The Quantum Mechanics <i>Needs</i>the Principle of Wave-Function Collapse—But This Principle Shouldn’t Be <i>Misunderstood</i>

The postulate of the collapse of the wave-function stands between the microscopic, quantum world, and the macroscopic world. Because of this intermediate position, the collapse process cannot be examined with the formalism of the quantum mechanics (QM), neither with that of classical mechanics. This fact makes some physicists propose interpretations of QM, which avoid this postulate. However, the common procedure used in that is making assumptions incompatible with the QM formalism. The present work discusses the most popular interpretations. It is shown that because of such assumptions those interpretations fail, i.e. predict for some experiments results which differ from the QM predictions. Despite that, special attention is called to a proposal of S. Gao, the only one which addresses and tries to solve an obvious and major contradiction. A couple of theorems are proved for showing that the collapse postulate is necessary in the QM. Although non-explainable with the quantum formalism, this postulate cannot be denied, otherwise one comes to conclusions which disagree with the QM. It is also proved here that the idea of “collapse at a distance” is problematic especially in relativistic cases, and is a misunderstanding. Namely, in an entanglement of two quantum systems, assuming that the measurement of one of the systems (accompanied by collapse of that system on one of its states) collapses the other systems, too without the second system being measured, which leads to a contradiction.

Impact of surface-reflected seismic waves on the seismic isolation performance of circular tunnel isolation layers

Seismic isolation is an effective strategy to mitigate the risk of seismic damage in tunnels.However,the impact of surface-reflected seismic waves on the effectiveness of tunnel isolation layers remains under explored.In this study,we employ the wave function expansion method to provide analytical solutions for the dynamic responses of linings in an elastic half-space and an infinite elastic space.By comparing the results of the two models,we investigate the seismic isolation effect of tunnel isolation layers induced by reflected seismic waves.Our findings reveal significant differences in the dynamic responses of the lining in the elastic half-space and the infinitely elastic space.Specifically,the dynamic stress concentration factor(DSCF)of the lining in the elastic half-space exhibits periodic fluctuations,influenced by the incident wave frequency and tunnel depth,while the DSCF in the infinitely elastic space remain stable.Overall,the seismic isolation application of the tunnel isolation layer is found to be less affected by surface-reflected seismic waves.Our results provide valuable insights for the design and assessment of the seismic isolation effect of tunnel isolation layers.

Calculations of Optical Rotation from Density Functional Theory

Density function theory calculations of frequency-dependent optical rotations [α]ω for three rigid chiral molecules are reported. Calculations have been carried out at the sodium D line frequency, using the ADZP basis set and a wide variety of functionals. Gauge-invariant atomic orbitals are used to guarantee origin-independent values of [ω]D. In addition, study of geometry dependence of [ω]D is reported. Using the geometries optimized at the B3LYP/ADZP level, the mean absolute deviation of B3LYP/ADZP and experimental laiD values yields 60.1°/（dm g/cm^3）. According to our knowledge, this value has not been achieved until now with any other model.

The First-Quantized Theory of Photons

In near-field optics and optical tunnelling theory, photon wave mechanics, i.e. the first-quantized theory of photons, allows us to address the spatial field localization problem in a flexible manner which links smoothly to classical electromagnetics. We develop photon wave mechanics in a rigorous and unified way, based on which field quantization is obtained in a new way.

Chiral Suppression and SU（3） Symmetry in Scalar Glueball Decays

We theoretically evaluate the decay rates of a scalar glueball up to the order O（αs）, where only two Feynman diagrams contribute and a special attention is paid on possible flavour SU（3） symmetry breaking in the process. It is concluded that the SU（3） flavour symmetry may be respected in any case. However, due to chiral suppression in Go →qq, F（Go →qq qq） very likely is larger than F（Go→qq）. These results are supported by the experimental data on the decays of xco（1P） （0^＋＋）. Based on this result, we propose a criterion to identify the scalar glueball.

The Difference in Mass between Relativity and Quantum Mechanics, Also Novel Effects of the Axial Doppler Shift

If a particle has a wave function or is in other ways a moving wave, it should have an axial Doppler shift. Writers on relativity do not give moving particles that. The classic equation of quantum mechanics requires that frequency and mass have the same distortion from velocity (Doppler shift). But in the common writings on relativity mass always goes up with increases of velocity, and the transverse shift of frequency always goes down with increases of velocity [1] [2] [3] [4]. Most of this is due to simplifications and errors in the Lorentz transformation, some came from being in the aether wind era originally and because accelerators are noisy. It is not valid to say because the aether axial wind averages to zero between reflections so does axial Doppler shifts. After the first reflection in the Lorentz transformation, the light from the Sun is in Earth’s reference frame and there are no more Doppler shifts. Also the Michelson-Morley experiment is not all cases, and light is not the only thing deformed by velocity. The axial shift’s formula has the cosine of the observation angle in it. The implications are not just quantitative but also qualitative because anything with an axial Doppler shift has different values in different directions from an observer. That is the defining property of a vector and that changes its dimensions and the dimensions of the differential relations it is in. This happens with other scalar qualities as well. That means scalars such as mass and charge are now vectors and have additional dimensions. Therefore differential equations with them have additional dimensions. This includes Faraday-Max- well’s equations and Schrodinger’s equations. Also the Doppler blue shift seems to imply additional dimensions of time another way. That is the first Lorentz transformation error;the second is assumption of non-existent symmetry.

A retrospective view on the history of natural sciences in XX-XXI

The presented paper is dedicated to a new ret-rospective view on the history of natural sci-ences in XX-XXI cc, partially including the sci-ence philosophy (mainly, the problems of the scientific realism, i.e. the correspondence of science to reality) and also a novel scheme for different classes of sciences with different ob-jects and paradigms. There are analyzed the chosen “great” and “grand” problems of phys-ics (including the comprehension of quantum mechanics, with a recently elaborated new chapter, connected with time as a quantum obs- ervable and time analysis of quantum processes) and also of natural sciences as a whole. The particular attention is paid to the interpretation questions and slightly to the aspects, inevitably connected with the world- views of the res- earchers (which do often constitute a part of the interpretation questions).

Einstein’s Non-Euclidean Line Element Theory and Quantum Mechanics Interpretation

In “The third speech on the wave mechanics” (1926), E. Schodinger pointed that the Hamilton-Maupertuis principle as a classical starting point of wave mechanics in the definition of generalized coordinate space line element, introduced the generalized non-Euclidean geometry, and finally obtained the wave equation including Laplace operator in the generalized non Euclidean geometry line element. At the 1927 meeting of the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin, Albert Einstein read a paper entitled “Does Schodinger’s wave mechanics determines the dynamics of a system’s movement completely or only sence in statistics?”. In this paper, Einstein used the Schodinger equation to obtain a representation of the kinetic energy, and used the non-Euclidean line element of the Configuration space to define the velocity component of a single particle, and return to determinism. But Bothe pointed out that when people considered a system composed of two subsystems, the wave function of the whole system can be decomposed into two simple products of the wave function of the two subsystems, but the hidden variables are dependent on each other. Einstein be-lieved that this was not acceptable, gave up the publication of the paper on the non-European line hidden variables theory. In the long-term controversy with the Copenhagen school, Einstein was convinced that the probability interpretation of the wave function was indispensable because of the incompleteness of quantum mechanics, but not the wave function probability led to the incompleteness of quantum mechanics. Any attempt to seek a complete explanation of quantum mechanics is inevitable to change the current formal system of quantum mechanics.

Aharonov-Bohm effect for bound states on spin-0 massive charged particles in a Gödel-type space-time with Coulomb potential

In this paper,we investigate the relativistic quantum dynamics of spin-0 massive charged particles in a G?del-type space-time with electromagnetic interactions.We derive the radial wave equation of the Klein-Gordon equation with an internal magnetic flux field and Coulombtype potential in the Som-Raychaudhuri space-time with cosmic string.We solve this equation and analyze the analog effect in relation to the Aharonov-Bohm effect for bound states.