Optoelectronic Synapses Based on MXene/Violet Phosphorus van der Waals Heterojunctions for Visual‑Olfactory Crossmodal Perception

The crossmodal interaction of different senses,which is an important basis for learning and memory in the human brain,is highly desired to be mimicked at the device level for developing neuromorphic crossmodal perception,but related researches are scarce.Here,we demonstrate an optoelectronic synapse for vision-olfactory crossmodal perception based on MXene/violet phosphorus(VP)van der Waals heterojunctions.Benefiting from the efficient separation and transport of photogenerated carriers facilitated by conductive MXene,the photoelectric responsivity of VP is dramatically enhanced by 7 orders of magnitude,reaching up to 7.7 A W^(−1).Excited by ultraviolet light,multiple synaptic functions,including excitatory postsynaptic currents,pairedpulse facilitation,short/long-term plasticity and“learning-experience”behavior,were demonstrated with a low power consumption.Furthermore,the proposed optoelectronic synapse exhibits distinct synaptic behaviors in different gas environments,enabling it to simulate the interaction of visual and olfactory information for crossmodal perception.This work demonstrates the great potential of VP in optoelectronics and provides a promising platform for applications such as virtual reality and neurorobotics.

Rational design of vitamin C/defective carbon van der Waals heterostructure for enhanced activity,durability and storage stability toward oxygen reduction reaction

Metal-free defective carbon materials with abundant active sites have been widely studied as low-cost and efficient oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)electrocatalysts in metal-air batteries.However,the active sites in defective carbon are easily subjected to serious oxidation or hydroxylation during ORR or storage,leading to rapid degradation of activity.Herein,we design a van der Waals heterostructure comprised of vitamin C(VC)and defective carbon(DC)to not only boost the activity but also enhance the durability and storage stability of the DC-VC electrocatalyst.The formation of VC van der Waals between DC and VC is demonstrated to be an effective strategy to protect the defect active sites from oxidation and hydroxylation degradation,thus significantly enhancing the electrochemical durability and storage anti-aging performance.Moreover,the DC-VC van der Waals can reduce the reaction energy barrier to facilitate the ORR.These findings are also confirmed by operando Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations.It is necessary to mention that the preparation of this DC-VC electrocatalyst can be scaled up,and the ORR performance of the largely produced electrocatalyst is demonstrated to be very consistent.Furthermore,the DC-VC-based aluminum-air batteries display very competitive power density with good performance maintenance.

Phonon resonance modulation in weak van der Waals heterostructures:Controlling thermal transport in graphene-silicon nanoparticle systems

The drive for efficient thermal management has intensified with the miniaturization of electronic devices.This study explores the modulation of phonon transport within graphene by introducing silicon nanoparticles influenced by van der Waals forces.Our approach involves the application of non-equilibrium molecular dynamics to assess thermal conductivity while varying the interaction strength,leading to a noteworthy reduction in thermal conductivity.Furthermore,we observe a distinct attenuation in length-dependent behavior within the graphene-nanoparticles system.Our exploration combines wave packet simulations with phonon transmission calculations,aligning with a comprehensive analysis of the phonon transport regime to unveil the underlying physical mechanisms at play.Lastly,we conduct transient molecular dynamics simulations to investigate interfacial thermal conductance between the nanoparticles and the graphene,revealing an enhanced thermal boundary conductance.This research not only contributes to our understanding of phonon transport but also opens a new degree of freedom for utilizing van der Waals nanoparticle-induced resonance,offering promising avenues for the modulation of thermal properties in advanced materials and enhancing their performance in various technological applications.

ZnSb/Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)MXene van der Waals heterojunction for flexible near-infrared photodetector arrays

Two-dimension(2D)van der Waals heterojunction holds essential promise in achieving high-performance flexible near-infrared(NIR)photodetector.Here,we report the successful fabrication of ZnSb/Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)MXene based flexible NIR photodetector array via a facile photolithography technology.The single ZnSb/Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)photodetector exhibited a high light-to-dark current ratio of 4.98,fast response/recovery time(2.5/1.3 s)and excellent stability due to the tight connection between 2D ZnSb nanoplates and 2D Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)MXene nanoflakes,and the formed 2D van der Waals heterojunction.Thin polyethylene terephthalate(PET)substrate enables the ZnSb/Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)photodetector withstand bending such that stable photoelectrical properties with non-obvious change were maintained over 5000 bending cycles.Moreover,the ZnSb/Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)photodetectors were integrated into a 26×5 device array,realizing a NIR image sensing application.

Metal-Free 2D/2D van der Waals Heterojunction Based on Covalent Organic Frameworks for Highly Efficient Solar Energy Catalysis

Covalent organic frameworks(COFs)have emerged as a kind of rising star materials in photocatalysis.However,their photocatalytic activities are restricted by the high photogenerated electron-hole pairs recombination rate.Herein,a novel metal-free 2D/2D van der Waals heterojunction,composed of a two-dimensional(2D)COF with ketoenamine linkage(TpPa-1-COF)and 2D defective hexagonal boron nitride(h-BN),is successfully constructed through in situ solvothermal method.Benefitting from the presence of VDW heterojunction,larger contact area and intimate electronic coupling can be formed between the interface of TpPa-1-COF and defective h-BN,which make contributions to promoting charge car-riers separation.The introduced defects can also endow the h-BN with porous structure,thus providing more reactive sites.Moreover,the TpPa-1-COF will undergo a structural transformation after being integrated with defective h-BN,which can enlarge the gap between the conduction band position of the h-BN and TpPa-1-COF,and suppress electron backflow,corroborated by experimental and density functional theory calculations results.Accordingly,the resulting porous h-BN/TpPa-1-COF metal-free VDW heterojunction displays out-standing solar energy catalytic activity for water splitting without co-catalysts,and the H_(2) evolution rate can reach up to 3.15 mmol g^(−1) h^(−1),which is about 67 times greater than that of pristine TpPa-1-COF,also surpassing that of state-of-the-art metal-free-based photocatalysts reported to date.In particular,it is the first work for constructing COFs-based heterojunctions with the help of h-BN,which may provide new avenue for designing highly efficient metal-free-based photocatalysts for H_(2) evolution.

Ga intercalation in van der Waals layers for advancing p-type Bi_(2)Te_(3)-based thermoelectrics

Tetradymite-structured chalcogenides,such as Bi_(2)Te_(3) and Sb_(2)Te_(3),are quasi-two-dimensional(2D)layered compounds,which are significant thermoelectric materials applied near room temperature.The intercalation of guest species in van der Waals(vdW)gap implemented for tunning properties has attracted much attention in recent years.We attempt to insert Ga atoms in the vdW gap between the Te layers in p-type Bi_(0.3)Sb_(1.7)Te_(3)(BST)for further improving thermoelectrics.The vdW-related defects(including extrinsic interstitial and intrinsic defects)induced by Ga intercalation can not only modulate the carrier concentration but also enhance the texture,thereby yielding excellent electrical properties,which are reflected in the power factor PF~4.43 mW·m^(-1)·K^(-2).Furthermore,the intercalation of Ga produces multi-scale lattice imperfections such as point defects,Te precipitations,and nanopores,realizing the low lattice thermal conductivity in BST-Ga samples.Ultimately,a peak zT~1.1 at 373 K is achieved in the BST-1%Ga sample and greatly improved by~22%compared to the pristine BST.The weak bonding of vdW interlayer interaction can boost the synergistic effect for advancing BST-based or other layered thermoelectrics.

THE EXISTENCE OF GLOBAL SOLUTIONS FOR THE FULL NAVIER-STOKES-KORTEWEG SYSTEM OF VAN DER WAALS GAS

The aim of this work is to prove the existence for the global solution of a nonisothermal or non-isentropic model of capillary compressible fluids derived by J.E.Dunn and J.Serrin(1985),in the case of van der Waals gas.Under the small initial perturbation,the proof of the global existence is based on an elementary energy method using the continuation argument of local solution.Moreover,the uniqueness of global solutions and large time behavior of the density are given.It is one of the main difficulties that the pressure p is not the increasing function of the densityρ.

InSe-Te van der Waals heterostructures for current rectification and photodetection

As the basis of modern electronics and optoelectronics,high-performance,multi-functional p-n junctions have manifested and occupied an important position.However,the performance of the silicon-based p-n junctions declines gradually as the thickness approaches to few nanometers.The heterojunction constructed by two-dimensional(2D)materials can significantly improve the device performance compared with traditional technologies.Here,we report the In Se-Te type-II van der Waals heterostructures with rectification ratio up to 1.56×10^(7) at drain-source voltage of±2 V.The p-n junction exhibits a photovoltaic and photoelectric effect under different laser wavelengths and densities and has high photoresponsivity and detectivity under low irradiated light power.Moreover,the heterojunction has stable photo/dark current states and good photoelectric switching characteristics.Such high-performance heterostructured device based on 2D materials provides a new way for futural electronic and optoelectronic devices.

A novel monoclinic phase and electrically tunable magnetism of van der Waals layered magnet CrTe2

Exploring the novel structural phase of van der Waals(vdW) magnets would promote the development of spintronics.Here, through first-principles calculations, we report a novel monoclinic structure of vdW layered 1T-CrTe2, which is one of the popular vdW magnets normally exhibiting a trigonal structure. The new monoclinic phase emerges from a switchable magnetic state between ferromagnetism and antiferromagnetism through changing hole doping concentration, which suggests a practical approach to obtain such a structure. The results of phonon dispersion and energy analysis convince us that the monoclinic structure is a metastable phase even without hole doping. When the hole doping concentration increases,the stability analysis indicates the preference for a novel monoclinic phase rather than a conventional trigonal phase, and meanwhile, the magnetic properties are accordingly tuned. This work provides new insights into the phase engineering of the chalcogenide family and the electrical control of magnetism of vdW layered magnets.

Introducing Spin Polarization into Mixed-Dimensional Van der Waals Heterostructures for High-Efficiency Visible-Light Photocatalysis

The low separation efficiency of the photogenerated carrier and the poor activity of the surface redox reaction are the main barrier to further improvement of photocatalytic materials.To address these issues,introducing spin-polarized electrons in single-component photocatalytic materials emerged as a promising approach.However,the decreased redox ability of photocarriers in these materials becomes a new challenge.Herein,we mitigate this challenge with a carbon nitride sheet(CNs)/graphene nanoribbon(GNR)composite material that has a van der Waals heterostructures(vdWHs)and spin-polarized electron properties.Experimental results and theoretical calculations show that the heterostructure has a strong redox ability,high carrier-separation efficiency,and enhanced surface catalytic reaction.Consequently,the mixed-dimensional CNs/GNR vdWHs exhibit remarkable performance for H_(2)and O_(2)generation as well as CO_(2)production under visible-light irradiation without any cocatalyst.The spin-polarized vdWHs discovered in this study revealed a new type of photocatalytic materials and advanced the development of spintronics and photocatalysis.

Fabrication and applications of van der Waals heterostructures

Van der Waals heterostructures(vdWHs) are showing considerable potential in both fundamental exploration and practical applications. Built upon the synthetic successes of(two-dimensional) 2D materials, several synthetic strategies of vdWHs have been developed,allowing the convenient fabrication of diverse vdWHs with decent controllability, quality, and scalability. This review first summarizes the current state of the art in synthetic strategies of vdWHs, including physical combination, deposition, solvothermal synthesis, and synchronous evolution. Then three major applications and their representative vdWH devices have been reviewed, including electronics(tunneling field effect transistors and 2D contact),optoelectronics(photodetector), and energy conversion(electrocatalysts and metal ion batteries), to unveil the potentials of vdWHs in practical applications and provide the general design principles of functional vdWHs for different applications. Besides, moiré superlattices based on vdWHs are discussed to showcase the importance of vdWHs as a platform for novel condensed matter physics. Finally, the crucial challenges towards ideal vdWHs with high performance are discussed, and the outlook for future development is presented. By the systematical integration of synthetic strategies and applications, we hope this review can further light up the rational designs of vdWHs for emerging applications.

Intrinsic Mechanisms of Morphological Engineering and Carbon Doping for Improved Photocatalysis of 2D/2D Carbon Nitride Van Der Waals Heterojunction

Van der Waals(VDW)heterojunctions in a 2D/2D contact provide the highest area for the separation and transfer of charge carriers.In this work,a top-down strategy with a gas erosion process was employed to fabricate a 2D/2D carbon nitride VDW heterojunction in carbon nitride(g-C_(3)N_(4))with carbon-rich carbon nitride.The created 2D semiconducting channel in the VDW structure exhibits enhanced electric field exposure and radiation absorption,which facilitates the separation of the charge carriers and their mobility.Consequently,compared with bulk g-C_(3)N_(4)and its nanosheets,the photocatalytic performance of the fabricated carbon nitride VDW heterojunction in the water splitting reaction to hydrogen is improved by 8.6 and 3.3 times,respectively,while maintaining satisfactory photo-stability.Mechanistically,the finite element method(FEM)was employed to evaluate and clarify the contributions of the formation of VDW heterojunction to enhanced photocatalysis,in agreement quantitatively with experimental ones.This study provides a new and effective strategy for the modification and more insights to performance improvement on polymeric semiconductors in photocatalysis and energy conversion.

基于实际气体模型的油浸式变压器爆炸应力分布研究

为了揭示变压器爆炸瞬间应力在变压器油中的传播过程以及变压器油箱变形的影响因素,本文采用数值计算方法,考虑实际气体对仿真结果的影响,引入范德华方程,从变压器油中气体类型、电弧放电位置两方面对变压器油箱的应力分布规律进行研究。以某110kV通用型变压器为例进行分析,结果表明:气体类型是影响油箱应力大小的重要因素,爆炸分析应采用实际气体模型;电弧放电位于绕组下端时,油箱应力较大;总体而言,爆炸发生时,变压器箱体底面和端面应力值较大。

GaSe/ZnS异质结的结构和界面性质的第一性原理研究

本文设计了一种GaSe/ZnS范德瓦耳斯异质结构(vdWH),并用第一性原理计算系统地分析了该异质结构的几何、电子、输运性质。通过结合能、声子谱、从头算分子动力学(AIMD)模拟验证了所构建GaSe/ZnS范德瓦耳斯异质结构的稳定性。详细计算了GaSe/ZnS vdWH界面性质中的平面平均电子密度差和平均静电势。结果表明,GaSe/ZnS vdWH是一种直接带隙为2.19 eV,载流子迁移率较高的异质结构。其中,沿x方向的电子迁移率可达1394.63 cm^(2)·V^(-1)·s^(-1),而沿y方向的电子迁移率可达1913.18 cm^(2)·V^(-1)·s^(-1),性能优异,有望应用于电子纳米器件。

大尺寸GaN微波材料范德瓦耳斯外延机理及应力调控研究

本文基于金属有机化学气相沉积(MOCVD)技术,以少层氮化硼(BN)作为插入层在4英寸蓝宝石衬底上开展范德瓦耳斯异质外延GaN微波材料的生长机理及应力调控方面的研究,探讨了AlN成核工艺对GaN缓冲层生长机制的影响,以及与材料晶体质量、应力及电学性能等之间的关联。提出了一种基于AlN/AlGaN复合成核技术的应力调控方案,首次实现了大尺寸范德瓦耳斯(vdW)异质外延材料应力的有效管控,研制的GaN微波材料的弯曲度(Bow)为+20.4μm,(002)/(102)面半峰全宽为471.6/933.5 arcsec,表面均方根粗糙度为0.52 nm,电子迁移率达到2000 cm^(2)/(V·s)。最后,基于机械剥离实现了大尺寸晶圆级GaN微波材料与蓝宝石衬底的分离,为高导热衬底转移提供便利,为大功率射频器件的制作创造条件。

对比态vdW气体的转换温度

运用对比态形式的vdW状态方程,分析和导出J-T效应的对比转换温度关系式;并且通过Matlab仿真技术绘制出空气、氮气等几种气体的转换曲线,将其与实验测定的转换曲线进行对比分析。

石墨烯-MnBi_(2)Te_(4)异质结室温高灵敏度太赫兹探测器

太赫兹技术因其在医学成像、深空探索、无线通信、无损检测等领域的应用前景而受到广泛关注。然而,常温条件下对太赫兹辐射进行高灵敏度检测仍然是一个极大的技术挑战。文中利用低热导率的磁性拓扑绝缘体MnBi_(2)Te_(4)与高热导率的石墨烯形成范德华异质结,进而构建了一种异质结结构的太赫兹探测器。室温条件下,在0.04 THz与0.12 THz的频率太赫兹辐射照射下,探测器展现出超快的光电响应速度(16μs)和较高的响应度(0.43 mA/W和4.61 mA/W),同时具备较低的噪声等效功率(2.04 nW/Hz^(1/2)和190.58 pW/Hz^(1/2))。结果表明,基于石墨烯-MnBi_(2)Te_(4)异质结的太赫兹探测器在太赫兹探测领域具有巨大的应用潜力。

基于二项熵和邻域节点间范德华力的关键节点识别方法

对节点重要性进行排序是复杂网络中识别关键节点的一种常用分析方法,分析网络中节点的重要性,有助于深入了解网络特性。在现有方法上为进一步提升节点评估精准度,引入二项熵概念来量化节点在网络中的重要性,通过邻域相似度衡量节点间的相互影响力,同时采用范德华力抽象节点之间的相互作用关系,提出一种基于二项熵和邻域节点间范德华力的关键节点识别方法,该方法从网络的整体信息流和相邻节点之间的位置和交互关系,综合考虑节点的局部和全局特征,并选取3个同类算法通过3个评价指标验证性能优劣,实验结果表明该算法对重要节点的判断具有良好的性能。

结合布朗力与范德华力的磁流变液沉降模拟

为提升磁流变液沉降稳定性的研究效率,改善只能通过实验检测磁流变液沉降性能的现状,本文通过动力学方法模拟磁性颗粒的微观力学模型,提出了无磁场条件下的磁流变液沉降模拟方法,并以基于电感的沉降检测实验验证了模拟方法的有效性。磁流变液的沉降过程是在无磁场环境下进行的,因此,文章在磁场条件下磁流变液微观力学模型的基础上,引入布朗力与范德华力的作用,去除了磁场对磁性颗粒的影响,并提出了考虑布朗力与范德华力的磁流变液沉降模拟方法;将磁流变液的各项参数代入到前文提出的磁流变液沉降模拟方法中,并与基于电感的磁流变液沉降检测实验数据进行对比,以验证所提方法的有效性。结果表明,引入布朗力与范德华力的磁流变液沉降模拟方法可以较为准确地预测磁流变液的沉降速率,有效解决当前磁流变液沉降稳定性研究耗时较长的缺点。

基于范德华材料的偏振探测器及性能增强方法(特邀)

随着高分辨率成像、信息通信、量子计算等先进技术对光电探测精度和效率的需求日益增长,偏振光探测作为光电技术的一个重要分支,正面临着前所未有的挑战和机遇。本文全面综述了基于范德华二维材料的偏振光电探测技术的最新进展,尤其聚焦于通过表面等离激元、铁电场调控以及转角材料等三种先进策略来显著提高偏振探测性能的创新方法。表面等离激元技术通过局域和传播等离激元共振增强光与材料的相互作用,显著提升了偏振探测的灵敏度和选择性。铁电场调控利用铁电材料的自发极化和局域电场,有效调节探测器件的载流子浓度和光电性能,为实现高效率和低能耗偏振探测提供了新的途径。转角材料通过调整双层二维材料之间的相对角度,引入电子结构和光学性质的可调控性,开辟了偏振探测新领域。最后展望了这些策略在未来偏振光电探测技术发展中的应用前景,强调了材料科学和微纳加工技术的综合应用将为实现高性能偏振探测器件提供强大的支持。