IEC的风机选型参数估算方法在中国的适用性研究

国际电工委员会编制的《风力发电机组设计要求》(IEC 61400-1)推荐了针对风电机组安全等级评估的极端风速和湍流强度特征值估算方法,因其简单便捷,在风电领域被广泛采用。利用全国风能资源专业观测网的193座测风塔观测数据,对IEC推荐的极端风速计算方法与我国规范推荐的基于极值I型概率分布方法进行比较,发现两种方法计算的193座塔70 m高度层50年一遇10 min平均最大风速,仅有7座测风塔较为一致,差异在±1%;IEC推荐方法的计算结果多数偏小,其中偏小10%以上的测风塔有121座,偏小30%以上的有44座测风塔,而偏大10%以上的只有9座测风塔;IEC方法计算的极值风速大幅度偏小的测风塔主要分布在台风影响的东南沿海地区,偏差较小的测风塔主要分布在西北和华北地形平缓区域,但同时偏大10%以上的测风塔也多分布在这一地区。以目前行业领域普遍采用的以15 m·s^(-1)风速的平均湍流强度作为风电机组选型指标,与严格按照规范,以15 m·s^(-1)风速段所有样本湍流强度的90%分位数处的值作为指标进行风电机组等级确定作对比,发现193座塔中有46座塔的选型是不安全的,甚至相差两个等级。

热带气旋对中国沿海风电开发的影响

利用1961—2006年热带气旋(TC)资料,选取进入距海岸3个纬距左右警戒区的TC为影响中国沿海风电开发的TC;根据风电工程风电机组(WTGS)安全等级,详细分析了影响中国沿海地区TC路径、强度、风力的气候特征,发现进入警戒区后台风和强热带风暴占59.5%,超强台风、强台风占总频数的21.5%;TC造成的10分钟平均最大风速40m.s-1以上的区域集中在珠江口以东的广东沿海和海南东部沿海和浙闽交界处;登陆福建及以北沿海强度达台风以上的常造成≥25m.s-1的强风,而在福建以南登陆并造成强风的为强热带风暴以上;福建中南部沿海TC大风的可利用率达80%以上;TC威胁风电机组安全的区域主要在浙江的中部沿海、浙闽交界处沿海和珠江口以东的广东沿海。

双馈感应风力发电机的参数辨识分析

双馈感应发电机(DFIG)是当前国内外风力发电机(WTG)的主流机型。要研究大规模风电并网对电力系统的影响,必须要有准确的风力发电机和风力发电场的模型及参数。关于模型结构目前已有较多的研究成果,但是有关获取模型准确参数的研究却极少。为此,研究了双馈感应风力发电机的模型参数的辨识方法。首先通过研究各个参数的轨迹灵敏度相位来判断其可辨识性,发现除定子电抗和转子电抗不可以同时辨识外,其它参数均可以唯一辨识。然后通过分析可辨识参数的时域、频域灵敏度大小以及灵敏度曲线的形状来判断辨识的难易度,确定需要重点辨识的参数为定子电阻、定子电抗、励磁电抗和转子电阻。最后设计了基于蚁群优化算法的双馈感应风力发电机参数辨识方法,在Matlab/Simulink环境中搭建了仿真系统并验证了该辨识方法的有效性。

基于区块链的海上风电机组备件生命周期管理平台

海上风电机组(Wind Turbine Generator System,WTGS)备件的相关数据通常存储在中心化的数据库中,很难在合作方之间共享,数据安全性难以得到保证。提出一种基于区块链的海上WTGS备件生命周期管理平台,以促进备件生命周期中的数据交换和信息共享。备件服务中的即时追溯服务、障碍评估服务、主动维护服务和远程监控服务有助于管理者和决策者对备件进行管理和决策。研究结果为备件生命周期管理及区块链技术实际应用提供一定的理论和实践参考。

风力发电机组状态监测系统的设计

针对风力发电机组(WTG)布置分散、运行环境恶劣的特点,结合现代风力发电机组的发展需求,从数据采集分析等方面开展研究,研发出适合风力发电机组的多参数数据采集与分析仪。硬件开发平台以ARM为核心,并以Windows CE为嵌入式操作系统。着重分析了硬件系统开发平台的外围接口电路、模拟信号的预处理和通信接口的设计,并对软件总体结构和开发流程进行设计。该系统可以解决目前风机故障频发、故障不能及时得到处理的问题,具有广阔的应用前景。

大型风力发电机组机舱装配质量控制点的探讨

随着风力发电机组装机容量不断增加,在短时间、大批量的装配过程中,如何控制机舱装配质量,减少机组运行故障,已成为国内风电迅猛发展形势下必须面对的现实。选取机舱装配过程中,轴承加热、偏航轴承软带位置、联轴器同轴度对中、偏航齿隙调整、主轴与齿箱端的配合、配孔应力区、液压系统保压等几个典型的质量控制点,探讨其质量控制的标准和方法,可为制订企业或行业规范提供借鉴。

风力发电机组性能评估

根据不同的评价标准和侧重点,本文总结提出了六种不同的风力发电机组性能评估方法,并对各种评估方法进行了简单说明和分析。在此基础上,推荐了一种比较能反映机组整体设计水平的评估方法——单位扫风面积理论年发电量。

Design and Implementation of Bi-Directional DC-DC Converter for Wind Energy System

This paper proposes a design and implementation of the bi-directional DC-DC converter for Wind Energy Conversion System. The proposed project consists of boost DC/DC converter, bi-directional DC/DC converter (BDC), permanent magnet DC generator and batteries. A DC-DC boost converter is interface with proposed wind system to step up the initial generator voltage and maintain constant output voltage. The fluctuation nature of wind makes them unsuitable for standalone operation. To overcome the drawbacks an energy storage device is used in the proposed system to compensate the fluctuations and to maintain a smooth and continuous power flow in all operating modes to load. Bi-directional DC-DC converter (BDC) is capable of transforming energy between two DC buses. It can operate as a boost converter which supplies energy to the load when the wind generator output power is greater than the required load power. It also operates in buck mode which charges from DC bus when output power is less than the required load power. The proposed converter reduces the component losses and increases the performance of the overall system. The complete system is implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK and verified with hardware.

Coordinated voltage control of renewable energy power plants in weak sending-end power grid

The utilization of renewable energy in sending-end power grids is increasing rapidly,which brings difficulties to voltage control.This paper proposes a coordinated voltage control strategy based on model predictive control(MPC)for the renewable energy power plants of wind and solar power connected to a weak sending-end power grid(WSPG).Wind turbine generators(WTGs),photovoltaic arrays(PVAs),and a static synchronous compensator are coordinated to maintain voltage within a feasible range during operation.This results in the full use of the reactive power capability of WTGs and PVAs.In addition,the impact of the active power outputs of WTGs and PVAs on voltage control are considered because of the high R/X ratio of a collector system.An analytical method is used for calculating sensitivity coefficients to improve computation efficiency.A renewable energy power plant with 80 WTGs and 20 PVAs connected to a WSPG is used to verify the proposed voltage control strategy.Case studies show that the coordinated voltage control strategy can achieve good voltage control performance,which improves the voltage quality of the entire power plant.

Unit Commitment in the Presence of Renewable Energy Sources and Energy Storage System:Case Study

This paper presents a real approach for thermal unit commitment(UC)problem solution in Niamey(Niger).The proposed methodology consists of four conventional thermal generating units and imported power(IMP)from a neighboring country as the existing grid in addition to the inclusion of Photovoltaic(PV)power,Wind Turbine Generators(WTGs),and Battery Energy Storage System(BESS).Minimization of the total daily operating cost is considered as the objective function in two cases.In the first case,UC with thermal units considering the IMP,PV and BESS is described.In the second case,WTGs are introduced beside high penetration of PV and BESS and the IMP is removed in order to get rid of its economical and mostly political problems.MILP(Mixed-Integer Linear Programming)is used here as the optimization technique to obtain an optimal unit commitment problem solution with consideration of PV,WTGs and BESS.The effectiveness and robustness of the proposed scheme is verified by numerical simulations using MATLAB environment.

星站差分系统RTG＋RTK模式在陆地物探测量中的应用

由于星站差分系统不仅保留了传统的RTK测量定位的高精度（水平位置〈15cm，垂直位置〈30cm，速度0．01m／s。），同时具有全球性、连续性和实用性、且不需要架设参考站的特点，因此越来越受到用户的重视和应用。本文通过介绍星站差分系统的工作特点，结合盟站差分快测-2050在物探工作中实际应用情况，总结出星站差分系统在物探测量中具有哪方面的优势。

国外大型风电机(WTG)的概况、热点及风电场供应链

着重引介了当今欧美大风电机的概况及技术趋势,尤其是市场走向及供应链,如今风电机组容量和叶片直径增大,变速变距重又兴起,直驱混驱、海上风电场和并网等技术热点都有突破;简要介绍了全球风电机组及零部件制造厂商;概述了并网电厂的筹建及供应链情况。

WTG420铁路罐车用钢的组织结构和力学性能分析

分析了ＷＴＧ４２０铁路罐车用钢的组织结构和力学性能。提出了冶炼与轧制的技术关键，其一，添加稀土元素改善钢中夹杂物；其二，采用控轧控冷使铁素体晶粒细化。

Reliability Analysis of Wind Turbine Gearbox Based on the Optimal Confidence Limit Method

Based on the zero-failure data of 30 Chinese 1. 5 MW wind turbine gearboxes( WTGs),the optimal confidence limit method was developed to predict the reliability and reliability lifetime of WTG. Firstly,Bayesian method and classical probability estimation method were introduced to estimate the value interval of shape parameter considering the engineering practice. Secondly,taking this value interval into the optimal confidence limit method,the reliability and reliability lifetime of WTG could be obtained under different confidence levels. Finally,the results of optimal confidence limit method and Bayesian method were compared. And the comparison results show that the rationality of this estimated range.Meantime, the rule of confidence level selection in the optimal confidence limit method is provided, and the reliability and reliability lifetime prediction of WTG can be acquired.

Multidisciplinary Constrained Optimization of Power Quality in Doubly Fed Wind Turbine Induction Generator

Shape optimization of turbine blade to maximize the output power usually changes the power factor due to compensate Repower in a wind turbine. This article presents a multidisciplinary optimization technique to maximize the output power in Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) wind turbine. The most common parameters when operating the turbine, namely, active power, reactive power and power factor, are considered as the problem constraints and the pitch angle grid side variable frequency converter of the turbine blades are optimized to maximize the output power. Numerical simulation has been illustrated to present the performance of the proposed design approach.

浅析关于WTG打造随身Windows系统方法

微软在企业版上提供的Windows To Go(简称WTG)是一项非常神奇实用的功能,能把Windows系统完整安装到U盘或移动硬盘上,并且能随处在不同的电脑硬件上直接运行,让系统可以真正随身携带。而且,WTG既不是WinPE,也不是精简版,而是完整的Windows操作系统,与正常安装在硬盘上几乎没有什么区别。有了Windows To Go,用户可以在任何地方任何计算机上有效启用工作桌面。因此,员工可以轻松实现在家、办公室以及外地任何一台电脑上办公。

Integrated Frequency-constrained Scheduling Considering Coordination of Frequency Regulation Capabilities from Multi-source Converters

As the proportion of renewable energy(RE)increases,the inertia and the primary frequency regulation(FR)capability of the power system decrease.Thus,ensuring frequency security in the scheduling model has become a new technical requirement in power systems with a high share of RE.Due to a shortage of conventional synchronous generators,the frequency support of multi-source converters has become an indispensable part of the system frequency resources,especially variable-speed wind turbine generation(WTG)and battery energy storage(BES).Quantitative expression of the FR capability of multi-source converters is necessary to construct frequency-constrained scheduling model.However,the frequency support performance of these converter-interfaced devices is related to their working states,operation modes,and parameters,and the complex coupling of these factors has not been fully exploited in existing models.In this study,we propose an integrated frequency-constrained scheduling model considering the coordination of FR capabilities from multi-source converters.Switchable FR control strategies and variable FR parameters for WTG with or without reserved power are modeled,and multi-target allocation of BES capacity between tracking dispatch instruction and emergency FR is analyzed.Then,the variable FR capabilities of WTG and BES are embedded into the integrated frequency-constrained scheduling model.The nonlinear constraints for frequency security are precisely linearized through an improved iteration-based strategy.The effectiveness of the proposed model is verified in a modified IEEE 24-bus standard system.The results suggest that the coordinated participation of BES and WTG in FR can effectively reduce the cost of the scheduling model while meeting frequency security constraints.

A complete modeling and simulation of DFIG based wind turbine system using fuzzy logic control

The current paper talks about the variable speed wind turbine generation system （WTGS）. So, the WTGS is equipped with a doubly-fed induction generator （DFIG） and two bidirectional converters in the rotor open circuit. A vector control （VC） of the rotor side converter （RSC） offers independent regulation of the stator active and reactive power and the optimal rotational speed tracking in the power maximization operating mode. A VC scheme for the grid-side converter （GSC） allows an independent regulation of the active and reactive power to exchange with the grid and sinusoidal supply currents and keeps the DC-link voltage constant. A fuzzy inference system （FIS） is adopted as an alternative of the conven- tional proportional and integral （PI） controller to reject some uncertainties or disturbance. The performances have been verified using the Matlab/Simulink soft-ware.

平抑风力发电机风能波动的策略

本文讲述了控制风力发电机（WTGs）有功功率输出的电压源转换器（VSCs），可用于稳定由风力变化引起的功率波动。本文所关注的不稳定性来源于：1）风轮机本身；2）双馈感应发电机（DHG）.本文介绍了表征WTGs动态特性的CPIV（s）。

Impacts of PLL on the DFIG-based WTG’s Electromechanical Response Under Transient Conditions:Analysis and Modeling

Increased penetration of wind energy in the electric grid has necessitated studying the impact of wind integration on the transient stability of the power system,with urgency to develop appropriate electromechanical models of the wind turbine generator(WTG).The representation and control of the WTG’s electric signals are typically in a rotational dq coordinate system whose reference angle is provided by a phase-lockedloop(PLL).The PLL is commonly considered as a measurement device and is often absent in existing WTG electromechanical models.This paper studies the impact of PLL on the DFIG-based WTG electromechanical response by theoretical and simulation analyses.The dynamics of the PLL are found to greatly influence the WTG electromechanical response,suggesting that PLL should be regarded as an indispensable control loop rather than a measurement device,and its impact should be modeled when establishing the WTG electromechanical model.