Numerical analysis on transitions and symmetry-breaking in the wake of a flapping foil

Flying and marine animals often use flapping wings or tails to generate thrust. In this paper, we will use the simplest flapping model with a sinusoidal pitching mo- tion over a range of frequency and amplitude to investigate the mechanism of thrust generation. Previous work focuses on the Karman vortex street and the reversed Karman vor- tex street but the transition between two states remains un- known. The present numerical simulation provides a com- plete scenario of flow patterns from the Karman vortex street to reversed Karman vortex street via aligned vortices and the ultimate state is the deflected Karman vortex street, as the parameters of flapping motions change. The results are in agreement with the previous experiment. We make further discussion on the relationship of the observed states with drag and thrust coefficients and explore the mechanism of enhanced thrust generation using flapping motions.

Regulating the interfacial charge transfer and constructing symmetry-breaking sites for the enhanced N_(2) electroreduction activity

The Haber-Bosch process for industrial NH_(3) production is energy-intensive with heavy CO_(2) emissions.Electrochemical N_(2) reduction reaction(NRR)is an attractive carbon-neutral alternative for NH_(3) synthesis,while the challenge associated with N_(2) activation highlights the demand for efficient electrocatalysts.Herein,we demonstrate that PdCu nanoparticles with different Pd/Cu ratios anchored on boron nanosheet(PdCu/B)behave as efficient NRR electrocatalysts toward NH_(3) synthesis.Theoretical and experimental results confirm that the highly efficient NH_(3) synthesis can be achieved by regulating the charge transfer between interfaces and forming a symmetry-breaking site,which not only alleviates the hydrogen evolution but also changes the adsorption configuration of N_(2) and thus optimizes the reaction pathway of NRR over the separated Pd sites.Compared with monometallic Pd/B and Cu/B,the PdCu/B with the optimized Pd/Cu ratio of 1 exhibits superior activity and selectivity for NH_(3) synthesis.This study provides new insight into developing efficient catalysts for small energy molecule catalytic conversion via regulating the charge transfer between interfaces and constructing symmetry-breaking sites.

Symmetry-breaking of LiMn_(6) hexatomic-ring in grain surface of Li_(2)MnO_(3)

LiMn_(6) hexatomic-rings act as functional units in Li-rich layered oxides(LLOs),which determine the capacity,voltage,and structural stability of LLOs.However,the symmetry of the LiMn_(6) hexatomic-ring is always broken,especially in the grain surface of LLOs,which will greatly affect its electrochemical performance.Herein,the symmetry-breaking of LiMn_(6) hexatomic-ring in the grain surface of Li_(2)MnO_(3) was studied,and their effect on charge compensation mechanism and structure evolution behavior was thoroughly investigated.The results show that the electrochemical activity of the symmetry-broken LiMn_(6) hexatomic-ring is higher than that of the unbroken LiMn_(6),and the former is more favorable for spinelization on the grain surface.Furthermore,the exposure proportion of crystallographic planes with different symmetry-broken LiMn_(6) hexatomic-ring has also been discussed,which can be adjusted by changing the partial pressure of oxygen.The in-depth understanding of the symmetry-breaking of LiMn_(6) hexatomic-ring will provide more targeted strategies for designing high-performance LLOs cathodes for lithium-ion batteries.

A nonlinear wake model of a wind turbine considering the yaw wake steering

Duo to fluctuations in atmospheric turbulence and yaw control strategies,wind turbines are often in a yaw state.To predict the far wake velocity field of wind turbines quickly and accurately,a wake velocity model was derived based on the method of momentum conservation considering the wake steering of the wind turbine under yaw conditions.To consider the shear effect of the vertical incoming wind direction,a two-dimensional Gaussian distribution function was introduced to model the velocity loss at different axial positions in the far wake region based on the assumption of nonlinear wake expansion.This work also developed a“prediction-correction”method to solve the wake velocity field,and the accuracy of the model results was verified in wake experiments on the Garrad Hassan wind turbine.Moreover,a 33-kW two-blade horizontal axis wind turbine was simulated using this method,and the results were compared with the classical wake model under the same parameters and the computational fluid dynamics(CFD)simulation results.The results show that the nonlinear wake model well reflected the influence of incoming flow shear and yaw wake steering in the wake velocity field.Finally,computation of the wake flow for the Horns Rev offshore wind farm with 80 wind turbines showed an error within 8%compared to the experimental values.The established wake model is less computationally intensive than other methods,has a faster calculation speed,and can be used for engineering calculations of the wake velocity in the far wakefield of wind turbines.

Assessment of scale interactions associated with wake meandering using bispectral analysis methodologies

Large atmospheric boundary layer fluctuations and smaller turbine-scale vorticity dynamics are separately hypothesized to initiate the wind turbine wake meandering phenomenon,a coherent,dynamic,turbine-scale oscillation of the far wake.Triadic interactions,the mechanism of energy transfers between scales,manifest as triples of wavenumbers or frequencies and can be characterized through bispectral analyses.The bispectrum,which correlates the two frequencies to their sum,is calculated by two recently developed multi-dimensional modal decomposition methods:scale-specific energy transfer method and bispectral mode decomposition.Large-eddy simulation of a utility-scale wind turbine in an atmospheric boundary layer with a broad range of large length-scales is used to acquire instantaneous velocity snapshots.The bispectrum from both methods identifies prominent upwind and wake meandering interactions that create a broad range of energy scales including the wake meandering scale.The coherent kinetic energy associated with the interactions shows strong correlation between upwind scales and wake meandering.

First-principles calculations of 5d atoms doped hexagonal-AlN sheets: Geometry, magnetic property and the influence of symmetry and symmetry-breaking on the electronic structure

The geometry, electronic structure and magnetic property of the hexagonal AlN(h-AlN) sheet doped by 5d atoms(Lu, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au and Hg) are investigated by first-principles calculations based on the density functional theory. The influence of symmetry and symmetry-breaking is also studied. There are two types of local symmetries of the doped systems: C3v and D3h. The symmetry will deviate from exact C3v and D3h for some particular dopants after optimization. The total magnetic moments of the doped systems are 0μBfor Lu, Ta and Ir; 1μB for Hf, W, Pt and Hg; 2μB for Re and Au; and 3μB for Os and Al-vacancy. The total densities of state are presented, where impurity energy levels exist. The impurity energy levels and total magnetic moments can be explained by the splitting of 5d orbitals or molecular orbitals under different symmetries.

Atomic even-harmonic generation due to symmetry-breaking effects induced by spatially inhomogeneous field

We ab initio investigate the interaction between the hydrogen atom and the inhomogeneous field which is induced by resonant plasmons within a metal nanostructure.Same as normal laser pulse(homogeneous field), only odd-harmonic generation occurs when the bow-tie nanostructure is utilized.For the single nanotip case, the even-harmonic generation can be distinctly found in the harmonic emission spectrum.By investigating the symmetry and trajectories of different inhomogeneous fields, we demonstrate that the breaking symmetry of system can enable even high harmonic generations.

A NEW APPROACH FOR THE COMPUTATION OF DOUBLE SYMMETRY-BREAKING TURNING POINTS

We will consider an extension of a direct method due to Griewank and Reddien for the computation of double symmetry-breaking turning points which arise in the two-parameter dependent nonlinear problem of the form f(x,λ,μ)= 0. The method proposed could produce an extended system which does not introduce the null vectors as variables, and could therefore reduce the computational effort and storage. One numerical example is presented to demonstrate that the method is efficient.

Classification of Simple Higher-Order Symmetry-Breaking Bifurcations and Their Computation

This paper deals with the classification of the simple higher-order symmetry-breaking bifurcation in multiparameter nonlinear problems with Z2-symmetry. The regular extended systems for computing the simple higher-order symmetry-breaking bifurcation points with different singularities are proposed. An etficient algorithm for solving the extended systems is given. Finally, some numerical examples are shown to demonstrate the efficiency of the algorithm.

Three-dimensional dynamics of a single bubble rising near a vertical wall:Paths and wakes

In order to clarify the migration mechanism and wake behavior of a single bubble rising near a vertical wall,three-dimensional direct numerical simulations are implemented based on the open-source soft-ware Basilisk and various types of migration paths like linear,zigzag and spiral are investigated.The volume of fluid(VOF)method is used to capture the bubble interface at a small scale,while the gas-liquid interface and high-velocity-gradient regions in the flow field are encrypted with the adaptive mesh refinement technology.The results show that the vertical wall has an obstructive effect on the diffusion of the vortex boundary layer on the surface of the bubble migrating in a straight line,and the resulting reaction force tends to push the bubbles away from the wall surface.For the zigzag or spiral movement of a bubble in the x-y plane,the perpendicular wall is an unstable factor,but on the contrary,the motion in the z-y plane is stabilized.

Linear logistic regression with weight thresholding for flow regime classification of a stratified wake

A stratified wake has multiple flow regimes,and exhibits different behaviors in these regimes due to the competing physical effects of momentum and buoyancy.This work aims at automated classification of the weakly and the strongly stratified turbulence regimes based on information available in a full Reynolds stress model.First,we generate a direct numerical simulation database with Reynolds numbers from 10,000 to 50,000 and Froude numbers from 2 to 50.Order(100)independent realizations of temporally evolving wakes are computed to get converged statistics.Second,we train a linear logistic regression classifier with weight thresholding for automated flow regime classification.The classifier is designed to identify the physics critical to classification.Trained against data at one flow condition,the classifier is found to generalize well to other Reynolds and Froude numbers.The results show that the physics governing wake evolution is universal,and that the classifier captures that physics.

Excitation and power spectrum analysis of electromagnetic radiation for the plasma wake of reentry vehicles

The plasma wake of reentry vehicles has the advantages of extensive space range and long traceability,which provides new possibilities for the detection and monitoring of reentry vehicles.Based on the Zakharov model,this work investigates the excitation and power spectrum characteristics of electromagnetic radiation for the plasma wake of a typical reentry vehicle.With the aid of parametric decay instability,the excitation condition of electromagnetic radiation for a typical plasma wake is evaluated first.The power spectrum characteristics of electromagnetic radiation,including the effects of both the flight parameters and incident wave parameters are analyzed in detail.The results show that when the phenomenon of excited electromagnetic radiation occurs,plasma wakes closer to the bottom of the vehicle and with faster speeds require higher incident frequencies and thresholds of the electric field.As the frequency of the incident wave increases,peaks appear in the power spectra of plasma wakes,and their magnitudes increase gradually.The frequency shifts of the secondary peaks are equal,whereas,the peaks of the downshifted spectral lines are generally larger than those of the upshifted spectral lines.The work in this paper provides a new idea and method for the tracking of reentry vehicles,which has potential application value in the field of reentry vehicle detection.

On the structure of the turbulent/non-turbulent interface in a fully developed spatially evolving axisymmetric wake

In this work,we numerically study the structure of the turbulent/nonturbulent(T/NT)interface in a fully developed spatially evolving axisymmetric wake by means of direct numerical simulations.There is a continuous and contorted pure shear layer(PSL)adjacent to the outer edge of the T/NT interface.The local thickness of the PSLδ_(PSL)exhibits a wide range of scales(from the Kolmogorov scale to the Taylor microscale)and the conditional mean thickness<δ_(PSL)>I/η_(c)≈6 withη_(c)being the centerline Kolmogorov scale is the same as the viscous superlayer.In the viscous superlayer,the pure shear motions without rotation are overwhelmingly dominant.It is also demonstrated that the physics of the turbulent sublayer is closely related to the PSL with a large thickness.Another significant finding is that the time averaged area of the rotational regionA R,and the pure shear region<A_(S)>at different streamwise locations scale with the square of the wake-width b_(U)^(2).This study opens an avenue for a better understanding of the structures of the T/NT interface.

Wake Effects on A Hybrid Semi-Submersible Floating Wind Farm with Multiple Hub Heights

Wind farms generally consist of a single turbine installed with the same hub height. As the scale of turbines increases,wake interference between turbines becomes increasingly significant, especially for floating wind turbines(FWT).Some researchers find that wind farms with multiple hub heights could increase the annual energy production(AEP),while previous studies also indicate that wake meandering could increase fatigue loading. This study investigates the wake interaction within a hybrid floating wind farm with multiple hub heights. In this study, FAST.Farm is employed to simulate a hybrid wind farm which consists of four semi-submersible FWTs(5MW and 15MW) with two different hub heights. Three typical wind speeds(below-rated, rated, and over-rated) are considered in this paper to investigate the wake meandering effects on the dynamics of two FWTs. Damage equivalent loads(DEL) of the turbine critical components are computed and analyzed for several arrangements determined by the different spacing of the four turbines. The result shows that the dynamic wake meandering significantly affects downstream turbines’ global loadings and load effects. Differences in DEL show that blade-root flapwise bending moments and mooring fairlead tensions are sensitive to the spacing of the turbines.

基于LSTM-POD的汽车湍流尾迹的高时间分辨速度场重构

本文针对方背Ahmed汽车标模的湍流尾迹,建立基于长短时记忆法(long short-term memory,LSTM)和本征正交分解(proper orthogonal decomposition, POD)相结合的深度学习模型LSTM-POD。通过建立非时间分辨平面速度场POD模态系数和若干离散点的时间分辨速度信号的映射关系,实现了方背Ahmed汽车标模湍流尾迹流场的高时间分辨率重构,并对比了不同时间步长配置,即单时间步长(LSTM-Sin)和多时间步长(LSTM-Mul)对重构效果的影响。研究表明:LSTM-POD模型在时间序列重构中具有较强的学习和泛化能力。另外,LSTM-Mul考虑到了时间上的连续性和相关性,相较于LSTM-Sin,其重构出的低阶模态系数和速度场与POD的重构结果更吻合。本研究提出的深度学习模型可以缓解通过实验及高精度数值模拟获取高时间分辨率流场数据资源消耗大、计算效率低等问题。

高速列车尾车垂向偏置对列车气动性能影响

在长期的高速列车运营过程中,极易形成前后车辆的不同形式偏置,造成列车气动性能改变,甚至可能引发行车平稳性问题,极大影响乘坐舒适性和安全性。以高速列车尾车作为研究对象,探究尾车上下偏置时,高速列车尾部流场变化以及气动特性。基于SST k-ω双方程湍流模型,采用数值仿真方法研究了350 km/h高速列车尾车无偏置、尾车下降20 mm、尾车下降40 mm、尾车下降60 mm、尾车上升20 mm、尾车上升40 mm以及尾车上升60 mm 7种工况下列车的气动性能,分析高速列车气动阻力的变化规律,揭示了不同垂向位移下高速列车尾部流场特性以及列车表面压力分布情况。研究结果表明:高速列车尾部垂向位移对列车整体气动阻力影响较小,但对高速列车气动阻力分布以及流场特性造成一定影响。当尾车偏置位移达到60 mm时,列车车体气动阻力相对于无偏置工况分别降低了-1.11%和2.64%,转向架气动阻力相对无偏置情况下分别降低了11.35%和-17.43%。此外,尾车偏置对列车近尾流区域流场结构有一定影响,尾车鼻锥下方排障器周围漩涡结构由双漩涡结构向单漩涡结构转变;鼻尖处漩涡结构随着尾车高度下降而增大,随着尾车高度上升而逐渐变小。本研究结果丰富了列车尾部偏置情况下的相关研究,对列车检修以及CR450高速列车设计等具有重要指导意义。

基于时间间隔标准的尾流安全评估分析方法

科学地优化飞机间尾流间隔是提升机场吞吐量的重要举措,确保安全是尾流间隔实施的首要前提。首先,基于大涡模拟试验数据,对经典的两阶段消散模型(Wake Two-Stage Decay Model,D2P)模型进行改进,创建顶风对尾涡环量衰减的影响模型。然后,针对基于时间间隔(Time-Based Separation,TBS)未考虑顶风会影响尾涡移动和尾涡环量衰减,通过转化为飞机地速和构建改进D2P模型深刻分析两因素对尾涡遭遇严重度的影响。最后,计算实施TBS时不同风速不同机型组合对应的最小尾流间隔,并综合分析对应间隔的尾涡遭遇严重度。结果表明:虽然TBS未考虑顶风对尾涡移动和环量衰减的影响,但可以确保前后机安全性;在顶风8 m/s应用TBS方案时,各机型组合的尾涡遭遇严重度约为静风时的30%。TBS安全地缩减了顶风时的尾流间隔。

交感神经兴奋性与醒后脑卒中发生发展的相关性研究

目的 分析交感神经兴奋性与醒后脑卒中发生发展的相关性。方法 选取2020年7月至2022年1月我院收治的100例急性脑卒中住院患者,依据是否发生醒后脑卒中将患者分为醒后脑卒中组和非醒后脑卒中组。采用Logistic回归分析交感神经兴奋与醒后脑卒中发生发展的关系。结果 多因素分析显示,血压变异性、心率变异性、血糖变异性、电解质紊乱、25-羟维生素D_(3)、尿香草苦杏仁酸、儿茶酚胺是醒后脑卒中发生发展的危险因素(均P<0.05)。结论 交感神经兴奋性与醒后脑卒中发生发展具有相关性,血压变异性、心率变异性、血糖变异性、电解质紊乱、25-羟维生素D3、尿香草苦杏仁酸、儿茶酚胺是醒后脑卒中发生发展的危险因素。

基于激光雷达探测的飞机尾流融合预测方法

为提高基于激光雷达的飞机尾流探测反演精度,根据扫描出的径向风速数据,建立了基于Kolmogorov结构函数的大气背景湍流耗散率(EDR)估计方法;然后基于两阶段消散预测模型,计入湍流对尾流消散过程的影响,实现基于历史探测数据的尾涡强度环量和涡核运动趋势的预测;通过环境探测数据与预测模型的结合,提高尾涡特性参数的反演精度。研究表明,相较于反演算法,采用本文模型预测的尾涡轨迹在径向距离和角度的精度上分别提高了59.5%、64.8%。

基于等效粗糙度模型的风电场尾流数值模拟方法

随着风电场规模的扩大和密度的增加,风电场整场的尾流效应也日益显著且备受关注。准确评估风电场尾流效应对于风电场的建设和开发具有重要的意义,但目前仍缺乏同时兼顾计算精度和效率的尾流计算方法。本文基于OpenFOAM平台中的雷诺时均方法,实现了风电场等效粗糙度模型和雷诺平均方法的嵌套。结果表明,该方法相较于工程中常用的Jensen尾流模型和尾流叠加模型,计算精度得到了大幅的提高,且因为其对于风电场建模简单,所需计算资源较少,是用在大型风电场的一种工程应用价值较高的下游尾流计算方法。