This study develops an Enhanced Threshold Based Energy Detection approach(ETBED)for spectrum sensing in a cognitive radio network.The threshold identification method is implemented in the received signal at the second...This study develops an Enhanced Threshold Based Energy Detection approach(ETBED)for spectrum sensing in a cognitive radio network.The threshold identification method is implemented in the received signal at the secondary user based on the square law.The proposed method is implemented with the signal transmission of multiple outputs-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing.Additionally,the proposed method is considered the dynamic detection threshold adjustments and energy identification spectrum sensing technique in cognitive radio systems.In the dynamic threshold,the signal ratio-based threshold is fixed.The threshold is computed by considering the Modified Black Widow Optimization Algorithm(MBWO).So,the proposed methodology is a combination of dynamic threshold detection and MBWO.The general threshold-based detection technique has different limitations such as the inability optimal signal threshold for determining the presence of the primary user signal.These limitations undermine the sensing accuracy of the energy identification technique.Hence,the ETBED technique is developed to enhance the energy efficiency of cognitive radio networks.The projected approach is executed and analyzed with performance and comparison analysis.The proposed method is contrasted with the conventional techniques of theWhale Optimization Algorithm(WOA)and GreyWolf Optimization(GWO).It indicated superior results,achieving a high average throughput of 2.2 Mbps and an energy efficiency of 3.8,outperforming conventional techniques.展开更多
The optimizationfield has grown tremendously,and new optimization techniques are developed based on statistics and evolutionary procedures.There-fore,it is necessary to identify a suitable optimization technique for a...The optimizationfield has grown tremendously,and new optimization techniques are developed based on statistics and evolutionary procedures.There-fore,it is necessary to identify a suitable optimization technique for a particular application.In this work,Black Widow Optimization(BWO)algorithm is intro-duced to minimize the cost functions in order to optimize the Multi-Area Economic Dispatch(MAED).The BWO is implemented for two different-scale test systems,comprising 16 and 40 units with three and four areas.The performance of BWO is compared with the available optimization techniques in the literature to demonstrate the strategy’s efficacy.Results show that the optimized cost for four areas with 16 units is found to be 7336.76$/h,whereas it is 121,589$/h for four areas with 40 units using BWO.It is also noted that optimization algo-rithms other than BWO require higher cost value.The best-optimized solution for emission is achieved at 9.2784e+06 tones/h,and it is observed that there is a considerable difference between the worst and the best values.Also,the suggested technique is implemented for large-scale test systems successfully with high precision,and rapid convergence occurs in MAED.展开更多
Chinese poetry has exerted a great influence on American modernist poets,especially on William Carlos Williams(1883-1963).William Carlos Williams’The Widow’s Lament in Springtime shares some connections with Chinese...Chinese poetry has exerted a great influence on American modernist poets,especially on William Carlos Williams(1883-1963).William Carlos Williams’The Widow’s Lament in Springtime shares some connections with Chinese Boudoir poems in theme,image,and technique.This paper tends to discuss the influence of Chinese Boudoir poems on William Carlos Williams based on his creating of The Widow’s Lament in Springtime,which provides a new perspective for studying the communication of Chinese and American poetry.展开更多
我们单位各办公楼之间的距离较大，所以常使用远程桌面连接来对服务器进行远程管理和维护。一日，有位同事来电称，她想用Windows XP远程桌面连接服务器机房的Widows Server 2003服务器，对他们设在该服务器上的Web站点进行维护，多次...我们单位各办公楼之间的距离较大，所以常使用远程桌面连接来对服务器进行远程管理和维护。一日，有位同事来电称，她想用Windows XP远程桌面连接服务器机房的Widows Server 2003服务器，对他们设在该服务器上的Web站点进行维护，多次试连，均未能连上。展开更多
文摘This study develops an Enhanced Threshold Based Energy Detection approach(ETBED)for spectrum sensing in a cognitive radio network.The threshold identification method is implemented in the received signal at the secondary user based on the square law.The proposed method is implemented with the signal transmission of multiple outputs-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing.Additionally,the proposed method is considered the dynamic detection threshold adjustments and energy identification spectrum sensing technique in cognitive radio systems.In the dynamic threshold,the signal ratio-based threshold is fixed.The threshold is computed by considering the Modified Black Widow Optimization Algorithm(MBWO).So,the proposed methodology is a combination of dynamic threshold detection and MBWO.The general threshold-based detection technique has different limitations such as the inability optimal signal threshold for determining the presence of the primary user signal.These limitations undermine the sensing accuracy of the energy identification technique.Hence,the ETBED technique is developed to enhance the energy efficiency of cognitive radio networks.The projected approach is executed and analyzed with performance and comparison analysis.The proposed method is contrasted with the conventional techniques of theWhale Optimization Algorithm(WOA)and GreyWolf Optimization(GWO).It indicated superior results,achieving a high average throughput of 2.2 Mbps and an energy efficiency of 3.8,outperforming conventional techniques.
文摘The optimizationfield has grown tremendously,and new optimization techniques are developed based on statistics and evolutionary procedures.There-fore,it is necessary to identify a suitable optimization technique for a particular application.In this work,Black Widow Optimization(BWO)algorithm is intro-duced to minimize the cost functions in order to optimize the Multi-Area Economic Dispatch(MAED).The BWO is implemented for two different-scale test systems,comprising 16 and 40 units with three and four areas.The performance of BWO is compared with the available optimization techniques in the literature to demonstrate the strategy’s efficacy.Results show that the optimized cost for four areas with 16 units is found to be 7336.76$/h,whereas it is 121,589$/h for four areas with 40 units using BWO.It is also noted that optimization algo-rithms other than BWO require higher cost value.The best-optimized solution for emission is achieved at 9.2784e+06 tones/h,and it is observed that there is a considerable difference between the worst and the best values.Also,the suggested technique is implemented for large-scale test systems successfully with high precision,and rapid convergence occurs in MAED.
文摘Chinese poetry has exerted a great influence on American modernist poets,especially on William Carlos Williams(1883-1963).William Carlos Williams’The Widow’s Lament in Springtime shares some connections with Chinese Boudoir poems in theme,image,and technique.This paper tends to discuss the influence of Chinese Boudoir poems on William Carlos Williams based on his creating of The Widow’s Lament in Springtime,which provides a new perspective for studying the communication of Chinese and American poetry.
