基于卫星资料同化和LAPS-WRF模式系统的云天太阳辐射数值模拟改进方法

太阳能光伏发电已成为仅次于水电和风能的第三大可再生能源,光伏发电受云量时空变化的影响较大,因此准确模拟云天太阳辐射的时空变化对电网安全运行至关重要。围绕如何减小中尺度气象模式的云初始场误差,进而改进云天的太阳辐射模拟这一关键科学问题,本文通过研究基于卫星资料同化的LAPS(Local Analysis Prediction System)多时间层三维云分析同化方法,改进三维云结构,并将LAPS模式输出结果作为WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)模式的初始场,模拟了2008年1月及夏季(6~8月)北京地区的总云量和总辐射的时空分布,重点分析了多云和有降水天气过程总辐射的模拟改进效果及其原因。结果表明,同化前后的总云量模拟值与观测值的时间变化趋势基本一致,但大部分时次总云量的模拟值低于观测值;大部分多云及降水时段同化后总云量模拟值较接近于实测值。1月晴天、多云天以及夏季晴天同化前后总辐射模拟值与实测值的时间变化趋势较一致,但同化前后两者的相关性差异不明显;晴天条件下同化前后总辐射模拟值均低于实测值,1月多云条件下多数时段同化后总辐射模拟误差减小不明显,与总云量的改进效果不显著有关。夏季多云、有降水及6月典型降水三种天气条件下同化前后总辐射模拟值与观测值的相关性稍差,同化后两者的相关性较同化前有所改进,尤其是6月典型降水过程改进效果较明显;同化前总辐射模拟误差较大,而同化后误差显著减小,尤其是6月典型降水过程同化后均方根误差和平均相对误差较同化前分别减小了102.6 W m^(-2)和355.9%,最大相对误差减小更显著;同化后总辐射模拟误差小于同化前的比例高达75%,即大部分时刻同化后模拟误差小于同化前。多云和有降水天气过程总辐射模拟效果的显著改进与总云量的改进密切相关,即同化后总云量模拟值增加,云的反射和散射作用增强,导致模拟总辐射减小,即更接近于实测总辐射值。研究结果对于多云和降水天气条件下太阳辐射的模拟效果改进、太阳能资源客观评估以及光伏电站的发电量预测具有一定的科学和实际应用价值。

WRF模式中的微物理过程及其预报对比试验

WRF(Weather Research Forecast)模式系统是由许多美国研究部门及大学的科学家共同参与进行开发研究的新一代中尺度同化预报系统。本文主要对公开发布的WRF模式V2.0版本中使用的微物理过程方案进行简单介绍,并在国家气象中心建立的与T213中期预报模式相嵌套的预报系统的基础上,对不同微物理过程方案进行了降水预报对比试验和检验,对各方案的降水预报性能进行初步评估。试验结果表明,总体预报效果LIN方案较好,而对流参数化方案从降水落区预报和对流降水对总降水的贡献两方面看则是KF和NKF方案的预报效果较好。

新疆“2.28”大风的中尺度数值模拟

受西西伯利亚较强冷空气入侵的影响,2007年2月28日02时,乌鲁木齐开往阿克苏的5807次旅客列车,在新疆三十里风区遭遇狂风,造成11节车厢脱轨侧翻。使用WRF模式对这次大风天气过程进行了数值模拟。结果表明:WRF模式较好地模拟了三十里风区大风的演变和分布特征,对逐时风速的模拟较实况偏小,但变化比较同步;很大的气压梯度和特殊的地形是大风形成的主要原因,狭管效应和下坡风同时存在。

High-Resolution Hindcast of Record-Breaking Rainfall in Beijing and Impact of Topography

In this paper,a hindcast study of the record-breaking rainfall event occurring in Beijing on 21July 2012,is conducted by using the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)model forced by National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP)Global Forecasting System(GFS)outputs,paired with an investigation of the impact of topography in this region.The results indicate that WRF can reasonably predict the salient features of orographic precipitation;the 24-h rainfall amount and spatial distribution compare reasonably well with the observations.The hindcast simulation also indicates that rainfall events can be predicted approximately 36 h ahead.When the topography is removed,the spatial distribution of rainfall changes remarkably,suggesting the importance of the topography in determining rainfall structure.These results also indicate that prediction of such city-scale heavy rainfall events would benefit from a high-resolution prediction system.

Observations and Modeling of Ice Water Content in a Mixed-Phase Cloud System

The ice water content(IWC) distribution in a mixed-phase cloud system was investigated using Cloud-Sat data,aircraft measurements,and the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model.Simulated precipitation and IWC were in general agreement with rain gauge,sat-ellite,and aircraft observations.The cloud case was char-acterized by a predominant cold layer and high IWC throughout the cloud-development and precipitation stages.The CloudSat-retrieved products suggested that the IWC was distributed from 4.0 to 8.0 km,with the maximum values(up to 0.5 g m-3) at 5.0-6.0 km at the earlymature stage of cloud development.High IWC(up to 0.8 g m-3) was also detected by airborne probes at 4.2 and 3.6 km at the late-mature stage.The WRF model simulation re-vealed that the predominant riming facilitated rapid ac-cumulation of high IWC at 3.0-6.0 km.