Recent Advances in Interface Modification of Cu/graphite Composites and Layered Ternary Carbides of Modified Layer Candidate

We review the fundamental properties and significant issues related to Cu/graphite composites.In particular,recent research on the interfacial modification of Cu/graphite composites is addressed,including the metal-modified layer,carbide-modified layer,and combined modified layer.Additionally,we propose the use of ternary layered carbide as an interface modification layer for Cu/graphite composites.

Microstructure and properties of Cu matrix composites reinforced with surface-modified Kovar particles

The thermal conductivity of Cu/Kovar composites was improved by suppressing element diffusion at the interfaces through the formation of FeWO_(4)coating on the Kovar particles via vacuum deposition.Cu matrix composites reinforced with unmodified(Cu/Kovar)and modified Kovar(Cu/Kovar@)particles were prepared by hot pressing.The results demonstrate that the interfaces of Cu/FeWO_(4)and FeWO_(4)/Kovar in the Cu/Kovar@composites exhibit strong bonding,and no secondary phase is generated.The presence of FeWO_(4)impedes interfacial diffusion within the composite,resulting in an increase in grain size and a decrease in dislocation density.After surface modification of the Kovar particle,the thermal conductivity of Cu/Kovar@composite is increased by 110%from 40.6 to 85.6 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1).Moreover,the thermal expansion coefficient of the Cu/Kovar@composite is 9.8×10^(-6)K^(-1),meeting the electronic packaging requirements.

Revealing the Role of Defect in 3D Graphene-Based Photocatalytic Composite for Efficient Elimination of Antibiotic and Heavy Metal Combined Pollution

Defect engineering can give birth to novel properties for adsorption and photocatalysis in the control of antibiotics and heavy metal combined pollution with photocatalytic composites.However,the role of defects and the process mechanism are complicated and indefinable.Herein,TiO_(2)/CN/3DC was fabricated and defects were introduced into the tripartite structure with separate O_(2)plasma treatment for the single component.We find that defect engineering can improve the photocatalytic activity,attributing to the increase of the contribution from h^(+)and OH.In contrast to TiO_(2)/CN/3DC with a photocatalytic tetracycline removal rate of 75.2%,the removal rate of TC with D-TiO_(2)/CN/3DC has increased to 88.5%.Moreover,the reactive sites of tetracycline can be increased by adsorbing on the defective composites.The defect construction on TiO_(2)shows the advantages in tetracycline degradation and Cu^(2+)adsorption,but also suffers significant inhibition for the tetracycline degradation in a tetracycline/Cu^(2+)combined system.In contrast,the defect construction on graphene can achieve the cooperative removal of tetracycline and Cu^(2+).These findings can provide new insights into water treatment strategies with defect engineering.

Investigation on the Novel High-performance Copper/Graphene Composite Conductor for High Power Density Motor

High-performance Cu/Graphene composite wire synergistically strengthened by nano Cr_(3)C_(2) phase was directly synthesized via hot press sintering followed by severe cold plastic deformation, using liquid paraffin and CuCr alloy powder as the raw materials. Since graphene is in situ formed under the catalysis of copper powder during the sintering process, the problem that graphene is easy to agglomerate and difficult to disperse uniformly in the copper matrix has been solved. The nano Cr_(3)C_(2)-particles nailed at the interface favor to improve the interface bonding. The Cu/Graphene composite possesses high electrical conductivity, hardness, and plasticity. The composite wire exhibits high electrical conductivity of 96.93% IACS, great tensile strength of 488MPa, and excellent resistance to softening. Even after annealing at 400℃ for 1 h, the tensile strength can still reach 268 MPa with a conductivity of about 99.14% IACS.The wire's temperature coefficient of resistance(TCR) is largely reduced to 0.0035/℃ due to the complex structure,which leads the wire to present low resistivity at higher temperatures. Such Cu/Graphene composite wire with excellent comprehensive performance has a good application prospect in high-power density motors.

Influence of additives and concentration of WC nanoparticles on properties of WC−Cu composite prepared by electroplating

The effects of additives(polyethylene glycol(PEG),sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS))and WC nano-powder on the microstructure,relative density,hardness and electrical conductivity of electroplated WC−Cu composite were investigated.The preparation mechanism was also studied.The microstructure of samples was analyzed by XRD,SEM,EDS,TEM and HRTEM.The synergistic effect of PEG and SDS made the WC−Cu composite more compact during the electroplating process.The hardness of WC−Cu composites increased with the increase in WC content,while the electrical conductivity decreased with the increase in WC content.The density of samples tended to increase initially and then decreased with increase in the additive content.When the electroplating solution contained 10 g/L WC nanopowder,0.2 g/L PEG and 0.1 g/L SDS,the WC−Cu composite exhibited hardness of HV 221 and electric conductivity of 53.7 MS/m.Therefore,the results suggest that WC−Cu composite with excellent properties can be obtained by optimizing the content of additives and WC particles.

Microstructure and property of sub-micro WC-10 %Co particulate reinforced Cu matrix composites prepared by selective laser sintering

The WC-10%Co particulate reinforced Cu matrix composite material with a WC-Co∶Cu mass ratio of 20∶80 was successfully fabricated by selective laser sintering(SLS) process. The following optimal processing parameters were used: laser power of 700 W, scan speed of 0.06 m/s, scan line spacing of 0.15 mm, and powder layer thickness of 0.3 mm. The microstructure, composition, and phase of the laser processed material were investigated by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD), and energy dispersive X-ray(EDX) spectroscopy. The results show that the bonding mechanism of this process is liquid phase sintering. The Cu and Co act as the binder phase, while the WC acts as the reinforcing phase. The non-equilibrium effects induced by laser melting, such as high degrees of undercooling and high solidification rate, result in the formation of a metastable phase CoC0.25. The WC reinforcing particulates typically have three kinds of morphology. They are agglomerated and undissolved, incompletely separated and partially dissolved, separated and dissolved, which indicates that particle rearrangement acts as the dominant sintering mechanism for the larger WC, while dissolution-precipitation prevails for the smaller WC particles. Microhardness tester was used to determine the Vickers hardness across the cross-section of the laser sintered sample, with the average value being HV0.1268.5. However, the hardness varied considerably, which might be attributed to the WC segregation and the high solidification rate experienced by the molten pool.

Influence of Interfacial Diffusion on Mechanical Property of Vacuum Fusion Sinter (VFS) WC-Co Composite Coating

The WC-Co composite coatings bonded tightly to steel substrate have been made by vacuum fusion sinter （VFS）. The concentration distribution of some components were measured by the electron probe, and the microstructure and morphology of VFS coatings were observed and analyzed by SEM, X-ray diffractometer and microhardness tester. Diffusion coefficient of every element was calculated by using the experimental results. The influence of the interracial diffusion on the microstructure, Vickers hardness and interracial bond strength of the VFS coatings was studied in detail. The experimental results show that there is a metallurgical bond area between the VFS WC-Co coatings and the steel substrate. The VFS coatings are characterized by the gradient hardness of the interface and the high bond strength to the steel substate, both of which are beneficial to the improvement of the wear resistance and corrosion resistance.

Morphology and Frictional Characteristics Under Electrical Currents of Al_2O_3/Cu Composites Prepared by Internal Oxidation

Two Al2O3/Cu composites containing 0.24 wt.% Al2O3 and 0.60 wt.% Al2O3 separately are prepared by internal oxidation. Effects of sliding speed and pressure on the frictional characteristics of the composites and copper against brass are investigated and compared. The changes in morphology of the sliding surface and subsurface are examined with scanning electron microscope （SEM） and energy dispersive X-ray spectrum （EDS）. The results show that the wear resistance of the Al2O3/Cu composites is superior to that of copper under the same conditions, Under a given electrical current, the wear rate of Al2O3/Cu composites decreases as the Al2O3-content increases, However, the wear rates of the Al2O3/Cu composites and copper increase as the sliding speed and pressure increase under dry sliding condition. The main wear mechanisms for Al2O3/Cu composites are of abrasion and adhesion; for copper, it is adhesion, although wear by oxidation and electrical erosion can also be observed as the speed and pressure rise.

Effect of electrical current on tribological property of Cu matrix composite reinforced by carbon nanotubes

Cu matrix composite reinforced with 10%（volume fraction） carbon nanotubes（CNTs/Cu） and pure Cu bulk were prepared by powder metallurgy techniques under the same consolidation processing condition.The effect of electrical current on tribological property of the materials was investigated by using a pin-on-disk friction and wear tester.The results show that the friction coefficient and wear rate of CNTs/Cu composite as well as those of pure Cu bulk increase with increasing the electrical current without exception,and the effect of electrical current is more obvious on tribological property of pure Cu bulk than on that of CNTs/Cu composite;the dominant wear mechanisms are arc erosion wear and plastic flow deformation,respectively;CNTs can improve tribological property of Cu matrix composites with electrical current.

Properties and microstructure of Cu/diamond composites prepared by spark plasma sintering method

Cu/diamond composites have been considered as the next generation of thermal management material for electronic packages and heat sinks applications. Cu/diamond composites with different volume fractions of diamond were successfully prepared by spark plasma sintering（SPS） method. The sintering temperatures and volume fractions（50%, 60% and 70%） of diamond were changed to investigate their effects on the relative density, homogeneity of the microstructure and thermal conductivity of the composites. The results show that the relative density, homogeneity of the microstructure and thermal conductivity of the composites increase with decreasing the diamond volume fraction; the relative density and thermal conductivity of the composites increase with increasing the sintering temperature. The thermal conductivity of the composites is a result of the combined effect of the volume fraction of diamond, the homogeneity and relative density of the composites.

Microstructural development and its effects on mechanical properties of Al/Cu laminated composite

The microstructural development and its effect on the mechanical properties of Al/Cu laminated composite produced by asymmetrical roll bonding and annealing were studied. The composite characterizations were conducted by transmission electron microscope（TEM）, scanning electron microscope（SEM）, peeling tests and tensile tests. It is found that the ultra-fine grained laminated composites with tight bonding interface are prepared by the roll bonding technique. The annealing prompts the atomic diffusion in the interface between dissimilar matrixes, and even causes the formation of intermetallic compounds. The interfacial bonding strength increases to the maximum value owing to the interfacial solution strengthening at 300 °C annealing, but sharply decreases by the damage effect of intermetallic compounds at elevated temperatures. The composites obtain high tensile strength due to the Al crystallization grains and Cu twins at 300 °C. At 350 °C annealing, however, the composites get high elongation by the interfacial interlayer with submicron thickness.

CeO_(2)对WC/Ni复合熔覆层微观组织与性能的影响

本工作采用真空熔覆技术制备了不同CeO_(2)含量的WC/Ni复合熔覆层,通过SEM、XRD、EDS及显微硬度计对复合熔覆层的微观组织、成分及硬度分布等进行系统分析。结果显示:与基体呈冶金结合的复合熔覆层组织致密,复合熔覆层由厚度2~3 mm且具有网状结构特征的复合层区与约300μm的过渡层区组成,根据熔合程度过渡区又分为冶金熔合区、扩散熔合区及扩散区;随着CeO_(2)含量的增加,复合熔覆层的晶粒逐渐细化、熔合质量提高,特别是过渡熔合区出现鱼骨状的析出相;复合区的网孔部位主要组成相为γ-(Ni,Fe)固溶体、FeNi_(3)、Cr_(7)C_(3)、Cr_(23)C_(6)、Ni_(3)Si和NiB,网线区主要组成相为WC、WC_(2)、γ-(Ni,Fe)固溶体、共晶组织等;复合熔覆层的显微硬度由表面至基体逐渐降低,且随着CeO_(2)含量的增加硬度逐渐升高,CeO_(2)含量为1.5%时,达到最大值,其平均显微硬度比基体提高5~6倍。

时效处理对Cu-Y_(2)O_(3)-Ti复合材料组织及性能的影响

以Cu、Y、Ti和CuO粉末为原料,采用机械合金化(MA)和热还原的方法制备了Cu-Y_(2)O_(3)-Ti复合粉末。然后经放电等离子烧结(SPS)技术制备了Cu-Y_(2)O_(3)-Ti复合材料,并对材料进行了900℃固溶1 h和不同温度时效2 h的处理。采用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、能谱仪(EDS)、拉伸试验和导电率测量仪等研究了不同温度时效处理对Cu-Y_(2)O_(3)-Ti复合材料组织及性能的影响。结果表明:随着时效温度的升高,Cu-Y_(2)O_(3)-Ti复合材料的晶粒和第二相尺寸增大,导电率降低,最大应变和抗拉强度先增大后减小。Cu-Y_(2)O_(3)-Ti复合材料经900℃固溶1 h+400℃时效2 h后,综合性能最优,其具有良好塑性的同时,抗拉强度和导电率分别达到326.4 MPa和73.0%IACS。

三维互穿结构Cu-W触头抗熔焊机理

触头闭合回跳电弧引起的开关电器动熔焊问题,直接影响大功率接触器的电寿命和可靠性。为此设计了2种三维互穿有序结构的四边形和菱形十二面体的Cu-W复合材料触头,围绕触头动熔焊过程中的电弧、熔池、液滴溅射及凝固相变降温等问题,建立触头熔池流体动力学模型和冷凝降温数学模型,研究了2种有序结构和商用无序结构的触头阳极在闭合回跳电弧作用下熔化温度分布、熔池喷溅形貌和接触区域金属凝固过程,通过模拟熔焊实验平台进行了熔焊力验证。结果表明,通过调节三维互穿有序W骨架结构,能够有效抑制熔池扩散和液态金属喷溅,并降低熔焊力,从而提高Cu-W复合材料的抗熔焊性能。

晶粒尺寸对界面含Cr-O-C防黏层Cu/Ni复合体拉伸性能的影响

通过分子动力学方法研究含Cr-O-C防黏层的具有不同晶粒尺寸的Cu/Ni复合体的拉伸变形。结果表明:当Cu/Ni复合体的晶粒尺寸大于12 nm时,不论界面不含Cr、O和C原子或含有定量Cr、O和C原子,复合体的屈服强度随着晶粒尺寸的减小呈现增大趋势,符合细晶强化规律,晶粒塑性变形主要受晶体内部的位错滑移控制,最大应力增加9.52%;当晶粒尺寸小于12 nm时,由于晶界所占比例的增加,拉伸过程的塑性变形更多受晶界变形控制,屈服强度下降。Cr-O-C界面弱化了Cu/Ni复合体的强度,随着界面上Cr、O和C原子数量的增加,Cu/Ni复合体的抗拉强度随之降低,最大应力下降56.40%,Cu/Ni复合体内部的位错数量也随之降低,转移到Ni表面的Cu原子数量随之减少。

Effects of rolling and annealing on microstructures and properties of Cu/Invar electronic packaging composites prepared by powder metallurgy

The Cu/Invar composites of 40% Cu were prepared by powder metallurgy, and the composites were rolled with 70% reduction and subsequently annealed at 750 ℃. Phases, microstructures and properties of the composites were then studied. After that, the amount of a-Fe（Ni,Co） in the composites is reduced, because a-Fe（Ni,Co） partly transfers into y-Fe（Ni,Co） through the diffusion of the Ni atoms into a-Fe（Ni,Co） from Cu. When the rolling reduction is less than 40%, the deformation of Cu takes place, resulting in the movement of the Invar particles and the seaming of the pores. When the rolling reduction is in the range from 40% to 60%, the deformations of Invar and Cu occur simultaneously to form a streamline structure. After rolling till 70% and subsequent annealing, the Cu/Invar composites have fine comprehensive properties with a relative density of 98.6%, a tensile strength of 360 MPa, an elongation rate of 50%, a thermal conductivity of 25.42 W/（m.K） （as-tested） and a CTE of 10.79× 10-6/K （20-100 ℃）.

激光熔覆WC/316L复合涂层结构及磨损性能

为改善激光熔覆过程中WC增强金属基复合涂层分解与分布不均匀的问题,采用激光熔覆技术制备了50%WC含量的WC/316L复合涂层,分别采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、显微维氏硬度计、摩擦磨损试验机表征了熔敷层的组织形貌、硬度与摩擦磨损性能。结果显示,低热输入量可以防止WC颗粒下沉,提升熔覆层厚度方向上的WC颗粒分布均匀性;但WC的平面分布均匀性较差,同时低热输入导致WC颗粒结合较弱,易发生脱落;熔覆过程中,粉末中15%的WC发生分解。研究表明,通过降低激光热输入量,可以制备WC厚度方向较为均匀的复合涂层,提升熔覆层耐磨性,但是需要优化WC平面分布均匀性与WC颗粒结合性能。

激光能量密度对65Mn钢表面Ni60A/WC复合涂层摩擦磨损性能的影响规律

目的改善旋耕刀65Mn钢的摩擦磨损性能,提高农机触土零部件的使用寿命。方法采用激光熔覆技术在65Mn钢基体表面制备Ni60A/WC复合涂层。通过改变激光功率调节激光能量密度,在不同能量密度下制备Ni60A/WC复合涂层,观察并测试不同参数下复合涂层试样的宏观形貌、微观结构、物相组成、元素分布、显微硬度及摩擦磨损特性,研究激光能量密度对Ni60A/WC复合涂层组织演变及摩擦磨损性能的影响规律和机理。结果Ni60A/WC复合熔覆层顶部主要有胞状晶和树枝晶,分布较紧密,熔覆层中部主要有树枝状晶,熔覆层底部主要为胞状晶和垂直交界面生长的枝晶,且分布均匀致密。随着激光能量密度的升高,熔覆层的熔高和熔深增加显著,WC硬质相颗粒发生分解,硬质相的数量明显减少,涂层的平均显微硬度降低。在激光能量密度为120 J/mm^(2)时,熔覆层的平均显微硬度为587.1HV1.0,相较于基体,提升了约1.8倍。此时熔覆层的平均摩擦因数最小,为0.312,相较于基体,得到显著提升,摩擦磨损机制为轻微的磨粒磨损。经田间试验测试发现,在激光能量密度为120 J/mm^(2)时制备的带有熔覆层的旋耕刀相较于无熔覆层的旋耕刀,其磨损质量降低了63%。结论通过控制激光能量密度,可以有效调控Ni60A/WC熔覆层的硬度和耐磨性,可为农机触土易磨损件的减摩耐磨表面强化改性提供理论指导。

冷喷涂Ti/WC复合涂层的组织与耐磨性研究

为解决钛及其合金磨损性能较差的问题,采用高压冷喷涂技术在Ti6Al4V合金基体上沉积了2种不同成分的Ti/WC复合涂层,通过室温下的干滑动摩擦磨损试验分别测试了基体与复合涂层的摩擦性能,并采用扫描电镜及拉曼光谱对磨损表面进行了观察与表征。结果表明,与Ti6Al4V基体的磨损率(4.06×10-7 mm3/(N·m))相比,复合涂层的磨损率降低了一个数量级,表现出优异的耐磨性。此外,涂层内WC含量的增加,提高了涂层的显微硬度,涂层的耐磨性也随之提升。在磨损轨迹表面,由TiO2、WO3以及WC碎片构成的摩擦膜能够有效避免磨球与涂层表面的直接接触,从而降低磨损程度。因此,冷喷涂Ti/WC复合涂层在钛合金磨损防护方面具有一定的应用前景。

Preparation of nanosized W/Cu composite powder by sol-gel technique

Cu(NO3)(2) and (NH4)(6)H(2)W(12)O(40)center dot 4H(2)O were used to prepare W/Cu nanosized composite powder by sol-gel technique. The influences of heat treatment process, pH value of the solution and the amount of an addition agent on particle size were investigated by DSC, XRD and TEM. The results show that, at a certain heat treatment temperature, the W/Cu nanoparticle size increases with the pH value or the amount of the addition agent increasing.