纳米W-Cu复合粉体制备的研究进展

W-Cu复合材料结合了W、Cu金属各自优良性能,具有良好的高温强度、延展性、抗电弧烧结性、耐高温氧化和低膨胀系数等特点,广泛应用于机械加工、国防工业、航空航天、电子信息、军事等领域。以超细纳米W-Cu复合粉体为原材料是制备出性能优越的W-Cu复合材料的主要途径之一,受到国内外学者的广泛关注。主要总结了W-Cu超细纳米复合粉体的制备方法,如机械合金化法、化学共沉淀法、水热合成-共还原法、喷雾干燥法、溶胶-凝胶法、冷冻-干燥法、燃烧法等,并通过分析现阶段制备W-Cu纳米复合粉体存在的问题,提出了未来该领域的研究方向。

W-Cu复合材料的应用现状及掺杂改性的研究进展

W-Cu复合材料因具有高的硬度、耐磨性、抗烧蚀性能、导电性和导热性以及低热膨胀系数等综合性能而被广泛应用于多种工业领域。本文介绍了W-Cu复合材料的最新研究进展及其在电触头、微电子、军事、功能梯度材料方面的应用现状,着重总结和分析了目前W-Cu复合材料掺杂改性的分类及原理,以及掺杂改性对材料性能的影响,最后提出了W-Cu复合材料未来发展的潜在问题和值得关注的研究方向。

烧结温度对W-Cu合金微观组织及性能的影响

以W粉和Cu粉为原料,采用粉末冶金和无压烧结的方式,分别在900,1000,1100和1200℃下制备了W-Cu合金。通过对样品的微观组织分析、密度和冲击强度的测试,探讨了不同烧结温度下W-Cu合金的组织及其性能变化。结果表明,随着烧结温度的升高,合金微观组织中的孔隙先减少后增加。在1100℃时,可以得到综合性能最佳的W-Cu合金,其密度和冲击强度分别达到11.51 g/cm^(3)和18.78 kJ/m^(2)。

等离子体技术制备具有亚微米颗粒结构的球化W-Cu伪合金微粉

采用复杂多级方法研究并证实制备具有亚微米/纳米级内部结构的球形W-Cu复合微粉的可能性。首先,采用等离子体化学合成法制备具有核壳结构的W-Cu纳米粉末(W核及Cu壳)。然后,将W-Cu纳米粉末与蔗糖的水悬浮液进行喷雾干燥,形成25~63μm的微粒,收率为50%。最后,用热等离子体射流处理由纳米粉末组成的微粒,形成致密的球形W-Cu颗粒。成品粉末的球化度为90%~95%,体积密度为8.1 g/cm^(3),流动性约为12 s/50 g,杂质中O、C和H的含量(质量分数)分别为0.7%、0.02%~0.2%和0.03%~0.05%。

磁控共溅射W-Cu复合薄膜的工艺优化及性能研究

采用磁控共溅射沉积工艺,结合正交试验方法制备W-Cu复合薄膜。用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察W-Cu复合薄膜表面形貌,能谱仪(EDS)分析复合薄膜成分。微小力测试系统、纳米压痕仪及四探针仪分别测试复合薄膜的屈服强度σ_(0.2)、裂纹萌生临界应变ε_(c)、显微硬度H及电阻率ρ。结果表明,靶功率密度PD、溅射气压P及靶基距D_(TS)这三个工艺参数影响W-Cu复合薄膜的成分、沉积率、微观结构及力学和电学性能。优化的工艺参数为:PD=10 W/cm^(2)、P=2 Pa、D_(TS)=150 mm。该工艺条件下制备的W-Cu复合薄膜中Cu含量为42.2%(原子分数),沉积率6.6 nm/min。其性能为σ_(0.2)=0.86 GPa,ε_(c)=0.62%,H=7.35 GPa,ρ=19.6μΩ·cm。该复合膜微观结构呈均质化特征,W和Cu组元分布均匀。

Effects of rare earth on microstructures and properties of Ni-W-P-CeO_2-SiO_2 nano-composite coatings

Ni-W-P-CeO2-SiO2 nano-composite coatings were prepared on common carbon steel surface by pulse electrodeposition of nickel, tungsten, phosphorus, rare earth （nano-CeO2） and silicon carbide （nano-SiO2） particles. The effects of nano-CeO2 concentrations in electrolyte on microstructures and properties of nano-composite coatings were studied. The samples were characterized with chemical compositions, elements distributions, microhardness and microstructures. The results indicated that when nano-CeO2 concentration was controlled at 10 g/L, the nano-composite coatings possessed higher microhardness and compact microstmctures with clear outline of spherical matrix metal crystallites, fine crystallite sizes and uniform distribution of elements W, P, Ce and Si within the Ni-W-P matrix metal. Increasing the nano-CeO2 particles concentrations from 4 to 10 g/L led to refinement in grain structure and improvement of microstructures, while when increased to 14 g/L, the crystallite sizes began to increase again and there were a lot of small boss with nodulation shape appearing on the nano-composite coatings surface.

Wear and corrosion resistance and electroplating characteristics of electrodeposited Cr-SiC nano-composite coatings

Cr-SiC nanocomposite coatings with various contents of SiC nanoparticles were prepared by electrodeposition in optimized Cr plating bath containing different concentrations of SiC nanoparticles. Direct current electrocodeposition technique was used to deposit chromium layers with and without SiC nanoparticles on mild carbon steel. The effects of current density, stirring rate and concentration of nanoparticles in the plating bath were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study surface morphology. Energy dispersive analysis technique was used to verify the presence of SiC nanoparticles in the coated layers. The corrosion behaviors of coatings were investigated by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy methods in 0.05 mol/L HCl, 1 mol/L NaOH and 3.5% NaCl （mass fraction）, respectively. Microhardness measurements and pin-on- disc tribometer technique were used to investigate the wear behavior of the coatings.

Synthesis and study of MPNS/SMA nano-composite tanning agent

The radical polymerization of maleic anhydride（MA）,styrene（ST）with the vinyl groups introduced onto the surface of the nano-sized silica via solution polymerization method was developed.The methacryloxypropyl nano-sized silica（MPNS）was used as macromonomer and polymerized with maleic anhydride and styrene by initiating with BPO in toluene.The structure and properties of MPNS/SMA nano-composite were characterized by FT-IR spectra and TEM.Meanwhile,it was applied as tanning agent compared with the traditional styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer in leather.It was found that the applied leather had better quality characteristics with the addition of the nano-sized silica.

Formations of AZ91/Al_(2)O_(3) nano-composite layer by friction stir processing

Composite layers containing~0.8%vol Al_(2)O_(3) nanoparticles were produced on AZ91 magnesium alloy by friction stir processing(FSP).The treated layers were characterized using optical and scanning electron microscopes,as well as microhardness and wear testing units.It was noticed that,by reducing the rotational speed and increasing the travel speed,the grain size of the treated layer reduces and its hardness increases.In addition,the presence of nano Al_(2)O_(3) reduces the grain sizes of the layers further and increases their hardness.Furthermore,FSP of AZ91 with Al_(2)O_(3) particles improved the wear resistance significantly and changed the wear mechanism from oxidation and adhesive mode in the as-received AZ91 to oxidation and abrasive in the FSPed specimens.Finally,the rotational speed of 800 rpm and the travel speed of 40 mm/min were the optimum parameters for achieving a suitable composite layer with the highest hardness and wear resistance among the treated layers.

Microstructure and mechanism of in-situ Al_2O_(3(p))/Al nano-composites synthesized by sonochemistry melt reaction

The Al2O3（p）/Al nano-composites were fabricated from Al-K2ZrF6-Na2B4O7 system by sonochemistry in situ reaction. The fabrication mechanisms, including high intensity ultrasonic influence on microstructures and reinforcement particles-aluminum matrix interface, were investigated by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. The XRD results show that the component of the as-prepared composites is Al2O3 reinforcement. The SEM analysis results indicate that Al2O3 particles are uniformly distributed in the aluminum matrix. The TEM results show that the morphologies of Al2O3 particles present in nearly sphere-shape, the sizes are in the range of 20-100 nm, and the interfaces are net and no interfacial outgrowth is observed. Analysis with secondary development Image-J software shows that Al2O3 recoveries are firstly improved and then decreased with increasing ultrasonic power. When the power is 0.4 kW, the distribution is the best, and a maximum number of particles are obtained. The reaction mechanisms were investigated.

Synthesis of TiO_2/ZnSn(OH)_6 Hollow Nano-composite via a Simultaneous Crystallization-etching Route as Photocatalyst

We report the synthesis of TiO2/ZnSn（OH）6 as a novel nano-composite material via a simultaneous crystallization-etching route with cubic nano-ZnSn（OH）6 and TiF4 as the precursors. The structure, composition and morphology of the composite were characterized by XRD, EDS, FETEM and FESEM, which showed the prepared TiO2/ZnSn（OH）6 had a unique morphology of hollow cubic nano-ZnSn（OH）6 attached with rutile TiO2 nanoparticles. The results of photocatalytic activity measurement indicated the photocatalytic activity of the prepared composite was better than that of nano-ZnSn（OH）6. This study may be helpful for the design and fabrication of functional comoosite materials.

Effect of milling energy on preparation of Cu-Cr/CNT hybrid nano-composite by mechanical alloying

Production of Cu-Cr/carbon nanotube （CNT） hybrid nano-composite by wet and dry milling processes at three different levels of milling energy was investigated in order to study the effect of milling energy in two different media on dispersion of CNTs, and preparation of the nano-composite. The structural evolution and solid solution formation were evaluated by X-ray diffraction technique. The microstructure was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Also, the mechanical properties were measured by microhardness test. The mean crystallite size was in the range of 20-63 nm depending on milling medium and energy. CNTs dispersion is a function of milling energy. According to FESEM images and microhardness results, it can be concluded that wet milling is more applicable in dispersing CNTs homogeneously in comparison to dry milling. It was also found that wet milling at higher milling energies can be a beneficial method of producing the homogeneous hybrid nano-composite with the least damages introducing on CNTs because of the higher microhardness which can be attributed to better dispersion of less damaged CNTs. Compared with crystallite size changes, CNTs dispersion and damages were considerably more effective on hardness.

Corrosion behavior of AZ31-WC nano-composites

In this study,the effects of WC nano-particles amount and surface roughness on corrosion behavior of magnesium metal matrix nanocomposites in 3.5%NaCl solution are examined with the help of electrochemical test.Varying wt%of WC nano-particles(0.5,1,1.5 and 2)are used to fabricate metal matrix nano-composites through ultrasonic vibration assisted stir casting method.Basic characterizations of fabricated composites are performed by using scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and energy dispersive x-ray analysis(EDAX).SEM images show that nano-particles are well distributed throughout the magnesium matrix while EDAX results confirm the presence of WC particles in nano-composites.Micro-hardness result shows increasing trend with increasing weight percentage of WC.Mg nano-composite containing 0.5 wt%WC nano-particles is found to be the most corrosion resistive one followed by base alloy,Mg-2 wt%WC,Mg-1.5 wt%WC and Mg-1 wt%WC.Additionally,corrosion behavior of Mg-2WC with different surface quality is examined and it is observed that sample with lowest surface roughness shows better corrosion resistance.In the end,corrosion mechanisms are assessed with the help of SEM and EDAX study of corroded surfaces.

Optical and Magnetic Properties of Fe_2O_3/SiO_2 Nano-composite Films

Fe2O3/SiO2 nano-composite films were prepared by sol-gel technique combining heat treatment in the range of 100-900 ℃. The particle size was observed by FE-SEM. Optical properties of the films were investigated by UV-visible spectra. Structural and magnetic characteristics were investigated through FT-IR and VSM. The transparency of the Fe2O3/SiO2 nano-composite films decreased with the content of the Fe2O3. Water and organic solvent in the films were evaporated with heat treatment, so the transparency of the films was enhanced under high temperature. It is also found that the saturation magnetization （Ms） of the films increases with the temperature. As the content of the Fe2O3 increases, when the content of the Fe2O3 is around 30wt%, the Ms of the films has a maximum value.

Nano-composite Particles Synthesized by a Hydrogen Arc Plasma

Nano-composite particles can be synthesized by a hydrogen arc plasma method, which possesses the advantages of high productivity, controllable size distribution and low electric energy consumption comparing with conventional gas condensation method. With this method, not only the nanoparticles of metals and alloys, but also the nano-composite particles with shell structure can be synthesized. The microstructures, compositions and the formation mechanism of the nano composite particles were studied

Novel Nano-composites SDC–LiNaSO_4 as Functional Layer for ITSOFC

As an ionic conductive functional layer of intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells(ITSOFC), samarium-doped ceria(SDC)–Li Na SO4nano-composites were synthesized by a sol–gel method and their properties were investigated. It was found that the content of Li Na SO4 strongly affected the crystal phase, defect concentration, and conductivity of the composites. When the content of Li Na SO4 was 20 wt%, the highest conductivity of the composite was found to be, respectively, 0.22, 0.26, and 0.35 S cm-1at temperatures of 550, 600, and 700 °C, which are much higher than those of SDC. The peak power density of the single cell using this composite as an interlayer was improved to, respectively, 0.23, 0.39, and 0.88 W cm-2at 500, 600, and 700 °C comparing with that of the SDC-based cell. Further, the SDC–Li Na SO4(20 wt%)-based cell also displayed better thermal stability according to the performance measurements at 560 °C for 50 h. These results reveal that SDC–Li Na SO4 composite may be a potential good candidate as interlayer for ITSOFC due to its high ionic conductivity and thermal stability.

AlN覆钨对AlN/W-Cu复合材料组织和性能的影响

采用溶胶凝胶法对AlN粉体进行表面覆W后,将其与适量W粉混合,经压制、预烧结,制得多孔AlN/W骨架,再熔渗Cu后制备出不同AlN含量(0~8%)的AlN/W-Cu复合材料。考察了AlN含量对于烧结体微观组织、力学性能和热学性能的影响,并与由未覆钨AlN粉体制备的AlN/W-Cu复合材料进行对比。结果表明,采用溶胶凝胶法可在AlN颗粒表面均匀制备覆W层,其界面结合良好。覆钨AlN/W-Cu复合材料的相对密度、硬度、抗拉强度以及热导率均优于未覆钨AlN/W-Cu复合材料的。AlN/W-Cu复合材料的相对密度、抗拉强度及热导率随AlN含量的增加而降低,而硬度随AlN含量的增加而上升。当AlN含量为2%时,覆钨AlN/W-Cu复合材料的综合性能最佳,相对密度达到97.69%,显微硬度达到277HV,热导率达到205.54 W/(m·K)。

Determination of A.C. Conductivity of Nano-Composite Perovskite Ba_{(1- x - y)}Sr_(x)TiFe_(y)O₃Prepared by the Sol-Gel Technique

Nano-composite, perovskite Ba(1- x - y)Sr(x)TiFe(y)O3, denoted as (BSTFe) in powder form was derived via sol-gel (SG) method followed by sintering at fixed temperature 750℃ for one hour. The chemical composition, morphology and structure of the powder samples were investigated by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The XRD characterization indicates formation of a cubic crystalline phase in the pure BST. A well defined perovskite phase with nano-crystallite sizes equal to about 34 nm was achieved from XRD for B10ST3F sample, while TEM study confirmed the obtained XRD results giving the following crystallite size value about 33.75 nm for the same sample. The dielectric A.C. conductivity was evaluated as a function of temperature and frequency ranging from 42 Hz up to 1 MHz.

Forced vibration analysis of nano-composite rotating pressurized microbeam reinforced by CNTs based on MCST with temperature-variable material properties

In this study, free and forced vibration analysis of nano-composite rotating pressurized microbeam reinforced by carbon nanotubes （CNTs） under magnetic field based on modify couple stress theory （MCST） with temperature-variable material propertiesis presented. Also, the boundary conditions at two ends of nano-composite rotating pressurized microbeam reinforced by CNTs are considered as simply supported. The governing equations are obtained based on the Hamilton＇s principle and then computed these equations by using Navier＇s solution. The magnetic field is inserted in the thickness direction of the nano-composite microbeam. The effects of various parameters such as angular velocity, temperature changes, and pressure between of the inside and outside, the magnetic field, material length scale parameter, and volume fraction of nanocomposite microbeam on the natural frequency and response systemare studied. The results show that with increasing volume fraction of nano-composite microbeam, thickness, material length scale parameter, and magnetic fields, the natural frequency increases. The results of this research can be used for optimization of micro-structures and manufacturing sensors, displacement fluid, and drug delivery.

Influence of SiO_2 Particles on Microstructures and Properties of Ni-W-P-CeO_2-SiO_2 Nano-Composite Coatings

Ni-W-P-CeO2-SiO2 nano-composite coatings were prepared on the carbon steel surface by pulse co-deposition of nickel, tungsten, phosphorus, nano-CeO2 and nano-SiO2 particles. The influence of nano-SiO2 particles concentrations in electrolyte on microstructures and properties of the nano-composite coatings were researched, and the characteristics were assessed by chemical compositions, element distribution, deposition rate, microhardness and microstructures. The results indicate that when nano-SiO2 particles concentrations in electrolyte are controlled at 20 g·L-1, the deposition rate with 27.07 μm·h-1 and the microhardness with 666 Hv of the nano-composite coatings are highest, element line scanning and area scanning analyses show that the average contents of elements W, P, Si and Ce in the nano-composite coatings are close, displaying that the distribution of every element within the nano-composite coatings is even. An increase in nano-SiO2 particles concentrations in electrolyte (when lower than 20 g·L-1) leads to refinement in grain structure of nano-composite coatings, but when it improved to 30 g·L-1, the crystallite sizes increase again and in the meantime there are a lot of small boss with nodulation shape appearing on the surface of nano-composite coatings.