Perceptions and Controversies on Cholera in the Traditional Chinese Medicine Field in the Late Qing Dynasty

At the beginning of the initial cholera outbreak in China,Wang Qingren(王清任),after years of clinical trials,became an early representative who discovered the infectious characteristics and observed the course of cholera in the field of traditional Chinesse medicine(TCM).Kou Langao(寇兰皋)and Xu Zimo(徐子默),both medical practitioners,constructed a diagnosis and treatment system for cholera with cold patterns under the theory of typhoid.They represented“School of Cholera with Cold Patterns”(SCCP).In the 1860s,with the influence of Wang Shixiong’s(王士雄)studies on the nature of cholera under the theory of epidemic febrile disease,the“School of Cholera with Heated Patterns”(SCHP)prevailed thereafter.The two schools complemented each other in theories and contributed to the integrity of TCM in cholera diagnosis and treatment.By reviewing previous literature,books,clinical cases,and historical materials in medical field,this article aims 1)to summarise the influence of TCM on the cognitive development towards cholera in the late Qing dynasty;2)to explore the origin of the controversy between SCCP and SCHP from historical evidence;3)to summarize the historical lessons from the debate over cholera in TCM based on the principle of treatment based on pattern identification,and offer suggestions for the current prevention and treatment of new diseases using TCM.

Food and Medicine:Qualities and Efficacies in Chinese Ethnic Medicines

Drawing on our research in China’s southern mountains about ethnic medicines,and intrigued by the proverbial Chinese view that Yao Shi Tong Yuan(food and medicine have the same source),this article traces the eventfulness and powers at play in healing and eating when they are seen as closely related forms of life.Ancient and modern traditional Chinese medicine understandings of flavor are here shown to be a common basis for the healing and harming powers of both food and medicine.The term Wu Wei,or five flavors is explored as both experiences of eating and cooking,and some patterns of qi movement that animate and invigorate the body.Following Vivienne Lo’s term“potent flavors,”practices of harmonizing(He,Tiao He)flavors in Chinese medicine,as in cooking,express a world of natural powers and expert embodiment that goes far beyond mere taste.

Mathematical Reasoning of Treatment Principle Based on “Yin Yang Wu Xing” Theory in Traditional Chinese Medicine

By using mathematical reasoning, this paper demonstrates the treatment principle: “Virtual disease is to fill his mother but real disease is to rush down his son” and “Strong inhibition of the same time, support the weak” based on “Yin Yang Wu Xing” Theory in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). We defined two kinds of opposite relations and one kind of equivalence relation, introduced the concept of steady multilateral systems with two non-compatibility relations, and discussed its energy properties. Later based on the treatment of TCM and treated the healthy body as a steady multilateral system, it has been proved that the treatment principle is true. The kernel of this paper is the existence and reasoning of the non-compatibility relations in steady multilateral systems, and it accords with the oriental thinking model.

Chinese Medicine in the United States:Historical Development and Growth

Chinese medicine is growing rapidly in the United States both as a field of research and in the daily treatment of illnesses.The popularity of Chinese medicine,particularly acupuncture,as a healing mechanism demonstrates American people’s positive experience with Chinese medicine and their embracing it as an alternative to the mainstream Western biomedicine.Chinese medicine is an important part of the Alternative and Complementary Medicine or Integrated Medicine in the United States health system.It is increasingly used and covered by health insurance.Although Chinese medicine has been in the United States since colonial times,it was discriminated against by local authorities.However,things began to change in the 1970s when individual states gradually passed laws to legalize the practice of acupuncture as a healing mechanism.American public interest in Chinese medicine,particularly acupuncture,was aroused by the media’s report of the“magic”power of acupuncture during President Nixon’s visit to China.Non-Asians studied acupuncture in the following decades,which contributed to the establishment of acupuncture as a profession in the American health system.The history of Chinese medicine in the United States illustrates that Chinese and Asian immigrants promoted Chinese medicine in the communities,while Chinese American medical scientists who were trained in biomedicine played an important role in shaping the biomedical method of acupuncture research.This article investigates the changes of Chinese medicine in the United States,with a focus on acupuncture.Situating the discussion in a larger context of social and cultural changes,this study examines the contributions of Chinese immigrants and the popularity of acupuncture in the United States.It analyzes the development of acupuncture practice and research,the professional training in Chinese medicine,and American people’s interest in using Chinese medicine as a reliable healing mechanism to many health problems,including chronic pain,cancer,and drug addictions.

Mathematical Reasoning of Treatment Principle Based on “Yin Yang Wu Xing” Theory in Traditional Chinese Medicine (II)

By using mathematical reasoning, this paper demonstrates the treatment principle: “Do not treat a disease after it has occurred. But treat the disease before it will occur” (不治已病治未病) based on “Yin Yang Wu Xing” Theory in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). We defined generalized relations and reasoning, introduced the concept of generalized steady multilateral systems, and discussed its energy properties. Later based on the treatment of TCM and treated the healthy body as a steady multilateral system, it has been proved that the treatment principle above is true. The kernel of this paper is the existence and reasoning of the non-compatibility relations in steady multilateral systems, and it accords with the oriental thinking model.

Acupuncture Treating Dystrophy Based on pH <br/>—Mathematical Reasoning of Treatment Principle Based on Yin Yang Wu Xing Theory in Traditional Chinese Medicine (III)

Theory of both Zangxiang (藏象) and Jingluo (经络) is useful in understanding disease. By using mathematical reasoning based on Yin Yang Wu Xing Theory in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), this paper demonstrates the treatment principle: “Searching for a root cause of disease in cure, treatment of both the root-cause and symptoms at the same time” (治病求本, 标本兼治). It means that for a human body, there is the mathematical structure of both Zangxiang and Jingluo as her/his second physiological system. It can be used to determine both the root-cause and symptoms of the sick organ by using both Zangxiang and Jingluo. In general, for the human blood pH value, the normal range of theory is [7.34539, 7.45461] nearly to [7.35, 7.45], and the center is 7.4. The first or second transfer law of a human body’s energies changes according to the different blood pH values whether in the normal range or not. Human disease treatment should protect and maintain the balance of two incompatibility relations: the loving relationship and the killing relationship. As an application, acupuncture is used to treat limb-girdle muscular dystrophy.

Development of Chinese Medicine Education in the United States:Two Examples of Pacific College of Health and Science New York and Eastern School of Acupuncture and Traditional Medicine

Chinese medicine originated in China and has taken root all over the world.In the United States,Chinese medicine belongs to the category of complementary and alternative medicine and has a history of over 50 years as a recognized profession.The education of Chinese medicine is undoubtedly the foundation for the development and growth of Chinese medicine practice.In this article,we briefly introduced the history of acupuncture profession and its development in the United States.Pacific College of Health and Science New York and Eastern School of Acupuncture and Traditional Medicine were discussed and analyzed.This article aims to discuss two examples of acupuncture schools in the United States to provide an overview of the history and current development of Chinese medicine education in the United States.

Acupuncture Treating Heart Disease Based on Eight Palaces or Eight Veins <br/>—Mathematical Reasoning of Treatment Principle Based on Yin Yang Wu Xing Theory in Traditional Chinese Medicine (IV)

Theory of eight palaces (八宫) or eight veins (八脉) is useful in understanding the basic sick subsystems that may be to fall ills as the root-cause. By using mathematical reasoning based on Yin Yang Wu Xing Theory in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), this paper demonstrates the treatment principle: “Even if all changed, it is hard to change one’s nature” (江山易改, 本性难移). The eight palaces or eight veins can be used to diagnose basic sick subsystems that may be to fall ills as the root-cause. The first or second transfer law of human body energies of the eight palaces or eight veins according to the different blood pH values of a human body whether in the normal range or not, respectively, assuming that the range of blood pH value is divided into four parts from small to large. Both second and third are for a healthy human body. Both the root-cause and symptoms come from the first transfer law of human body energies. And both first and fourth are for an unhealthy human body. Both the root-cause and symptoms come from the second transfer law of human body energies. A disease treatment should protect and maintain the balance of two incompatibility relations: the loving relationship and the killing relationship. As an application, acupuncture is used to treat atrial premature beats as a congenital heart disease.

Anti-inflammatory effects of Tao Hong Si Wu Tang in mice with lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

BACKGROUND Lung cancer(LC)combined with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)is a common combination of comorbidities.Anti-inflammation and modulation of oxidative/antioxidative imbalance may prevent COPD-induced LC,and are also crucial to the treatment of LC combined with COPD.Modern studies have shown that Tao Hong Si Wu Tang(THSW)has vasodilatory,anti-inflammatory,anti-fatigue,anti-shock,immunoregulatory,lipid-reducing,micronutrient-supplementing,and anti-allergy effects.AIM To observe the effects of THSW on COPD and LC in mice.METHODS A total of 100 specific pathogen-free C57/BL6 mice were randomly divided into five groups:Blank control group(group A),model control group(group B),THSW group(group C),IL-6 group(group D),and THSW+IL-6 group(group E),with 20 mice in each group.A COPD mouse model was established using fumigation plus lipopolysaccharide intra-airway drip,and an LC model was replicated by in situ inoculation using the Lewis cell method.RESULTS The blank control group exhibited a clear alveolar structure.The model control and IL-6 groups had thickened alveolar walls,with smaller alveolar lumens,interstitial edema,and several inflammatory infiltrating cells.Histopathological changes in the lungs of the THSW and THSW+IL-6 groups were less than those of the model control group.The serum IL-1β,IL-6,and TNF-αlevels and IL-6R,JAK,p-JAK,STAT1/3,p-STAT1/3,FOXO,p-FOXO,and IL-7R expression levels in lung tissues of mice in the rest of the groups were significantly higher than those of the blank control group(P<0.01).Compared with the model control group,the IL-6 group demonstrated significantly higher levels for the abovementioned proteins in the serum and lung tissues(P<0.01),and the THSW group had significantly higher serum IL-1β,IL-6,and TNF-αlevels and IL-7R expression levels in lung tissues(P<0.01)but significantly decreased IL-6R,JAK,p-JAK,STAT1/3,p-STAT1/3,FOXO,p-FOXO,and IL-7R levels(P<0.01).CONCLUSION THSW reduces the serum IL-1β,IL-6,and TNF-αlevels in the mouse model with anti-inflammatory effects.Its antiinflammatory mechanism lies in inhibiting the overactivation of the JAK/STAT1/3 signaling pathway.

World Integrated Medicine Master Wu Yiling

INTRODUCTION OF WU YILING Academician Wu Yiling (1949-), is the doctoral supervisor and academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. He is also the chief physician, professor, chief scientist of the National 973 Plan, supervisor of Post-doctoral Researcher Center of Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security with special government allowances of the State Council, member of the National Committee of Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, executive director of Chinese Association of Integrative Medicine, vice president of Hebei Association of Integrative Medicine, Editor in Chief of World Journal of Integrated traditional and Western Medicine and associate editor of Hebei Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine ,Editor in Chief of Chinese Journal of Difficult and Complicated Cases.

World Integrated Medicine Master Wu Xianzhong

INTRODUCTION OF WU XIANZHONG Academician Wu Xianzhong (born on August 28th,1925) graduated from Shenyang Medical College in 1948.In 1959,he participated in the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) courses held by Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine for doctors of western medicine.In 1961,he graduated and was awarded the golden medal by National Health Commission.He has been specialized in surgery of integrated Chinese and western medicine since the early 1960s and works as one of the pioneers in the field of integrated Chinese and western medicine in China.He established Tianjin Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine and the Institute of Acute Abdominal Diseases in Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine.From 1964 to 1977,he served as Director of Nankai Hospital.From 1978 to 1994,he served as Deputy Director,Director and Honorary President of Tianjin Medical College (known as Tianjin Medical University nowadays).

Acupuncture Treating Heart Diseases Based on Sixty JiaZi and Eight Palaces <br/>—Mathematical Reasoning of Treatment Principle Based on Yin Yang Wu Xing Theory in Traditional Chinese Medicine (V)

Theory of Sixty JiaZi (60 甲子) is useful in understanding a human body disease. By using mathematical reasoning based on Yin Yang Wu Xing Theory in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), this paper demonstrates the treatment principle: “seize the momentum of development, hasten lucky avoids disaster” (顺势而为, 趋吉避凶). Sixty JiaZi is hidden behind eight palaces. The first or second transfer law of human body energies of Sixty JiaZi changes according to the different blood pH values of a human body whether in the normal range or not, respectively, assuming that the range of blood pH values of a human body is divided into four parts from small to large. Both second and third are for a healthy human body. Both the root-cause and symptoms come from the first transfer law of human body energies. And both first and fourth are for an unhealthy human body. Both the root-cause and symptoms come from the second transfer law of human body energies. The treating disease of a human body should protect and maintain the balance of two incompatibility relations: the loving relationship and the killing relationship. As an application, acupuncture is used to treat atrial premature beats as congenital heart disease.

"History of Medicine"-a neglected topic in medical schools in India, Nepal, and the Caribbean

History of medicine is not addressed in medical schools in India,Nepal,and the Caribbean.The history of medicine in these areas include indigenous medical systems,the western medicine introduced by the colonial powers,and the medical systems developed after independence or overthrow of feudalism.In the meantime,less attention has been paid to teaching"history of medicine".There are several advantages in teaching the history of medicine to medical students.Courses on the history of medicine can be offered both face-to-face and online.

Clinical Efficacy and Therapeutic Mechanisms of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Neuroprotection and Neurogenesis in Stroke Treatment

Stroke is the leading cause of human disability with limited effective drugs availability. The disruption of multiple signaling pathways in stroke makes developing new drugs be difficult. Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) has its unique advantage in targeting multiple signaling pathways with multiple components. Many TCM formulas have the potential for neuroprotection and neurogenesis, but well-designed clinical trials are insufficient and underlying mechanisms unclear. Herein, we introduce the commonly used TCM formulas for stroke treatment and selectively introduce two classic formulas, An Gong Niu Huang(AGNH) pill and Bu Yang Huan Wu Decoction(BYHWD) for neuroprotection and neurogenesis, respectively. Current scientific evidence and clinical trials indicate AGNH pill could be an effective neuroprotective formula as adjunct therapy with relative safety. On the other hand, as a representative TCM formula for post stroke disability, BYHWD could improve the neurological outcome with its neuroprotective and neurogenic effects. The underlying mechanisms could be attributed to the modulation of multiple molecular targets with its multiple components. In conclusion, TCM formulas could be potential adjunct therapies for stroke treatment. The clinical efficacies and molecular mechanisms of promoting neuroprotection and neurogenesis remain to be further studies.

Historical Evolution of Traditional Medicine in Japan

Traditional Japanese Medicine originated from traditional Chinese medicine and was first introduced to Japan directly from the mainland of China or the Korean Peninsula.After its dissemination,integration,adaption,and development in Japan for generations,it had evolved into Kampo medicine with Japanese characteristics and taken a leading role in Japanese medical practice.In history,there appeared successively schools such as Followers of Later Developments in Medicine,Followers of Classic Methods,Integrated School,and School of Textual Research.Alter Meiji Restoration,Kampo medicine experienced a tremendous impact by western medicine.However after World War II,with unremitting endeavors from learned scholars,traditional Japanese medicinje was revived again.

Research on the Landscape Painting in Ming and Qing Dynasties of the Art of Wu School

In this paper, we conduct research on the landscape painting in Ming and Qing dynasties of the art of Wu School. The Wu School of art is full of creativity, they worship nature, between large vigorous refined landscape painting in the real world with fast red green courtyard, this spirit of the innovation to future generations of artists with great inspiration, Wu school opened up the artistic development for future generations, direct and profound infi uence after the landscape painting and flower and bird painting. Today, we are in the pursuit of the traditional Chinese painting of change, innovation, modernization, “Wu door school” this group of literati painter to do a historical retrospect that is a positive significance. Based on this historical time, we analyze the corresponding theories to provide the systematic research that will be meaningful.

Exploration of Teaching and Education: Integration of Sports and Medicine in Physical Education in Colleges and Universities

Based on the concept and definition of“integration of sports and medicine,”this paper analyzes the current situation of the integration,where it lacks innovative physical education curriculum content and physical education teachers with conventional medical professional knowledge;in addition,physical education disciplines with medical characteristics are not highlighted.Therefore,relevant measures are put forward for reference and discussion.

《五十二病方》方剂与病类及病症相对应的思维特征解析

《五十二病方》基于“病类或病种-症状群或症状-复方或单药方”临床模式,具备了理法方药体系的基本框架,其方剂与病类及病症相对应的思维特征,表现为三个方面:集体表象、互渗律和原逻辑为特征的原逻辑思维应用;直观思维和表象思维为特征的初级逻辑思维应用;原始认知和实证使用的经验型逻辑思维应用。由此构建了初始的临床医学体系,医巫分道扬镳。这种方症对应的思维特征,直接引发创新性的逻辑思维,为辨病辨证论治的临床思维之缘起。

校院联合、医教一体开展专科护理人才培养的探索

在国家政策的支持和引导下,我国专科护士培养取得长足进步。但总体来说,仍存在专科护士教育体系不完善、培训内容不规范、师资力量薄弱、缺乏统一的资格认证、培养形式单一等问题。文章在分析我国专科护士培养的现状和存在问题的基础上,提出了高职院校联合临床教学基地“医教一体”开展专科护士人才培养的新路径。从专科护士“医教一体”培养合作模式与运行机制的建立、培养对象的选择和专科护理“医教一体”人才培养模式的创新、课程结构的重塑、临床教学基地的建设和专科护理师资队伍的建设等方面开展积极探索与实践,取得较好的成效,相关探索与实践是对专科护理人才培养新机制、新途径的有益探索,有利于充分发挥学校教育和高质量医疗资源两方面的优势,共同促进我国专科护士人才的培养,也为完善专科护士学历教育体系提供实践参考。

黄河文化视域下的中医骨伤流派研究

黄河流经不同地域,形成了各具特色的地域文化及中医药文化。黄河流域中医骨伤流派是中医学重要组成部分,千年来植根于黄河文化的沃土,结合当地地域特色,形成了各具特色的学术流派,推动了黄河流域骨伤科学的发展。通过文献资料研究黄河文化视域下各骨伤流派的历史渊源、特色及其对地方医学的贡献,探究黄河文化与学术流派的传承与发展,加深对黄河流域中医骨伤流派的认识,对推动中医骨伤科学发展,促进中医药传承与创新具有重要意义。