通过中亚费尔干纳盆地2007~2011年气候的模拟试验,揭示了新增农田灌溉过程与更新土壤参数对WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)/Noah模式模拟精度的提升作用。通过对比标准版本与嵌入灌溉过程参数化方案后的WRF/Noah模式的模拟结果...通过中亚费尔干纳盆地2007~2011年气候的模拟试验,揭示了新增农田灌溉过程与更新土壤参数对WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)/Noah模式模拟精度的提升作用。通过对比标准版本与嵌入灌溉过程参数化方案后的WRF/Noah模式的模拟结果,研究发现农业灌溉提升了土壤含水量,导致地表蒸发增强,潜热增加,感热减少,致使近地层大气降温、增湿,这一效应降低了WRF/Noah模拟的暖、干偏差,模拟2 m气温和大气比湿均方根误差分别由6.52℃降低至5.81℃,由1.66 g/kg降低至1.13 g/kg。进而针对WRF默认配置的费尔干纳盆地内土壤数据精度欠佳的问题,再利用国际土壤参比与信息中心(ISRIC)数据(主要是粉砂粘壤土和粉砂壤土)替换了WRF默认的数据(主要是粘土和壤土),降低了土壤凋萎系数,使得有效土壤水增多,缩小了灌溉需水量的模拟误差,并使得蒸散发进一步增强,潜热增多,感热减少,导致近地层降温、增湿,进一步降低了WRF/Noah模拟的暖、干偏差,模拟温度、湿度的均方根误差分别由5.81℃降低至5.46℃,由1.13 g/kg降低至1.08 g/kg。上述结果表明:充分农业灌溉对陆面过程产生影响,以及采用高精度的土壤数据能够显著提高WRF/Noah模式在中亚费尔干纳盆地的模拟精度。展开更多
This paper evaluated the performance of a coupled modeling system,Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)/Urban Canopy Model(UCM),in the simulation of a heat wave event which occurred around Guangzhou during late June t...This paper evaluated the performance of a coupled modeling system,Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)/Urban Canopy Model(UCM),in the simulation of a heat wave event which occurred around Guangzhou during late June through early July,2004.Results from three experiments reveal that the UCM with new land data(hereafter referred to as E-UCM)reproduces the best 2-m temperature evolution and the smallest minimum absolute average error as compared with the other two experiments,the BPA-Bulk Parameterization Approach with new land data(E-BPA)and the UCM with original U.S. Geological Survey land data(E-NOU).The E-UCM is more useful in capturing the temporal and spatial distribution of the nighttime Urban Heat Island(UHI).Differences in surface energy balance between the urban and suburban areas show that low daytime albedo causes more absorption of solar radiation by urban areas.Due to the lack of vegetation which inhibits cooling by evapotranspiration,most of the incoming energy over urban areas is partitioned into sensible heat flux and therefore heats the surface and enhances the heat wave.During nighttime,the energy in the urban area is mainly from soil heat flux.Although some energy is partitioned as outgoing long wave radiation,most of the soil heat flux is partitioned into sensible heat flux due to the small latent heat flux at night.This leads to the development of nighttime UHI and the increase of the magnitude and duration of heat waves within the municipality.展开更多
利用Weather Research and Forecasting Model(WRF)模式分城市下垫面(wrf-ucm)、城市冠层下垫面(wrf+ucm)和自然下垫面(wrf-no urban)三种情况模拟了南京地区2005年7月17-18日的2 d天气过程.当模拟城市冠层效应时,WRF模式与Urban Canopy...利用Weather Research and Forecasting Model(WRF)模式分城市下垫面(wrf-ucm)、城市冠层下垫面(wrf+ucm)和自然下垫面(wrf-no urban)三种情况模拟了南京地区2005年7月17-18日的2 d天气过程.当模拟城市冠层效应时,WRF模式与Urban Canopy Model(UCM)模式耦合.结合同期外场试验观测结果和模式模拟结果,分析城市冠层效应对局地天气的影响.结果发现:考虑冠层效应时,城市地区的2 m温度比不考虑冠层效应时略低一些,但都高于自然下垫面;白天地面感热通量与不考虑冠层时基本相当,而在夜间前者高于后者,两者都明显高于自然下垫面情形;地面潜热通量比不考虑冠层低,均远低于自然下垫面.考虑冠层效应的地面通量模拟结果较为接近观测结果.冠层效应使得城市地区近地层水平风速明显减小;考虑冠层时城市地区气流垂直运动强于自然下垫面,冠层对气流的影响夜间强于白天.展开更多
文摘通过中亚费尔干纳盆地2007~2011年气候的模拟试验,揭示了新增农田灌溉过程与更新土壤参数对WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)/Noah模式模拟精度的提升作用。通过对比标准版本与嵌入灌溉过程参数化方案后的WRF/Noah模式的模拟结果,研究发现农业灌溉提升了土壤含水量,导致地表蒸发增强,潜热增加,感热减少,致使近地层大气降温、增湿,这一效应降低了WRF/Noah模拟的暖、干偏差,模拟2 m气温和大气比湿均方根误差分别由6.52℃降低至5.81℃,由1.66 g/kg降低至1.13 g/kg。进而针对WRF默认配置的费尔干纳盆地内土壤数据精度欠佳的问题,再利用国际土壤参比与信息中心(ISRIC)数据(主要是粉砂粘壤土和粉砂壤土)替换了WRF默认的数据(主要是粘土和壤土),降低了土壤凋萎系数,使得有效土壤水增多,缩小了灌溉需水量的模拟误差,并使得蒸散发进一步增强,潜热增多,感热减少,导致近地层降温、增湿,进一步降低了WRF/Noah模拟的暖、干偏差,模拟温度、湿度的均方根误差分别由5.81℃降低至5.46℃,由1.13 g/kg降低至1.08 g/kg。上述结果表明:充分农业灌溉对陆面过程产生影响,以及采用高精度的土壤数据能够显著提高WRF/Noah模式在中亚费尔干纳盆地的模拟精度。
基金Natural Science Foundation of China(40775068)Specialized Projects of Scientific Research for Public Welfare Industry(Meteorology)+3 种基金Open Projects of Key National Laboratories for Disasters-causing Weather(GYHY200706014GYHY200906026)Science Foundation of China(2009LASW-B03)Foundation for Scientific Research on Tropical and Marine Meteorology
文摘This paper evaluated the performance of a coupled modeling system,Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)/Urban Canopy Model(UCM),in the simulation of a heat wave event which occurred around Guangzhou during late June through early July,2004.Results from three experiments reveal that the UCM with new land data(hereafter referred to as E-UCM)reproduces the best 2-m temperature evolution and the smallest minimum absolute average error as compared with the other two experiments,the BPA-Bulk Parameterization Approach with new land data(E-BPA)and the UCM with original U.S. Geological Survey land data(E-NOU).The E-UCM is more useful in capturing the temporal and spatial distribution of the nighttime Urban Heat Island(UHI).Differences in surface energy balance between the urban and suburban areas show that low daytime albedo causes more absorption of solar radiation by urban areas.Due to the lack of vegetation which inhibits cooling by evapotranspiration,most of the incoming energy over urban areas is partitioned into sensible heat flux and therefore heats the surface and enhances the heat wave.During nighttime,the energy in the urban area is mainly from soil heat flux.Although some energy is partitioned as outgoing long wave radiation,most of the soil heat flux is partitioned into sensible heat flux due to the small latent heat flux at night.This leads to the development of nighttime UHI and the increase of the magnitude and duration of heat waves within the municipality.
文摘利用Weather Research and Forecasting Model(WRF)模式分城市下垫面(wrf-ucm)、城市冠层下垫面(wrf+ucm)和自然下垫面(wrf-no urban)三种情况模拟了南京地区2005年7月17-18日的2 d天气过程.当模拟城市冠层效应时,WRF模式与Urban Canopy Model(UCM)模式耦合.结合同期外场试验观测结果和模式模拟结果,分析城市冠层效应对局地天气的影响.结果发现:考虑冠层效应时,城市地区的2 m温度比不考虑冠层效应时略低一些,但都高于自然下垫面;白天地面感热通量与不考虑冠层时基本相当,而在夜间前者高于后者,两者都明显高于自然下垫面情形;地面潜热通量比不考虑冠层低,均远低于自然下垫面.考虑冠层效应的地面通量模拟结果较为接近观测结果.冠层效应使得城市地区近地层水平风速明显减小;考虑冠层时城市地区气流垂直运动强于自然下垫面,冠层对气流的影响夜间强于白天.
