Ward identities under the frame transformations in curved space-time

Scalar-tensor theories of gravity are considered to be competitors to Einstein's theory of general relativity for the description of classical gravity,as they are used to build feasible models for cosmic inflation.These theories can be formulated both in the Jordan and Einstein frame,which are related by a Weyl transformation with a field transformation,known together as a frame transformation.These theories formulated in the above two frames are often considered to be equivalent from the point of view of classical theory.However,this is no longer true from the quantum field theoretical perspective.In the present article,we show that the Ward identities derived in the above two frames are not connected through the frame transformation.This shows that the quantum field theories formulated in these two frames are not equivalent to each other.Moreover,this inequivalence is also shown by comparing the effective actions derived in these two frames.

Can Really Regularized Amplitudes Be Obtained as Consistent with Their Expected Symmetry Properties?

Through a very detailed investigation involving a set of simple perturbative amplitudes we show that the answer for the question put in the title of the present work is: undoubtedly NO! We are not restricting the sentence to the amplitudes which are considered as anomalous. The referred investigation is performed by using a procedure alternative to the traditional regularization methods. In the context of such a strategy the amplitudes are not modified in intermediary steps of the calculation, like traditional regularization procedures do, and only the validity of the linearity in the integration operation is assumed in the operations made in Feynman integrals typical of the perturbative calculations. The central point of the investigation is the question related to the consistent interpretation of the amplitudes. For these purposes, in all amplitudes having power counting indicating the possibility of divergences, the relations among Green functions, Ward identities and low energy limits are analyzed, in a model having different species of massive 1/2 spin fermions coupled to spin 0 and 1 (even and odd parity) boson fields, formulated in a space-time dimension D=1+1. We show that the maintenance of the linearity in operations involving Feynman integrals excludes the possibility of an anomalous term in the Ward identity relating the axial-vector and the pseudo-scalar-vector two point functions amplitudes. In addition, we show that it is not possible the maintenance of Ward identities and low energy limits in a consistent way if the amplitudes of the perturbative calculations are quantities to be regularized, just because there is no regularization method which is capable to give acceptable results for the divergent objects present in the calculations. This conclusion includes the Dimensional Regularization method which cannot give unique results if the linearity and the symmetric integration are simultaneously required in Feynman integrals. The qualitative conclusions apply in an equally-way in other space-time dimensions having, therefore, implications in many phenomenological consequences of quantum field theories stated through perturbative solutions.

Are operators describing b→sγ?

The operators of b→ sγ, b →sl＋l- are usually regarded as being sufficient to describe b →sγγ, b → sl＋l-T with the statement that contributions from diagrams without an effective vertex b --＊ ST to processes b →sγγ and b →sl＋l-T are negligible. In this work we present a comprehensive analysis of the transition b→sγγ and find that 1） Effects due to off-shell quarks in vertex b → sγ on b →sγγ are large; 2） Contributions from diagrams without an effective vertex b →sγ to b →sγγ are not negligible compared with others; 3） These effects cancel each other out exactly, so the operators of b→sγ can safely be used to describe b →sγγ.