The Wartime Bridge Reliability Evaluation Model Based on Birth-and-Death Process

At first, the concept of bridge reliability is given, followed with its mathematic model. Then, based on the analysis about the mechanism of the damage and repair of bridges, and the state diversion of bridge network, the state diversion process is proved to be birth-and-death process. In the end, the state diversion balance equation of bridge network is built, and the evaluation model of wartime bridge reliability is got. The model is used in a certain example, and it is proved to be precise and credible.

Norms of International Law on Environmental Protection in Wartime: Application and Improvement

The enormous environmental damage caused by war makes it necessary for international law to balance the reality of military necessity with the need to ensure the survival of human beings and other life forms. International law provides a large number of norms for environmental protection in wartime, constituting a legal order including general and special norms of wartime law and wartime environmental protection obligations of international law in peacetime. It explicitly prohibits unreasonable environmental damage caused by military needs in wartime. Contrary to the cognition that there is no international norm to protect the environment in wartime,the key reason that causes the effect of environmental protection in wartime is not as good as expected lies in the different degrees of defects in the application of these complex norms. It is a more important and practical path choice to renew the general principles of wartime environmental protection, expand the scope of application of wartime laws and special environmental norms, strengthen the wartime application of international law in peacetime, and give full play to the maximum effectiveness of the existing normative system than to expect the new convention to accomplish the whole task at one stroke.

Equipment damage measurement method of wartime based on FCE-PCA-RF

As the“engine”of equipment continuous operation and repeated operation, equipment maintenance support plays a more prominent role in the confrontation of symmetrical combat systems. As the basis and guide for the planning and implementation of equipment maintenance tasks, the equipment damage measurement is an important guarantee for the effective implementation of maintenance support. Firstly,this article comprehensively analyses the influence factors to damage measurement from the enemy’s attributes, our attributes and the battlefield environment starting from the basic problem of wartime equipment damage measurement. Secondly, this article determines the key factors based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation(FCE) and performed principal component analysis (PCA) on the key factors. Finally, the principal components representing more than 85%of the data features are taken as the input and the equipment damage quantity is taken as the output. The data are trained and tested by artificial neural network (ANN) and random forest (RF). In a word, FCE-PCA-RF can be used as a reference for the research of equipment damage estimation in wartime.

Rescuing Love from the Nation： Love, Nation, and Self in Xu Xu＇s Alternative Wartime Fiction and Drama

This essay explores the wartime fiction and drama of Xu Xu （徐訏, 1908-80）, one of China＇s most widely read authors of the Republican-period （1912-49）. By placing Xu Xu＇s popular spy fiction into the context of literary production during the war years, the essay illustrates that Xu Xu＇s oeuvre protested against an ideology of moral collectivism in which the individual had to submit self to a higher political authority that professed to represent the will of the nation. Through a literary aesthetic that largely defied the demands for a literature of resistance that subjugated the individual self to the national collective, Xu＇s ostensibly autobiographical I-novels brought comfort to urban readers whose personal salvation was rarely addressed in official wartime narratives depicting the nation in peril and calling for collective sacrifice. At the same time, Xu＇s confident cosmopolitan heroes satisfied urban readers＇ desire for political agency in the raging international conflict. Furthermore, this paper explores Xu Xu＇s wartime drama through which Xu attempted to piece together a quasi-existentialist vision of the individual and human experience that was revealed only under the extreme condition of war.

Emergency Supply Control from the Perspectives of Peacetime and Wartime:A System Dynamics Simulation

The supply of emergency materials is the fundament of emergency rescues.In view of the demand for emergency materials in major calamities,in this paper,a system dynamics model of emergency materials is constructed from the perspectives of wartime and peacetime.By setting and controlling the relevant parameters and variables,the influence of a variable on the demand and supply of emergency materials and the influence of government strategies on the quantity and provision of emergency material supply are analyzed.We explore the measures that can better ensure the supply to stabilize the social and economic security of the country.The results show that the emergency degree of an event will lead to increases in the amount of government expenditures and in the duration of such expenditures.Meanwhile,the increase in emergency cases will increase the variation range of the supply and demand deviation curve,lengthen the response time to demand,and fasten the growth trend of material supply.The Chinese government adopts comprehensive regulation and control mode,which make the supply and demand reach the equilibrium state more than twice as fast as other control methods.In addition,the promotion of publicity will improve the number of civil materials.A high inflation rate will lead to high imports of government materials,which will consequently affect the supply of emergency materials.The above research findings have important reference significance for the government’s emergency materials management.

Management of non-compressible torso hemorrhage:An update

With the widespread adoption of advanced tourniquets,the mortality rate of limb wound hemorrhage has decreased significantly,and non-compressible torso hemorrhage has gradually occupied the leading position of potentially preventable death,both in military and civilian circumstances.With the emergence of novel hemostatic devices and materials,strategies for the management of non-compressible torso hemorrhage have changed significantly.This review summarizes the current treatment strategies and types of equipment for non-compressible torso hemorrhage and suggests future research directions,hoping to provide a comprehensive review for the medical personnel and researchers engaging in this field.

Lofty Expectations and Bitter Reality： Chinese Interpreters for the US Army during the Second World War, 1941-1945

Between 1941 and 1945, the Nationalist government supervised a program that trained more than 3,300 male college students and recent graduates to serve as interpreters for the US military in the China-Burma-India （CB1） Theater. These interpreters made the Sino-US alliance a reality by enabling American servicemen to communicate with other Chinese. But despite the program＇s operational success, interpreters suffered from intractable morale problems. Interpreters began their service with lofty expectations. Senior officials and intellectuals encouraged them to see themselves as central figures in China＇s struggle for nafonal rejuvenation. They would uplift the country by convincing American servicemen to see Chinese as equals and by introducing American technology, traits, and habits to the Chinese Army. It all sounded glorious to cadets undergoing training, but actual interpreter service proved bitterly disappointing to most young men. They found their monotonous duties unworthy of their position The Nationalist government, for its part, lacked the capacity to keep them clothed, paid, and fed. Their own compatriots--soldiers and civilians alike--regarded them with suspicion. Most frustrating of all, American soldiers refused to treat them as equals. By examining interpreter morale problems in China fronl 1941 to 1945, this article enriches our understanding of wartime interpreting, China in a global World War II, and sources of friction in the Sino-US alliance