic OFET devices from semiconductor materials to perception systems,which would serve as a reference for the development of neuromorphic systems in future bioinspired electronics.

Surface Morphology and Thermo-Electrical Energy Analysis of Polyaniline (PANI) Incorporated Cotton Fabric

With the exponential development in wearable electronics,a significant paradigm shift is observed from rigid electronics to flexible wearable devices.Polyaniline(PANI)is considered as a dominant material in this sector,as it is endowed with the optical properties of both metal and semiconductors.However,its widespread application got delineated because of its irregular rigid form,level of conductivity,and precise choice of solvents.Incorporating PANI in textile materials can generate promising functionality for wearable applications.This research work employed a straightforward in-situ chemical oxidative polymerization to synthesize PANI on Cotton fabric surfaces with varying dopant(HCl)concentrations.Pre-treatment using NaOH is implemented to improve the conductivity of the fabric surface by increasing the monomer absorption.This research explores the morphological and structural analysis employing SEM,FTIR and EDX.The surface resistivity was measured using a digital multimeter,and thermal stability is measured using TGA.Upon successful polymerization,a homogenous coating layer is observed.It is revealed that the simple pre-treatment technique significantly reduces the surface resistivity of Cotton fabric to 1.27 kΩ/cm with increasing acid concentration and thermal stability.The electro-thermal energy can also reach up to 38.2°C within 50 s with a deployed voltage of 15 V.The modified fabric is anticipated to be used in thermal regulation,supercapacitor,sensor,UV shielding,antimicrobial and other prospective functional applications.

Review of Fabric Defect Detection Based on Computer Vision

In textile inspection field,the fabric defect refers to the destruction of the texture structure on the fabric surface.The technology of computer vision makes it possible to detect defects automatically.Firstly,the overall structure of the fabric defect detection system is introduced and some mature detection systems are studied.Then the fabric detection methods are summarized,including structural methods,statistical methods,frequency domain methods,model methods and deep learning methods.In addition,the evaluation criteria of automatic detection algorithms are discussed and the characteristics of various algorithms are analyzed.Finally,the research status of this field is discussed,and the future development trend is predicted.

Parametric study on the ballistic performance of seamed woven fabrics

The ballistic perforation response of composite fabrics made by combining plain weaves with seaming technology is reported and compared with conventional unseamed plain fabrics.The effect of the seaming technique on the ballistic resistance of aramid plain fabrics is investigated by varying the seaming process.The ballistic experiment uses 8 mm diameter spherical projectiles to impact different fabric sample targets with velocities of 230 m/s and 400 m/s.The ballistic performance of seamed and unseamed fabrics is characterized by the specific energy absorption(SEA)values of the fabrics.The results show that the seamed fabric has a better energy absorption capacity than the unseamed fabric,e.g.,the SEA of sample 5(seaming lines on every four yarns in a single-ply fabric system)is 135%of sample 1(plain weave without thread seaming).In the single-layer system,the effect of the seaming technique on the energy absorption of the fabric in significant when considering seaming density,seaming orientation,seaming distance,and seaming material on the plain fabric;In addition,it is found that in multi-layer systems,seamed panels(e.g.,sample 7)exhibit better ballistic performance than multi-layer fabrics(e.g.,sample 2),and the specific energy absorption of sample 7 is approximately 156%and 200%of sample 6 and sample 2,respectively.Meanwhile,the energy absorption of the fabric decreases with the increase of impact velocity,which is related to the energy absorption mechanism of the soft fabric system at high impact velocities.The yarn pull-out tests shows that the constraint provided by the seaming thread increases the friction between the fabric-forming yarns.However,when the constraint exceeds a certain level,it is detrimental to the energy absorption of the fabric,which may be due to the overconstraint of yarn mobility.

Evaluation of soil fabric using elastic waves during load-unload

It is essential to assess the evolution of soil fabric as it has an important role in the mechanical responses of soils during complex loading conditions.This contribution carries out the physical experiments using three granular materials in the laboratory.The variations of compression and shear wave velocities(Vp and Vs)are investigated during load-unload cycles under dry and drained conditions.Supplementary discrete element method(DEM)simulations are performed to understand the evolution of soil fabric during the equivalent load-unload cycles using spherical particles.Vp and Vs are not always reversible even though the stress state regains its isotropic condition after unload,indicating that Vp and Vs are governed by not only the stress state but also the fabric change.The variations of Vp/Vs are density-and stress-dependent;a higher level of stress ratio(s01/s03)threshold is observed for denser packings to trigger a significant change in wave velocity ratio(Vp/Vs)for experimental results using spherical glass beads and simulation data using spherical particles.Considering the particle shape,a higher s01/s03 threshold is found for more angular particles than rounded particles.The DEM result reveals that Vp/Vs of spherical particles can be correlated linearly with the evolution of fabric ratio(Fver/Fhor)during loadunload in a pre-peak range under dry and drained conditions.

Laser-Induced Graphene Conductive Fabric Decorated with Copper Nanoparticles for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Application

To meet the demands for flexible electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding materials,a type of conductive fabric is prepared by generating three-dimensional(3D)porous laser-induced graphene(LIG)in situ on the surface of the aramid fabric(AF)and then electroless plating copper.After LIG treatment,the porous AF demonstrates admirable conductivity due to the generation of graphene.The superior surface resistance of the conductive fabric can reach 1.57Ω/sq after copper deposition,and the average EMI shielding effectiveness(SE)can reach 34.3 dB in a frequency range of 8.2 to 12.4 GHz,with the EMW absorption accounting for about 80%.The proposed technology provides a new idea for preparation of flexible EMI shielding materials.