Dynamic ultrasonography for optimizing treatment position in superior mesenteric artery syndrome:Two case reports and review of literature

BACKGROUND Superior mesenteric artery(SMA)syndrome is a rare cause of duodenal obstruction by extrinsic compression between the SMA and the aorta(SMA-Ao).Although the left lateral recumbent position is considered effective in the treatment of SMA syndrome,individual variations in the optimal patient position have been noted.In this report,we present two elderly cases of SMA syndrome that exhibited rapid recovery due to ultrasonographic dynamic evaluation of the optimal position for each patient.CASE SUMMARY Case 1:A 90-year-old man with nausea and vomiting.Following diagnosis of SMA syndrome by computed tomography(CT),ultrasonography(US)revealed the SMA-Ao distance in the supine position(4 mm),which slightly improved in the lateral position(5.7–7.0 mm)without the passage of duodenal contents.However,in the sitting position,the SMA-Ao distance was increased to 15 mm accompanied by improved content passage.Additionally,US indicated enhanced passage upon abdominal massage on the right side.By day 2,the patient could eat comfortably with the optimal position and massage.Case 2:An 87-year-old woman with vomiting.After the diagnosis of SMA syndrome and aspiration pneumonia by CT,dynamic US confirmed the optimal position(SMA-Ao distance was improved to 7 mm in forward-bent position,whereas it remained at 5 mm in the supine position).By day 7 when her pneumonia recovered,she could eat with the optimal position.CONCLUSION The optimal position for SMA syndrome varies among individuals.Dynamic US appears to be a valuable tool in improving patient outcomes.

Nasogastric tube syndrome:A Meta-summary of case reports

BACKGROUND Since its description in 1790 by Hunter,the nasogastric tube(NGT)is commonly used in any healthcare setting for alleviating gastrointestinal symptoms or enteral feeding.However,the risks associated with its placement are often underes-timated.Upper airway obstruction with a NGT is an uncommon but potentially life-threatening complication.NGT syndrome is characterized by the presence of an NGT,throat pain and vocal cord(VC)paralysis,usually bilateral.It is poten-tially life–threatening,and early diagnosis is the key to the prevention of fatal upper airway obstruction.However,fewer cases may have been reported than might have occurred,primarily due to the clinicians'unawareness.The lack of specific signs and symptoms and the inability to prove temporal relation with NGT insertion has made diagnosing the syndrome quite challenging.AIM To review and collate the data from the published case reports and case series to understand the possible risk factors,early warning signs and symptoms for timely detection to prevent the manifestation of the complete syndrome with life-threatening airway obstruction.METHODS We conducted a systematic search for this meta-summary from the database of PubMed,EMBASE,Reference Citation Analysis(https://www.referencecitation-analysis.com/)and Google scholar,from all the past studies till August 2023.The search terms included major MESH terms"Nasogastric tube","Intubation,Gastrointestinal","Vocal Cord Paralysis",and“Syndrome”.All the case reports and case series were evaluated,and the data were extracted for patient demographics,clinical symptomatology,diagnostic and therapeutic interventions,clinical course and outcomes.A datasheet for evaluation was further prepared.RESULTS Twenty-seven cases,from five case series and 13 case reports,of NGT syndrome were retrieved from our search.There was male predominance(17,62.96%),and age at presentation ranged from 28 to 86 years.Ten patients had diabetes mellitus(37.04%),and nine were hypertensive(33.33%).Only three(11.11%)patients were reported to be immunocompromised.The median time for developing symptoms after NGT insertion was 14.5 d(interquartile range 6.25-33.75 d).The most commonly reported reason for NGT insertion was acute stroke(10,37.01%)and the most commonly reported symptoms were stridor or wheezing 17(62.96%).In 77.78%of cases,bilateral VC were affected.The only treatment instituted in most patients(77.78%)was removing the NG tube.Most patients(62.96%)required tracheostomy for airway protection.But 8 of the 23 survivors recovered within five weeks and could be decannulated.Three patients were reported to have died.CONCLUSION NGT syndrome is an uncommon clinical complication of a very common clinical procedure.However,an under-reporting is possible because of misdiagnosis or lack of awareness among clinicians.Patients in early stages and with mild symptoms may be missed.Further,high variability in the presentation timing after NGT insertion makes diagnosis challenging.Early diagnosis and prompt removal of NGT may suffice in most patients,but a significant proportion of patients presenting with respiratory compromise may require tracheostomy for airway protection.

Ziwan-Taoren herb pair can exert an therapeutical effect in primary Sjogren’s syndrome through inhibiting the TLR/NF-κB pathway

Background:Ziwan and Taoren(ZT)is a classic medicine pair in the formula of Mai Dong Di Shao Decoction,has been used to treat primary Sjogren’s syndrome(pSS)for more than 20 years.But its action mechanism is still unknown.This study is aimed to reveal the potential mechanism of ZT treated pSS and discover its active compounds of ZT and therapeutic target for pSS.Methods:Firstly,the potential pathways of ZT for pSS treatment were predicted through network pharmacology and GO and KEGG enrichment analysis.Secondly,the inter-structural relationships between active compounds of ZT and target proteins were visualized using molecular docking techniques.Finally,efficacy and mechanism were conducted through in vivo experiments,such as water intake,spleen index,hematoxylin-eosin staining pathological changes,ELISA,Western Blot analysis,and immunofluorescence staining.Results:Nine active compounds were extracted from network pharmacology,including quercitrin,luteolin,kaempferol,β-sitosterol,isorhamnetin,galangin,hederagenin,diosmetin and gibberellin 7.Seven disease targets were identified:RELA,TP53,AKT1,interleukin(IL)6,MAPK1,ESR1,IL10;with RELA being the most core target.KEGG and GO enrichment analysis indicated that ZT may act through the TLR/NF-κB/RELA inflammatory mechanism process.preliminary results of molecular docking showed that ZT’s active compounds bind well to the RELA(p65)receptor.In vivo results demonstrated that a high dose of ZT significantly improved water intake and reduced lymphocytes infiltration in submandibular gland pathology in NOD mice.The expression content of AQP5 and vasoactive intestinal peptide in the submaxillary gland was significantly increased,while levels of inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-α,IL-6,and IL-1βalong with protein expressions including toll-like receptor4,p-p65 and p-IKKα/βin NF-κB pathway were reduced.Conclusions:The ZT treatment exhibits a promising efficacy in mitigating dryness symptoms of pSS,potentially attributed to its capacity for suppressing the TLR/NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathway.

Successful splenic artery embolization in a patient with Behçet’s syndrome-associated splenic rupture:A case report

BACKGROUND Splenic rupture associated with Behçet’s syndrome(BS)is extremely rare,and there is no consensus on its management.In this case report,a patient with BSassociated splenic rupture was successfully treated with splenic artery embolization(SAE)and had a good prognosis after the intervention.CASE SUMMARY The patient was admitted for pain in the left upper abdominal quadrant.He was diagnosed with splenic rupture.Multiple oral and genital aphthous ulcers were observed,and acne scars were found on his back.He had a 2-year history of BS diagnosis,with symptoms of oral and genital ulcers.At that time,he was treated with oral corticosteroids for 1 month,but the symptoms did not alleviate.He underwent SAE to treat the rupture.On the first day after SAE,the patient reported a complete resolution of abdominal pain and was discharged 5 d later.Three months after the intervention,a computed tomography examination showed that the splenic hematoma had formed a stable cystic effusion,suggesting a good prognosis.CONCLUSION SAE might be a good choice for BS-associated splenic rupture based on good surgical practice and material selection.

What Are the Current and Developing Treatments for Cotard’s Syndrome, Alice in Wonderland Syndrome, and Catatonic Schizophrenia?

Purpose: Cotard’s syndrome, Alice in Wonderland Syndrome, and Catatonia are all rare psychiatric disorders that have relatively little research regarding their treatments. The aim of this article is to highlight any gaps in knowledge regarding represented demographics in these treatment studies, and to discuss the current and upcoming treatment options. Background: This literature review explores under-researched psychiatric conditions: Cotard’s syndrome, Alice in Wonderland syndrome, and Catatonic Schizophrenia. Understanding psychiatric disorders requires basic knowledge of brain anatomy. These conditions are often result of or associated with neurological issues, such as migraines or tumors. The brain has eight lobes, two of four kinds: frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes, which all govern different functions and abilities. Frontal lobes control judgment, decision-making, personality traits, and fine motor movements. Parietal lobes interpret pain and temperature, occipital lobes handle visual stimuli, and temporal lobes enable hearing. The pre-frontal cortex is associated with high intelligence, psychotic traits, and psychosis. The Broca’s Area in the frontal lobes controls expressive language. These areas and divisions of the brain contribute to the complexity of the psychiatric disorders discussed in this review. Introduction: Cotard’s syndrome is a psychiatric disorder characterized by delusions of being dead or not having certain limbs or organs. It is believed that there is a disconnect between their fusiform face area and the amygdala, causing a lack of familiarity between one’s mind and body. Alice in Wonderland Syndrome (AIWS) is another psychiatric disorder which is characterized by visual hallucinations, such as distorted perceptions of color, size, distance, and speed. The most common symptoms include micropsia and macropsia. Catatonia/Catatonic Schizophrenia is an uncommon type of schizophrenia. This type of schizophrenia is characterized by motor rigidity, verbal rigidity, the flat effect, psychomotor retardation, waxy flexibility, and overall negative symptoms. Thus, these people may come off as emotionally detached, and able to stay frozen in odd positions for periods on end. Treatments and Results: Cotard’s syndrome seemed to be most effectively treated by ECT (electroconvulsive therapy). Alice in Wonderland Syndrome (AIWS) had the highest positive responses to treatment by Valproate (an anti-epileptic drug), as well as intervention to treat the associated neurological conditions they had. Catatonia/Catatonic Schizophrenia seemed to be most effectively treated with a combination of benzodiazepines and ECT. Discussion and Demographics: In all 3 disorders, the Latino and African communities were underrepresented. There also seemed to be an underrepresentation of men in Cotard’s syndrome, and of women in Alice in Wonderland Syndrome. Japan and India seemed to have the highest density of treatment studies in all 3 disorders.

A Typical Case of Classic Potter’s Syndrome: A Case Report

Potter syndrome is a rare congenital malformation that primarily affects male fetuses;it is characterized by pulmonary hypoplasia, skeletal malformation, and kidney abnormalities. The pressure of the uterine wall due to oligohydramnios leads to an unusual facial appearance, abnormal limbs in abnormal positions, or contractures. The fetus generally dies soon after birth due to respiratory insufficiency. The baby was a live preterm male, born to a 30-year-old multigravida, out of a non-consanguineous marriage via cesarean section. There was no liquor at the time of delivery. The baby did not cry immediately after birth and required resuscitation, followed by mechanical ventilation. Multiple congenital anomalies suggestive of Potter’s syndrome were noted including facial features, flattened nose, low protruding ear, retrognathism, and epicanthal folds with unilateral atresia of the choana. Chest X-ray showed small volume lung fields suggestive of pulmonary hypoplasia, and we had on ultrasonography bilateral polycystic kidney disease on ultrasonography. At 42 hours of life, the baby developed tachypnea and severe chest retractions and died due to respiratory insufficiency. Our case highlights the importance of regular prenatal checks and examinations in each pregnancy, which helps to collect suspected cases and improve knowledge of this syndrome for better management.

Superior mesenteric artery syndrome:Diagnosis and management

Superior mesenteric artery(SMA)syndrome(also known as Wilkie's syndrome,cast syndrome,or aorto-mesenteric compass syndrome)is an obstruction of the duodenum caused by extrinsic compression between the SMA and the aorta.The median age of patients is 23 years old(range 0-91 years old)and predominant in females over males with a ratio of 3:2.The symptoms are variable,consisting of postprandial abdominal pain,nausea and vomiting,early satiety,anorexia,and weight loss and can mimic anorexia nervosa or functional dyspepsia.Because recurrent vomiting leads to aspiration pneumonia or respiratory depression via metabolic alkalosis,early diagnosis is required.The useful diagnostic modalities are computed tomography as a standard tool and ultrasonography,which has advantages in safety and capability of real-time assessments of SMA mobility and duodenum passage.The initial treatment is usually conservative,including postural change,gastroduodenal decompression,and nutrient management(success rates:70%-80%).If conservative therapy fails,surgical treatment(i.e.,laparoscopic duodenojejunostomy)is recommended(success rates:80%-100%).

Visual resolution under photopic and mesopic conditions in patients with Sjogren's syndrome

AIM:To focus on different visual resolution tasks under photopic and mesopic conditions in Sjogren’s syndrome patients compared to age-matched healthy controls.METHODS:The visual resolution measurements included high and low visual acuities and contrast sensitivity functions.These tests were conducted under photopic and then mesopic conditions.Twenty-one Sjögren’s syndrome patients and 21 aged-matched healthy volunteers completed all the measurements in this study.RESULTS:Sjogren’s syndrome patients have greater impairment in contrast sensitivity than standardized visual acuity.This reduction was significant under the mesopic condition.Also,Sjogren’s syndrome patients treated with pilocarpine suffer more than patients without pilocarpine treatment under low light conditions.CONCLUSION:Sjogren’s syndrome patients shows greater impairment in different visual resolution tasks due to dry eye symptoms.

Atypical case of bow hunter’s syndrome linked to aberrantly coursing vertebral artery: A case report

BACKGROUND In bow hunter’s syndrome(BHS),also known as rotational vertebral artery(VA)syndrome,there is dynamic/rotational compression of the VA producing verte-brobasilar insufficiency.Most occurrences involve atlantoaxial rather than mid-cervical VA compromise,the latter being rarely reported.Herein,we detail successful VA decompression at mid-cervical spine,given a departure from its usual course.CASE SUMMARY The patient,a 45-year-old man,presented to our hospital with occipital headache and vertigo.Computed tomography angiography showed anomalous C4 entry of right VA,with compression upon head rotation to that side.Thyroid cartilage and anterior tubercle of C5 transverse process were visibly at fault.We opted for sur-gery,using an anterior cervical approach to remove the anterior tubercle.Patient recovery was uneventful and brought resolution of all preoperative symptoms.CONCLUSION BHS is an important consideration where aberrant coursing of VA and neurologic symptoms coexist.

Huu S. TIEU’s Predicting Outcome of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Preparing the Treatment for COVID-19 (Coronavirus) and Other Viral Pandemics

This project paper is to give a prediction for the future of other viral pandemics and to provide recommendations for preparing therapies that could help in the success of effective treatments and benefits for patients in life-threatening situations. The theory of prediction was proposed by Huu S. TIEU on March 25, 2019, and he hypothesized that any malfunctioning cell in the body could have a damaging effect. This paper discusses the prediction that Localized Oxygen Deprivation could be a contributing factor for a future epidemic or other viral pandemics that could affect body function. This paper is based on opinion and does not have sufficient evidence to support the claims made. Therefore, further in-depth study is needed to prove the findings. The author cites Hypoxia to support his idea, but he is not claiming that Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF) has worked on his predictions. The author also tested a theory using cow blood curd for body function, but this test was not a structured test and the findings were not supported by other evidence. To further prove the idea or theory, further study into the subject should be conducted.

Realizing the potential of exploiting human IPSCs and their derivatives in research of Down syndrome

Down syndrome(DS)is a genetic condition characterized by intellectual disability,delayed brain development,and early onset Alzheimer’s disease.The use of primary neural cells and tissues is important for understanding this disease,but there are ethical and practical issues,including availability from patients and experimental manipulability.Moreover,there are significant genetic and physiological differences between animal models and humans,which limits the translation of the findings in animal studies to humans.Advancements in induced pluripotent stem cells(iPSC)technology have revolutionized DS research by providing a valuable tool for studying the cellular and molecular pathologies associated with DS.Induced pluripotent stem cells derived from cells obtained from DS patients contain the patient’s entire genome including trisomy 21.Trisomic iPSCs as well as their derived cells or organoids can be useful for disease modeling,investigating the molecular mechanisms,and developing potential strategies for treating or alleviating DS.In this review,we focus on the use of iPSCs and their derivatives obtained from DS individuals and healthy humans for DS research.We summarize the findings from the past decade of DS studies using iPSCs and their derivatives.We also discuss studies using iPSC technology to investigate DS-associated genes(e.g.,APP,OLIG1,OLIG2,RUNX1,and DYRK1A)and abnormal phenotypes(e.g.,dysregulated mitochondria and leukemia risk).Lastly,we review the different strategies for mitigating the limitations of iPSCs and their derivatives,for alleviating the phenotypes,and for developing therapies.

Orthodontic Management of Multiple Impacted Teeth in a Patient with Gardner’s Syndrome: A Case Report

Gardner syndrome (also known as familial colorectal polyposis) is a rare autosomal dominant condition. It is characterized by osteomas, familial polyposis of the colon, cutaneous epidermoid cysts, soft tissue tumors, as well as certain dental anomalies. We report the case of a 29 years old male patient with Gardner’s syndrome who presented with no intestinal polyps but instead had an osteoma on the left side of the mandible and multiple impacted teeth. The case showed the possibility to manage the multiple impacted teeth without jeopardizing the health of the teeth in terms of mobility or significant root resorption taking into consideration the increased bone density in such patients.

Anesthetic management of a pregnant patient with Eisenmenger’s syndrome:A case report

BACKGROUND Eisenmenger’s syndrome(ES)is a rare complication of congenital heart disease that includes pulmonary artery hypertension and reversed or bidirectional shunts.The mortality rate of pregnant women with ES is 30%-70%due to pathophysiological deterioration.Successful perioperative management of a pregnant patient with ES is a challenge for anesthesiologists.CASE SUMMARY A 38-year-old pregnant woman was admitted to the cardiology department of our hospital at 22 wk of gestation with complaints of chest tightness and shortness of breath for 3 wk.Transthoracic echocardiography revealed a bidirectional shunt between the descending aorta and pulmonary artery after interventional closure of the patent ductus arteriosus and severe pulmonary hypertension.ES in pregnancy was our primary suspicion.The patient elected to terminate the pregnancy under adequate preoperative preparation,rigorous intraoperative monitoring,and perfect epidural anesthesia.She was discharged successfully on postoperative day 16.CONCLUSION Our experience in this case suggests that successful outcomes are possible in pregnant patients with ES for termination of pregnancy under epidural anesthesia and intensive monitoring.

Sneddon's syndrome concurrent with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis:A case report

BACKGROUND This report delves into the diagnostic and therapeutic journey undertaken by a patient with Sneddon's syndrome(SS)and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis(CVST).Particular emphasis is placed on the comprehensive elucidation of SS's clinical manifestations,the intricate path to diagnosis,and the exploration of potential underlying mechanisms.CASE SUMMARY A 26-year-old woman presented with recurrent episodes of paroxysmal unilateral limb weakness accompanied by skin mottling,seizures,and cognitive impairment.Digital subtraction angiography revealed CVST.Despite negative antiphospholipid antibody results,skin biopsy indicated chronic inflammatory cell infiltration.The patient was treated using anticoagulation,antiepileptic therapy,and supportive care,which resulted in symptom improvement.The coexistence of SS and CVST is rare and the underlying pathophysiology remains uncertain.This case underscores the challenge in diagnosis and highlights the need for early clinical differentiation to facilitate accurate assessment and prompt intervention.CONCLUSION This article has reported and analyzed the clinical data,diagnosis,treatment,and prognosis of a case of SS with CVST and reviewed the relevant literature to improve the clinical understanding of this rare condition.

Persistent Xerophthalmia in a Patient with Rheumatological Disease and Priiviary Sjogren’s Syndrome: Case Report from Northern Brazil

This case study aims to contribute to the literature in order to highlight the importance of this collaboration between medical specialties. A female patient R.N.N. F, age 66, from the city of Manaus, with a previous diagnosis of Sjogren’s syndrome in regular follow-up by the Rheumatology team at the Araujo Lima outpatient clinic and referred to the Ophthalmology sector for complementary evaluation related to visual discomfort. The fundoscopy performed in the patient was within normal limits, but the symptoms experienced by her proved to be an important clinical finding, which has ratified the need for regular and multidisciplinary follow-up. This report unequivocally demonstrates that even in the face of tests considered within the expected limits for a given population, the clinical presentation can be specific and particular for each analyzed individual. Early screening exams should contemplate the patient in a holistic and individualized way whenever possible.

Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy-induced autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome typeⅡand Crohn's disease:A case report

BACKGROUND The development of immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)has heralded a new era in cancer treatment,enabling the possibility of long-term survival in patients with metastatic disease.Unfortunately,ICIs are increasingly implicated in the development of autoimmune diseases.CASE SUMMARY We present a man with squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx on a combination of teriprizumab,docetaxel,and cisplatin therapy who developed autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome typeⅡ(APS-2)including thyroiditis and type 1 diabetes mellitus and Crohn’s disease(CD).He developed thirst,abdominal pain,and fatigue after two-week treatment with the protein 1 ligand inhibitor teriprizumab.Biochemistry confirmed APS-2 and thyrotoxicosis.He was commenced on an insulin infusion.However,his abdominal pain persisted.Follow-up surgery confirmed CD and his abdominal pain was relieved by mesalazine.He was continued on insulin and mesalazine therapy.CONCLUSION Immunotherapy can affect all kinds of organs.When clinical symptoms cannot be explained by a single disease,clinicians should consider the possibility of multisystem damage.

Variant of Wellen’s syndrome in type 1 diabetic patient: A case report

BACKGROUND Wellen’s syndrome is a form of acute coronary syndrome associated with proximal left anterior descending artery(LAD)stenosis and characteristic electro-cardiograph(ECG)patterns in pain free state.The abnormal ECG pattern is classified into type A(biphasic T waves)and type B(deeply inverted T waves),based on the T wave pattern seen in the pericodial chest leads.CASE SUMMARY We present the case of a 37-year-old male with history of type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM),gastroparesis,mild peripheral artery disease and right toe cellulitis on IV antibiotics who presented to the emergency department with nausea,vomiting and abdominal pain for 3 d and as a result couldn’t take his insulin.Noted to have fasting blood sugar 392 mg/dL.Admitted for diabetic gastroparesis.During the hospital course,the patient was asymptomatic and denied any chest pain.On admission,No ECG and troponin draws were performed.On day 2,the patient became hypoxic with oxygen saturation 80%on room air,intermittent mild right-sided chest pain which he attributed to vomiting from his gastroparesis.Initial ECG done was significant for Biphasic T wave changes in leads V2 and V3 and elevated high sensitivity troponin.Patient was transitioned to cardiac intensive care unit and cardiac catheterization performed with result significant for extensive coronary artery disease.CONCLUSION This case highlights an exceptional manifestation of Wellen's syndrome,wherein the right coronary artery and circumflex artery display a remarkable 100%constriction,alongside a proximal LAD stenosis of 90%-95%.Notably,this occurrence transpired in a patient grappling with extensive complications arising from T1DM.Moreover,it underscores the utmost significance of promptly recognizing the presence of Wellen's syndrome and swiftly initiating appropriate medical intervention.

Lemierre Syndrome Revealed by Orbital Cellulitis

Lemierre’s syndrome is a rare and severe sepsis, capable of rapidly compromising the vital prognosis in the absence of early intervention, characterized by an oropharyngeal infection complicated by septic thrombosis of the internal jugular vein and the formation of septic emboli primarily localized at the pulmonary level. We report the case of a 14-year-old boy, with no notable pathological history, who had presented for 15 days with unilateral orbital swelling which then became bilateral, all evolving in a context of fever.

Jacob’s Syndrome and Deficiency of 11-Beta-Hydroxylase Enzyme Association Revealed by a Statural Advance: A Case Report

47XYY syndrome is a rare sex chromosome variant with an extra Y chromosome. Most patients with a 47XYY karyotype have a normal phenotype. This disorder seems to be associated with a higher risk of developing behavior and cognitive problems, tall stature and infertility in adulthood. We report here a rare case of 47, XYY syndrome associated with an 11-beta-hydroxylase deficiency revealed by a stature advance along with precocious puberty after obtaining informed consent from parents. To our knowledge, this is the first case reported in the literature.

Eagle’s Syndrome: A Case Report of a Bilateral Elongated Styloid Process

Eagle’s syndrome is symptomatic of the styloid process (SP) elongation or calcification of the stylohyoid and stylomandibular ligaments. As a result of Eagle’s various studies, 4 out of every 100 patients showed that the styloid process was long. However only 4% of these cases are symptomatic [1]. Surgical traumas such as tonsillectomy or stylomandibular chronic irritation of the ligament, proc. of styloideusosteitis, ossifying periosteitis, tendinitis or mucositis why could it be [2]. The main symptoms are facial pain, dysphagia, sore throat, earache and headache. It may be unilateral or bilateral. The styloid process can be shortened through an intraoral or external approach. The case of Eagle syndrome in a 39-year-old female patient who was diagnosed to have bilateral elongated.