Along the Czech-German border there are four national parks,two Czech and two German,arranged in cross-border‘pairs’.This article focuses on the southern‘pair’formed by the parks of?umava and Bayerischer Wald(Bava...Along the Czech-German border there are four national parks,two Czech and two German,arranged in cross-border‘pairs’.This article focuses on the southern‘pair’formed by the parks of?umava and Bayerischer Wald(Bavarian Forest).The aim is to evaluate and compare tourism organization in their areas,taking into account selected aspects of management:the network of hiking trails with its related infrastructure,transport accessibility,a typology of tourist centers,as well as directions and destinations of tourist movements.Based on the results,it can be concluded that the availability of geographical space for tourists is much greater in the German than in the Czech national park,and the tourism infrastructure is clearly more extensive there,including the network of tourist trails.This is mainly due to the longer and fairly uninterrupted development of tourism in this area.?umava National Park can be identified as a model in terms of how to adjust the directions of tourist movements and the layout of the tourist trail network to the needs of natural environment.On the basis of observations in both national parks,it is possible to indicate various solutions that,after appropriate adaptation,may bring benefits to other protected areas.展开更多
Hou,de la Torre和Nandakumar(2014)提出可以使用Wald统计量检验DIF,但其结果的一类错误率存在过度膨胀的问题。本研究中提出了一个使用观察信息矩阵进行计算的改进后的Wald统计量。结果表明:(1)使用观察信息矩阵计算的这一改进后的Wal...Hou,de la Torre和Nandakumar(2014)提出可以使用Wald统计量检验DIF,但其结果的一类错误率存在过度膨胀的问题。本研究中提出了一个使用观察信息矩阵进行计算的改进后的Wald统计量。结果表明:(1)使用观察信息矩阵计算的这一改进后的Wald统计量在DIF检验中具有良好的一类错误控制率,尤其是在项目具有较高区分能力的时候,解决了以往研究中一类错误率过度膨胀的问题。(2)随着样本量的增加以及DIF量的增大,使用观察信息矩阵计算Wald统计量的统计检验力也在增加。展开更多
为了解决部分均匀环境中训练数据不足时的子空间信号检测难题,采用贝叶斯理论,将噪声协方差矩阵建模为逆威沙特分布,并采用广义似然比准则(generalized likelihood ratio test,GLRT)、Rao准则和Wald准则设计自适应检测器,结果表明3种准...为了解决部分均匀环境中训练数据不足时的子空间信号检测难题,采用贝叶斯理论,将噪声协方差矩阵建模为逆威沙特分布,并采用广义似然比准则(generalized likelihood ratio test,GLRT)、Rao准则和Wald准则设计自适应检测器,结果表明3种准则得到相同的结果。基于仿真及实测数据验证了所提检测器的有效性,并得出了影响检测性能的关键物理量。展开更多
基金supported by the University of Wroclaw under grant no.0420/2667/18。
文摘Along the Czech-German border there are four national parks,two Czech and two German,arranged in cross-border‘pairs’.This article focuses on the southern‘pair’formed by the parks of?umava and Bayerischer Wald(Bavarian Forest).The aim is to evaluate and compare tourism organization in their areas,taking into account selected aspects of management:the network of hiking trails with its related infrastructure,transport accessibility,a typology of tourist centers,as well as directions and destinations of tourist movements.Based on the results,it can be concluded that the availability of geographical space for tourists is much greater in the German than in the Czech national park,and the tourism infrastructure is clearly more extensive there,including the network of tourist trails.This is mainly due to the longer and fairly uninterrupted development of tourism in this area.?umava National Park can be identified as a model in terms of how to adjust the directions of tourist movements and the layout of the tourist trail network to the needs of natural environment.On the basis of observations in both national parks,it is possible to indicate various solutions that,after appropriate adaptation,may bring benefits to other protected areas.
文摘Hou,de la Torre和Nandakumar(2014)提出可以使用Wald统计量检验DIF,但其结果的一类错误率存在过度膨胀的问题。本研究中提出了一个使用观察信息矩阵进行计算的改进后的Wald统计量。结果表明:(1)使用观察信息矩阵计算的这一改进后的Wald统计量在DIF检验中具有良好的一类错误控制率,尤其是在项目具有较高区分能力的时候,解决了以往研究中一类错误率过度膨胀的问题。(2)随着样本量的增加以及DIF量的增大,使用观察信息矩阵计算Wald统计量的统计检验力也在增加。
文摘为了解决部分均匀环境中训练数据不足时的子空间信号检测难题,采用贝叶斯理论,将噪声协方差矩阵建模为逆威沙特分布,并采用广义似然比准则(generalized likelihood ratio test,GLRT)、Rao准则和Wald准则设计自适应检测器,结果表明3种准则得到相同的结果。基于仿真及实测数据验证了所提检测器的有效性,并得出了影响检测性能的关键物理量。
