Enduring association between irritable bowel syndrome and war trauma during the Nicaragua civil war period:A population-based study

BACKGROUND Psychosocial and physical trauma are known risk factors for irritable bowel syndrome(IBS),including in war veterans,whereas war exposure in civilians is unclear.Nicaragua experienced two wars,1970-1990:The Sandinistas Revolution(1970s)and The Contra War(1980s).Our aim was to investigate the role of exposure to war trauma in the subsequent development of IBS in the context of an established health surveillance system(11000 households).AIM To investigate in a civilian population the relationship between exposure to war trauma and events and the subsequent development of IBS in the context of an established public health and demographic surveillance system in western Nicaragua.METHODS We conducted a nested population-based,cross-sectional study focused on functional gastrointestinal disorders based on Rome II criteria.1617 adults were randomly selected.The Spanish Rome II Modular Questionnaire and Harvard Trauma Questionnaire were validated in Nicaragua.War exposure was assessed with 10 measures of direct and indirect war trauma and post-war effects.Multiple exposures were defined by≥3 measures.RESULTS The prevalence of IBS was 15.2%[Female(F)17.1%,Male(M)12.0%],war exposure 19.3%(F 9.3%,M 36.7%),and post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD)5.6%(F 6.4%,M 4.3%).Significant associations with IBS in the civilian population were observed(adjusted by gender,age,socioeconomic status,education):physical and psychological abuse[adjusted odds ratio(aOR):2.25;95%confidence interval:1.1-4.5],witnessed execution(aOR:2.4;1.1-5.2),family member death(aOR:2.2;1.2-4.2),and multiple exposures(aOR:2.7;1.4-5.1).PTSD was independently associated with IBS(aOR:2.6;1.2-5.7).CONCLUSION An enduring association was observed in the Nicaragua civilian population between specific civil war-related events and subsequent IBS.Civilian populations in regions with extended armed conflict may warrant provider education and targeted interventions for patients.

Chemical exposures and suspected impacton Gulf War Veterans

Gulf War Illness(GWI) encompass a spectrum of maladies specific to troops deployed during the Persian Gulf War(1990–1991). There are several hypothesized factors believed to contribute to GWI, including(but not limited to)exposures to chemical agents and a foreign environment(e.g., dust, pollens, insects, and microbes). Moreover, the inherent stress associated with deployment and combat has been associated with GWI. While the etiology of GWI remains uncertain, several studies have provided strong evidence that chemical exposures, especially neurotoxicants,may be underlying factors for the development of GWI. This mini style perspective article will focus on some of the major evidence linking chemical exposures to GWI development and persistence decades after exposure.

Escaping Dependency and Trade War:China and the US

Marxist political economy provides a perspective for grasping the root cause of the China-US trade war.The international relations of production,which stem from the international division of labor,shape the distribution of international economic interests and the political status of countries.Traditionally,developing countries have been subjected to the“periphery”in the international division of labor.In the new global value chain,developing countries have remained in a subordinate position characterized by“technological-market”dependence.To achieve the goal of building a strong modern nation,China must escape the“technological-market”dependence.Yet China’s efforts and achievements in escaping dependent development are deemed as a threat to US vested interests in the international markets.To preserve the economic foundation of its hegemony,the US has resorted to a trade war to contain China’s development.

Modellings of Infectious Diseases and Cancers under Wars and Pollution Impacts in Iraq with Reference to a Novel Mathematical Model and Literature Review

Microbial pathogens include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites and together account for a significant percentage of acute and chronic human diseases. In addition to understanding the mechanisms by which various pathogens cause human disease, research in microbial pathogenesis also addresses mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance and the development of new antimicrobial agents and vaccines. Answering fundamental questions regarding host-microbe interactions requires an interdisciplinary approach, including microbiology, genomics, informatics, molecular and cellular biology, biochemistry, immunology, epidemiology, environment and interaction between host and microbe. Studies investigating the direct effects of pollutants on respiratory tract infections are very vast, but those interested in the role of a pre-existing disease and effects of the exposure on the response to secondary stresses are few. In an experimental study at concentrations of air pollutants found in urban environments, frank toxicological responses are rarely observed, however, exposure to secondary stress like the respiratory challenge with infectious bacteria can exacerbate the response of the experimental host. The models like experimental, mechanical, and mathematical are the most abstract, but they allow analysis and logical proofs in a way that other approaches do not permit. The present review is mostly concerned with these model representations particularly with a novel mathematical model explaining the interaction between pathogen and immunity including the equivalence point.

污水处理场WAR系统处理炼油碱渣探讨

某石化污水处理场采用美国西门子PACT+WAR工艺,其中WAR(WetAirRegeneration)是湿空气再生系统,功能是对PACT(Powdered Activated Carbon Treatment)生化系统剩余废碳泥进行再生回用。由于炼油碱渣少量掺入污水中进入生化系统处理,不仅对生化系统影响较大,而且现场有明显异味。2022年利用WAR系统运行过程中掺炼1m^(3)/h碱渣,对WAR运行参数适当调整,运行结果表明WAR系统在处理好废碳泥的同时,有效地处置了碱渣,处理后污水中酚及硫化物均降至0.3 mg/L以下。

Review and Analysis: United States Secret Wars in Cambodia: Long-Term Impacts and Consequences

The People’s Army of Vietnam (PAVN) decided to use conventional warfare to unify Vietnam. The United States military operation against the Ho Chi Minh Trail traffic began in 1959. The (PAVN) connected a series of old trails leading from North Vietnam to South Vietnam via Laos and Cambodia. In the 1960s the network of trails was expanded. Trail traffic was interdicted by repeated CIA (Air America) and US Air Force (Operation Ranch Hand) tactical herbicide spraying and bombing missions. During the late 1960s, the Khmer Rouge Army slowly grew in eastern Cambodia during a time when America was spraying and bombing the Ho Chi Minh Trail. On February 22, 1969, the PAVN launched a new offensive against American forces in South Vietnam from their sanctuaries in Cambodia. President Richard Nixon and Dr. Henry Kissinger, decided to spray and bomb Cambodia, a neutral country, to eliminate the PAVN sanctuary base camps. The damage and loss of life as a result of U.S. air campaign resulted in the insurgency (Khmer Rouge) being able to recruit civilian members. This created a dual effect of strengthening the popularity of the Khmer Rouge, led by Pol Pot, enabling him to overthrow the Khmer Republic in 1975. The primary objectives of this study are to determine the political impacts and consequences of: 1) the 1959 United States secret war on the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Cambodia and 2) the 1969 President Nixon’s decision to destroy the PAVN bases hidden in the Cambodian jungles. These United States secret wars in Cambodia had long-lasting effects on Cambodian political, social, and economic stability.

The Economic Factors of Utilizing the Salt of Sichuan to Purvey Chu and the War of Aid to Hubei

The background of this article takes place after modern China.It is an essential change in the history of the Chinese salt industry that Sichuan salt supplies to Hubei.Sichuan salt jumped out of the original sales range,sold in Hubei.Since then,Hubei has become the most essential selling place of Sichuan salt,which continues to affect the economy of Sichuan.The War of Aid to Hubei was an inter-regional war in the warlord era.In order to realize“Local governance of Hubei”,the exploiting warlord Wang Zhanyuan was expelled.Sichuan chose to send troops,which economic factors are significant.Mainly,the Sichuan salt played a crucial role in it.Through the study of this problem,we can see that the economic factors in modern times occupy an essential position in the competition of warlords and promote the progress of history.

The Relationship Between the Communist Party of China and the Japanese Communist Party During the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression

It is important to clarify the historical facts and summarize the characteristics of the communication and cooperation between the CPC and the JCP during the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression,as it holds historical and contemporary relevance.The research findings indicate that the Comintern played a crucial role as the key intermediary in facilitating the establishment of connections between the CPC and the JCP and in driving the deepening of their relationship.During their exchanges,both parties adhered to a flexible and multi-layered friendship based on the unified values of patriotism and internationalism.Their efforts played a significant role in the establishment of an international anti-fascist front in the East.

War and Peace in Ukraine.A Legal-Linguistic Perspective

The current research overlaps a linguistic and a legal analysis of public international law in the Ukrainian case.Based on both official documents and public declarations,it explains the grounds for the wide range of understandings that the two common concepts-peace and war-may be bearing depending of the angle of looking at the matter and depending on the actor invoking them.The study develops the reasons likely to have been considered by President Putin when insisting to refer to the Russian military action started in Ukraine in February 2022 as“special military operation”instead of“war”and the cardinal difference in terms of legal impact for such a linguistic choice.It also builds on the elements which could serve as a basis for achieving a deal in obtaining peace in Ukraine,while tackling on the possible geopolitical,public communication and diplomatic hurdles,and offering clues for strategic analysis of the matter.

万历援朝时期的明军系统与战争态势

万历援朝是明朝自永乐以来唯一一次跨越国境的用兵,始而对朝鲜、日本的动态几乎一无所知,继而应朝鲜国王请求仓促出兵,再而陷入与日军的长时期对峙与胶着之中,前后延续七年之久。当战争发生在朝鲜北部地区时,辽东兵及蓟镇、宣府兵尚能应对;当战争推进到朝鲜南部地区时,由于战线的拉长、日军的投入和战事的延续,明朝调动了国内各地区、多民族的军事力量,并且动用了半数以上的战略总预备金,才在日本国内发生突变的状况下,与朝军一道取得这场战争的胜利。而明军及明朝在战争中暴露的各种问题,则对晚明政局特别是辽东形势产生了重大而深远的影响。

信仰的信用、肉体的思想与积极的末日观——对“二战”后初期荒正人主体性论、世代论的一种解读

荒正人作为“二战”后日本文学界诸多论争的实际策划者和推动者,战后初期在其主导的《近代文学》等阵地上发起了“政治与文学”论争。他超越左右阵营,以“三十岁一代”的代言者姿态,对文坛前辈们发起整体性的批判。他强调应通过“肉体的思想化”,以转向体验和战争体验为媒介,反思战前、战时放弃信仰抑或曾协力了军国主义的“四十岁一代”之意识形态主张,拒绝盲信、盲从“主义”,以此实现对战前、战时日本马克思主义和自由主义的双重扬弃,直指对战后文学主导权之争夺。面对战败“末日”,他以战争体验、战败终局为经验前提,对发展主义和进步主义提出质疑;同时强调应对战败“末日”持积极的认知态度,不惮挥别传统、从头再来。荒正人所代表的《近代文学》同人以事实以及跨战争的思想、言行连贯性为依据,在道德层面发起了对文坛前辈战争责任的追究,发出了每个人应自我革命、自我反省的呼吁;这与新日本文学会以其自身主导权为自明前提、以阵营区分为特征而指向他人的自我批判要求大异其趣,双方终而走向敌对亦是必然。二战后至今,战争责任问题在日本逐渐虚无化,回到战后初期的原点对此虚无化路径做实证性考察本身是必要的,文章也希望以此为战后日本文学史、思想史的研究探寻一种新的思路。

长歌当哭——弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫的另类战争观

弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫不幸生逢20世纪两次世界大战,战争是其思想意识和文学创作的核心主题,其重要作品大部分创作于20世纪二三十年代即两次大战的间歇期。不同于主流战争文学,伍尔夫在战后或者战前,以后方平民特别是女性的视角,再现远离战场的后方平民的间接战争体验,以独特的战争话语揭示了战争对个体日常生活和精神世界的持久影响。伍尔夫的战争书写打破了战时与平时、前线与后方、战士与平民截然区分的界限,拓展了战争书写的时间与空间范围。她的战争书写表现出与国家主流战争话语截然不同的特征,她的另类战争观为后世理解两次大战提供了独特的维度。

七十年来的抗战外交研究

学界关于抗战外交的研究已经取得了极为丰富的成果。文章以中国抗战外交发展的线索为依据,重点介绍一些有重大影响并与战时外交发展线索有关联的事件,试图展现抗战外交的全貌。相较于抗日战争所具有的伟大意义和影响而言,目前的研究仍相对薄弱,学界需坚持科学态度,把抗日战争史作为一门科学继续进行深入系统的研究。具体来讲,需要继续加大国际法理论的引入,注意历史细节对于历史事件意义的重要性,重视对中外档案的全面仔细梳理和判读,并继续深化与国际同行的交流与合作。

中国企业海外市场遭遇专利战的实证研究:以美国市场为例

中国企业近年来在海外市场频繁遭遇专利战,国际化经营因此遭受严重冲击;专利战是以打击竞争对手,牟取商业利益或竞争优势为目的,围绕着专利的权属与使用而展开的专利攻防行为,已成为中国企业面临的严峻挑战。美国是全球专利战的主战场,因此以中国企业在美国遭遇的专利战为样本开展实证研究。研究表明,相对专利实力与专利战之间呈倒U型关系,非生产专利实体比常规主体更倾向发起专利战,专利转让次数、权利要求数与专利战显著相关,技术内卷对上述关系具有调节作用。因此,为有效应对海外市场的专利战风险,提出要加强国际专利申请和布局,以提升自身抵御专利战的专利实力;重视陷入技术内卷的产业领域的专利战风险,开展针对高风险主体和高风险专利的专利预警。

科学家与美国政府的冷战政策

美国科学家无论是在冷战的起源、演进及结束过程中都扮演了非常重要的角色,基本形成了支持和反对美国冷战政策的两派。一派科学家反对军备竞赛,主张对核武器实施国际管制,全面禁止核试验,通过国际合作谋求东西方关系的缓和;另一派则力主通过技术进步来确保美国的国家安全,主张大力发展核力量,谋求对苏联的绝对优势,以此威慑苏联,并在必要时使用核武器以实现美国的政治和军事意图。两派都通过各种渠道对美国政府的政策施加影响,双方之间的较量贯穿于整个冷战时期。

中国对日内瓦会议政策再探讨——基于国际和平统一战线的视角

中国对于日内瓦会议采取积极参加,努力促成印度支那地区恢复和平的政策。在中国的主导和倡议之下,中、苏、越三国解决了在印度支那停战问题上的三个症结:第一,越南与老挝、柬埔寨分开解决的问题;第二,越南绝对撤出老挝、柬埔寨的问题;第三,越南的军事分界线和军事集结区划定的问题。中国在日内瓦会议上的外交实践一方面避免了印度支那战争演变为朝鲜战争的局面,为中国的经济建设创造了一个良好的国际环境;另一方面,中国通过解决上述三个症结树立了自身和平的形象,取信于亚洲邻国,保持了这些国家和平中立的倾向,使美国进一步扩大反华军事同盟体系的计划落空。和平共处五项原则在日内瓦会议的进程中最终成形,国际和平统一战线政策也导源于中国在日内瓦会议成功的外交实践。

十六国时期战争中的军粮问题研究

以十六国时期战争中的军粮问题为研究对象,考察了战前军粮筹备、战时军粮供给对战争的影响。认为粮食对根据地的选择有制约作用;军粮补给状况是交战双方制定相应征讨策略的重要依据;军粮供应危机的化解是战争能否取胜的关键。十六国时期,征战双方在军粮问题上展开的一系列颉颃,展现了军粮在战争中的复杂性和丰富性。

国民政府审判日军将官战犯名单考订

抗战胜利后中国在各地设置10个军事法庭审判日本战犯,其中审判日军将官战犯情况是抗日战争研究的一项基本数据,尚无完整准确结论。最新文献《大审判:国民政府处置日本战犯实录》公布一份“已判决日军将级战犯41人名单”,本文对此进行详细辨析、改正,整理成审判日军将官战犯39人名单,详列战犯个人资料、履历,并作简要统计分析。

美国司法政治化现象探析

美国政治的司法化让法官能够审理具有政策意义的案件,拥有较大的自由裁量空间,这又反过来促成“司法政治化”现象,法官可能诉诸于法律之外的标准,作出具有政治意义的决定,催生了司法机构内的政治斗争。在美国司法政治化中,美国司法领域的意识形态两极分化现象日趋严重,并且具有愈演愈烈的特征和趋势,主要体现在法官任命和司法决策等方面。如今美国总统在任命联邦大法官上主要关注意识形态的兼容性和可靠性;美国法官基本上被意识形态划分——共和党人的投票基本上倾向于保守主义,民主党人的投票基本上倾向于自由主义。美国司法政治化日益严重主要源于社会经济不平等加剧、文化战争愈演愈烈、政党政治极化现象日益严重、司法机构受到精英政治的影响逐渐增强。美国司法政治化损害了司法机构的权威,加剧了美国政治极化和社会分裂程度。

复杂环境下电磁目标信号认知处理架构与应用研究

针对现代电磁频谱设备或终端具有网络化、捷变性、多功能、自适应、种类复杂多样和使用环境复杂多变等特性给认知电磁频谱战系统的信号分析与处理带来的巨大挑战的问题,提出了一种结合人工智能、适合复杂电磁环境下电磁目标信号认知处理与分析的架构。在该架构下电磁目标信号分析与处理被分为目标信号参数估计、目标信号类型分类、辐射源个体识别和目标信号的特征建库与知识图谱[1-3]的构建等4个层次,可以很好适应闭集和开集电磁目标信号的分析与处理;此外,在此架构下提出了未知辐射源辨识、跨模态辐射源智能识别和电磁辐射源的个体识别的算法框架,在实测数据集上的验证实验表明,该算法在闭集和开集电磁信号分析中有效可行。