Improved design of special boundary elements for T-shaped reinforced concrete walls

This study examines the design provisions of the Chinese GB 50011-2010 code for seismic design of buildings for the special boundary elements of T-shaped reinforced concrete walls and proposes an improved design method. Comparison of the design provisions of the GB 50011-2010 code and those of the American code ACI 318-14 indicates a possible deficiency in the T-shaped wall design provisions in GB 50011-2010. A case study of a typical T-shaped wall designed in accordance with GB 50011-2010 also indicates the insufficient extent of the boundary element at the non-flange end and overly conservative design of the flange end boundary element. Improved designs for special boundary elements ofT-shaped walls are developed using a displacement-based method. The proposed design formulas produce a longer boundary element at the non-flange end and a shorter boundary element at the flange end, relative to those of the GB 50011-2010 provisions. Extensive numerical analysis indicates that T-shaped walls designed using the proposed formulas develop inelastic drift of 0.01 for both cases of the flange in compression and in tension.

Combined stress waves with phase transition in thin-walled tubes

The incremental constitutive relation and governing equations with combined stresses for phase transition wave propagation in a thin-walled tube are established based on the phase transition criterion considering both the hydrostatic pressure and the deviatoric stress. It is found that the centers of the initial and subsequent phase transition ellipses are shifted along the sigma-axis in the sigma tau-plane due to the tension-compression asymmetry induced by the hydrostatic pressure. The wave solution offers the 'fast' and 'slow' phase transition waves under combined longitudinal and torsional stresses in the phase transition region. The results show some new stress paths and wave structures in a thin-walled tube with phase transition, differing from those of conventional elastic-plastic materials.

Modeling and Free Vibration Behavior of Rotating Composite Thin-walled Closed-section Beams with SMA Fibers

Smart structure with active materials embedded in a rotating composite thin-walled beam is a class of typical structure which is using in study of vibration control of helicopter blades and wind turbine blades. The dynamic behavior investigation of these structures has significance in theory and practice. However, so far dynamic study on the above-mentioned structures is limited only the rotating composite beams with piezoelectric actuation. The free vibration of the rotating composite thin-walled beams with shape memory alloy（SMA） fiber actuation is studied. SMA fiber actuators are embedded into the walls of the composite beam. The equations of motion are derived based on Hamilton＇s principle and the asymptotically correct constitutive relation of single-cell cross-section accounting for SMA fiber actuation. The partial differential equations of motion are reduced to the ordinary differential equations of motion by using the Galerkin＇s method. The formulation for free vibration analysis includes anisotropy, pitch and precone angle, centrifugal force and SMA actuation effect. Numerical results of natural frequency are obtained for two configuration composite beams. It is shown that natural frequencies of the composite thin-walled beam decrease as SMA fiber volume and initial strain increase and the decrease in natural frequency becomes more significant as SMA fiber volume increases. The actuation performance of SMA fibers is found to be closely related to the rotational speeds and ply-angle. In addition, the effect of the pitch angle appears to be more significant for the lower-bending mode ones. Finally, in all cases, the precone angle appears to have marginal effect on free vibration frequencies. The developed model can be capable of describing natural vibration behaviors of rotating composite thin-walled beam with active SMA fiber actuation. The present work extends the previous analysis done for modeling passive rotating composite thin-walled beam.

Filling mode and regularity of vertical centrifugal casting process of titanium alloy in thin-walled cylinder cavity

The mold filling process of titanium alloy in a thin-walled cylinder cavity under vertical centrifugal casting process was studied by means of the hydraulic simulation experiments. Results show that the filling mode of the melt in the cylinder cavity varies with casting wall-thickness. When the casting wall-thickness is less than or equal to the thickness of the first layer during the filling process, the melts fill the cavity from the bottom to the top.When the casting wall-thickness is greater than the thickness of the first layer during the filling process, the melts first fill the largest radius parts of the cavity with a certain thickness of the first layer from the bottom to the top of the cavity, and then they fill the cavity from the larger radius part to the smaller radius part. The melt filling ability increases with the increment of the mold rotational speed and the pouring temperature. In another aspect, the melt filling ability rises with the decrement of the melt viscosity, and the melt with the better filling ability is prone to fill the cylinder cavity layer by layer.

Improvement of Concrete Shear Wall Structures by Smart Materials

Smart materials have found numerous applications in many areas in civil engineering recently. One class of these materials is shape memory alloy (SMA) which exhibits several unique characteristics such as superelasticity and shape memory effect. Due to these characteristics, research efforts have been extended to use SMA in controlling civil structures. This paper investigates the effectiveness of SMA reinforcements in enhancing the behavior of shear walls, especially when subjected to seismic excitations. Two ordinary and coupled shear walls were introduced as reference structures and were modeled by ABAQUS software. For improving the seismic response of the shear walls, vertical SMA reinforcing bars were proposed to be implemented like conventional steel reinforcements, throughout the height of the structures and in every connecting beam in the coupled shear wall system. The one dimensional superelastic model of SMA material was implemented in the computer software using FORTRAN code. The dynamic response of the shear walls subjected to seismic loading was investigated through time history analyses under El-centro and Koyna records. The results showed that using superelastic SMA material instead of steel bars caused remarkable reduction in residual displacement for both ordinary and coupled shear walls. In addition, SMA reinforcements could significantly decrease the maximum deflection of the coupled shear wall system.

Fast Control of Negative Pressure Response of a Bio-inspired Suction Cup Actuated by Shape Memory Alloy

A bio-inspired suction cup actuated by shape memory alloy(SMA)for miniature wall climbing robots is developed based on studying characteristics of biological suction apparatus.Some fast control strategies are introduced to improve negative pressure response.Theoretic model of the suction cup is built,and simulation and experiments results indicate the effectiveness of the fast control strategies.The largest negative pressure of the suction cup can reach 14 000 Pa,and its generating and cancelling just need 5 s.Research results indicate the suction cup can be used as an adhesion mechanism for miniature wall climbing robots.

Advances in Compact Manufacturing for Shape and Performance Controllability of Large-scale Components-A Review

Research on compact manufacturing technology for shape and performance controllability of metallic components can reanze the simplification and high-reliability of manufacturing process on the premise of satisfying the requirement of macro/micro-structure. It is not only the key paths in improving performance, saving material and energy, and green manufacturing of components used in major equipments, but also the challenging subjects in frontiers of advanced plastic forming. To provide a novel horizon for the manufacturing in the critical components is significant. Focused on the high-performance large-scale components such as bearing rings, flanges, railway wheels, thick-walled pipes, etc, the conventional processes and their developing situations are summarized. The existing problems including multi-pass heating, wasting material and energy, high cost and high-emission are discussed, and the present study unable to meet the manufacturing in high-quality components is also pointed out. Thus, the new techniques related to casting-rolling compound precise forming of rings, compact manufacturing for duplex-metal composite rings, compact manufacturing for railway wheels, and casting-extruding continuous forming of thick-walled pipes are introduced in detail, respectively. The corresponding research contents, such as casting ring blank, hot ring rolling, near solid-state pressure forming, hot extruding, are elaborated. Some findings in through-thickness microstructure evolution and mechanical properties are also presented. The components produced by the new techniques are mainly characterized by fine and homogeneous grains. Moreover, the possible directions for fin＇ther development of those techniques are suggested. Finally, the key scientific problems are first proposed. All of these results and conclusions have reference value and guiding significance for the integrated control of shape and performance in advanced compact manufacturing.

基于等值面体的三维涡旋数量与形状特征研究

涡旋是湍流的基本结构,被誉为流体运动的肌腱,涡旋研究对自然探索和工程应用有重要的意义.基于直接数值模拟的槽道湍流数据与旋转强度涡旋识别方法,以涡旋三维结构等值面体(以三角网格为单位)为研究对象,通过设置三角形切面,利用两三角形相交快速检测算法提取涡旋多边形,研究不同等值面体阈值及壁面距离条件下,涡旋数量与形状特征(圆度、半径、凸状及纵横比因子)的变化规律.以对数区内涡旋为例:随着阈值的增加,涡旋密度呈对数律快速递减,圆度和半径因子概率密度函数(PDF)变高耸,圆度均值快速递增后保持不变而半径均值不断递减,纵横比因子PDF未显著改变且均值基本不变,凸状因子PDF向脉冲函数靠近,说明阈值增大导致涡旋逐渐变少、变圆、变小并更饱满.在同一阈值下,随着壁面距离的增加,涡旋密度在外区(除靠近水面区域外)也呈对数律递减,圆度、纵横比及凸状因子先快速增加随后不变或缓慢增长,半径因子快速递减后保持不变,说明涡旋在远离壁面的过程中在不断破灭但形态却较为稳定.

“两墙合一”深基坑工程设计与技术创新

北京CBD核心区某项目基坑深度36m,因受场地空间限制,采用“两墙合一”+内支撑支护体系,在实现基坑挡土、止水功能的同时完成了地下结构外墙施工。为提高工程质量和施工效率,针对地连墙与主体结构的连接、槽段接头处理方式、有限空间导墙结合近接建筑物预换撑等方面进行了技术创新,取得了较好的工程效果,可供类似工程参考。

Analysis of dynamic stress intensity factors of thick-walled cylinder under internal impulsive pressure

Dynamic stress intensity factors are evaluated for thick-walled cylinder with a radial edge crack under internal impulsive pressure. Firstly, the equation for stress intensity factors under static uniform pressure is used as the reference case, and then the weight function for a thick-walled cylinder containing a radial edge crack can be worked out. Secondly, the dynamic stresses in uncracked thick-walled cylinders are solved under internal impulsive pressure by using mode shape function method. The solution consists of a quasi-static solution satisfying inhomogeneous boundary conditions and a dynamic solution satisfying homogeneous boundary condi- tions, and the history and distribution of dynamic stresses in thick-walled cylinders are derived in terms of Fourier-Bessel series. Finally, the dynamic stress intensity factor equations for thick-walled cylinder containing a radial edge crack sub- jected to internal impulsive pressure are given by dynamic weight function method. The finite element method is utilized to verify the results of numerical examples, showing the validity and feasibility of the proposed method.

T形截面剪力墙约束边缘构件设计建议

约束边缘构件的构造对剪力墙抗震性能影响较大,抗震规范对T形截面剪力墙约束边缘构件的配筋及长度的相关规定可能存在不足。为研究T形截面剪力墙约束边缘构件的合理构造,基于有限元平台OpenSEES,建立了T形截面剪力墙纤维模型,仿真结果与试验数据吻合良好,验证了有限元模型的合理性和可靠性。在此基础上,研究T形截面剪力墙翼缘端约束边缘构件纵筋配筋率和腹板自由端约束边缘构件长度对其抗震性能的影响,结果表明:抗震规范对T形截面剪力墙翼缘端约束边缘构件纵筋配置的要求过于保守;降低翼缘端约束边缘构件的纵筋配筋率、同时增加腹板端约束边缘构件长度,可显著提升T形截面剪力墙抗震性能,且用钢量减少。借鉴美国规范ACI 318⁃19,提出了确定T形截面剪力墙腹板端约束边缘构件长度的简化方法,给出了T形截面剪力墙约束边缘构件的设计建议。

型钢混凝土T形截面剪力墙基于性能的变形限值研究

为更好地评估T形截面型钢混凝土(steel reinforced concrete,SRC)剪力墙变形性能,采用ABAQUS有限元软件对按照规范设计的324个T形截面SRC剪力墙构件的破坏形态和变形性能进行研究,根据收集的试验数据分析构件的破坏形态,提出T形截面SRC剪力墙的破坏形态划分准则;以构件的各材料应变极限值为准则来判别构件的性能状态,考虑轴压比、剪跨比、弯剪比、腹板暗柱配钢率、暗柱纵筋配筋率及箍筋暗柱特征值对构件变形性能的影响。对不同性能状态变形限值和参数进行线性回归分析,得到不同破坏类型下各性能状态位移角限值计算式;按规范ASCE 41修正各性能状态变形限值的失效概率,得到具有15%、20%、35%失效概率保证的各性能状态变形限值取值表。研究表明:剪跨比、轴压比对构件各性能状态位移角限值影响较大,暗柱腹板配钢率、纵筋配筋率及箍筋特征值对构件位移角限值影响相对较小,但能提高其延性。按规范ASCE 41修正后的位移角限值取值较为合理且有一定的安全储备。为T形截面SRC剪力墙基于性能的抗震设计与性能评估提供参考。

窄翼缘异形柱-波纹钢板剪力墙体系的抗震性能

针对钢结构住宅凸梁、凸柱和抗侧刚度不足的问题,提出一种新型窄翼缘异形柱-波纹钢板剪力墙体系;通过与传统H形钢柱-平钢板剪力墙体系进行对比,确定内嵌波纹钢板布置方式,采用ABAQUS软件建立所提出体系的有限元模型,对所提出体系的抗震性能进行分析,探讨外部框架截面形式与布置方式、波纹钢板厚度与剪跨比等对所提出体系的抗侧承载力、耗能能力和塑性变形能力的影响。结果表明:所提出的体系具有较大的抗侧承载力和较强的耗能能力、塑性变形能力,极限抗侧承载力为设计值的1.73倍,具备一定的安全储备;横向布置的波纹钢板能有效减小其作用于框架梁柱的荷载;采用十字形异形柱使所提出的体系有更强的塑性变形能力;所提出体系中的异形柱偏肢宜沿剪力墙面内方向布置,内嵌波纹钢板厚度宜取为3~5 mm,剪跨比宜控制在1.25左右。

低周反复荷载下T型双波纹钢板混凝土组合剪力墙受力性能试验研究

为研究低周反复荷载下T型双波纹钢板混凝土组合剪力墙的受力性能,对5个T型双波纹钢板混凝土组合剪力墙进行了低周反复加载试验。基于试验数据,分析了T型组合剪力墙的破坏模式、滞回曲线、变形能力及耗能能力,重点研究了边缘约束条件、波纹类型以及轴压比不同变化参数对T型组合剪力墙抗震性能指标的影响规律。研究结果表明:T型双波纹钢板混凝土组合剪力墙破坏模式主要有压屈破坏和压弯破坏两种;设置边缘约束构件是提高T型双波纹钢板混凝土组合剪力墙承载能力和变形能力的关键因素;纵向窄波纹钢板对内部混凝土的约束能力更强,在低周反复荷载下两者协同工作性更优,而横向窄波纹钢板试件强度退化最严重;采用全截面塑性设计方法进行T型双波纹钢板混凝土组合剪力墙正截面承载力计算,试验值与计算值吻合良好;T型双波纹钢板混凝土组合剪力墙具有较好的承载能力和变形能力,可适用于高层及超高层建筑结构中。

T型超深地连墙钢筋笼制作控制要点分析

在超深异型地连墙施工中,钢筋笼制作对钢筋笼吊装及混凝土浇注等后续工艺有着重要影响,是整个超深异型地连墙施工控制的重中之重。基于天津某市政工程T型超深地连墙钢筋笼制作的施工经验和工程案例,从钢筋笼断面形式、钢筋笼分段位置和钢筋笼吊点加强区三方面提出T型超深地连墙钢筋笼制作控制要点,降低钢筋笼卡槽、撕裂以及槽壁坍塌、混凝土沉渣过厚等施工风险,确保后续混凝土浇注灌注和地连墙整体施工质量,为类似超深异型地连墙钢筋笼制作提供了施工经验和依据。

冷弯薄壁C型钢-混凝土组合梁抗弯性能试验研究及有限元分析

为探究冷弯薄壁C型钢-混凝土组合梁受弯性能,制作并设计了5个不同断面组合形式的组合梁试件,并对其进行抗弯性能试验研究,分析其承载性能、破坏机理。在试验基础上,通过有限元分析软件ABAQUS对此组合梁进行非线性分析,对其进行参数分析,研究材料、尺寸对组合梁性能的影响。基于试验研究与有限元模拟分析,建立冷弯薄壁C型钢-混凝土组合梁的承载力模型,对其承载力、刚度进行理论分析。结果表明:各组合梁的主要破坏形式均属于延性破坏;采用ABAQUS建立的组合梁有限元模型能较好地模拟冷弯薄壁C型钢-混凝土组合梁的受力过程。随着C型钢屈服强度的增加,极限荷载最高提高56.5%;C型钢厚度每增加1mm,极限荷载平均提高28.5%;截面高度每增加50mm,极限荷载提高20%左右。但是提高混凝土的强度等级对组合梁的承载力影响较小;推导出了适用于此种冷弯薄壁C型钢-混凝土组合梁的抗弯承载力及其刚度计算方法,发现计算结果与试验结果吻合较好。

聚苯乙烯共混体系发泡过程中气泡壁不均匀性的实验与模拟

将2种不同相对分子质量的聚苯乙烯(PS)共混,并采用超临界CO_(2)间歇发泡工艺制备其发泡材料。采用高倍扫描电镜实验测量PS共混体系发泡后气泡壁的形状参数,即气泡壁厚度分布δ_(θ)/δ_(max),同时基于气泡壁形状演变模型(BWSE)模拟计算对应样品发泡过程中的δ_(θ)/δ_(max),将模拟结果与实验值进行对比,发现模拟所得δ_(θ)/δ_(max)曲线与实验所测结果具有相同趋势。在多种比例共混的PS体系中,模型预测的气泡壁非均匀因子(γ)与实验值呈现良好的相关性和一致性,表明BWSE模型能用于半定量化分析不同PS在泡孔生长过程中的微观气泡壁形状和泡孔结构。模拟结果揭示了PS流变行为与其发泡材料微观泡孔结构的内在关联:流变性能影响PS的气泡壁不均匀拉伸行为,通过BWSE模型能够基于流变性能数据计算出泡孔壁的变形规律。

双叉戟状空间自锁吸能系统设计及吸能性能研究

自锁吸能系统可无需外加约束而避免元件在冲击荷载下的横向飞溅,具有广阔的应用前景。然而,已有自锁吸能系统大都只在特定方向具有自锁稳定性,构型复杂且造价昂贵,或截面形状特殊,不便拆装,制约了应用和推广。为此,该文提出了一种新型的多向自锁能量吸收系统,由具有双叉戟状横截面的薄壁管组成,拆装方式灵活便捷。当系统受冲击时,管件的管槽限制了相邻主体管的位移,使管件系统在空间多个方向的冲击载荷下,均可实现自锁,并且充分变形,稳定吸能。通过有限元分析,系统考察了双叉戟单管的几何参数效应以及阵列轮廓尺寸对系统吸能特性的影响。相较于已有的自锁系统,该文发展的双叉戟自锁吸能系统具有更优异的吸能特性。

鲜花湖特大桥主桥设计研究

鲜花湖特大桥是G4222和县至襄阳高速公路舒城(千人桥)至金寨(皖豫界)段的主要控制性工程之一。主桥采用(118+220+118)m预应力混凝土部分斜拉桥,塔梁墩固结体系;上部结构采用单箱三室大悬臂斜腹板宽幅箱形主梁,人字形主塔,单索面扇形、横向双排布置斜拉索;下部结构结合现场环境,采用X形双肢薄壁墩、群桩基础。鲜花湖特大桥主桥构造新颖美观,融合了结构设计与景观需求。通过系统介绍该桥设计方案、结构和主要计算结果,以供同类项目参考。

炸高对线性聚能装药射流毁伤混凝土墙体效果的影响

采用一种新型线性聚能装药结构,研究了不同炸高时线性聚能装药射流对混凝土墙体的毁伤效应。数值模拟发现,药型罩锥角为80°与50°时,能较好地避免拉断现象。得到了线性聚能装药结构的射流头部速度、侵彻深度随炸高的变化规律。炸高为60 mm时,最佳侵彻深度达130.6 mm。对炸高为60 mm与100 mm时的线性聚能装药进行试验研究。结果表明,炸高100 mm时,侵彻深度达到125.0 mm,与仿真结果吻合较好。验证了该线性聚能装药结构对混凝土墙体的毁伤效果较好。可为线性聚能装药结构的设计与试验研究提供参考。