Features of an extra-strong warm winter event in North Asia in 2002 and its accompanying anomalous atmospheric circulation were studied through diagnosis on the atmospheric reanalysis data set. Results show that the w...Features of an extra-strong warm winter event in North Asia in 2002 and its accompanying anomalous atmospheric circulation were studied through diagnosis on the atmospheric reanalysis data set. Results show that the winter of 2002 is of the warmest in the recent 54 years in North Asia, which was caused by both decadal scale and interannual scale variability. The interannual variability is proved to be as the main cause for the event, and it is related to the global scale atmospheric circulation anomalies, with the strongest of them in the Eastern Hemisphere and in the middle and high latitude region of the Southern Hemisphere.展开更多
Large parts of North America,Europe,Siberia,and East Asia have experienced cold snaps and heavy snowfalls for the past few winters,which have been linked to rapid decline of Arctic sea ice.Although the role of reducti...Large parts of North America,Europe,Siberia,and East Asia have experienced cold snaps and heavy snowfalls for the past few winters,which have been linked to rapid decline of Arctic sea ice.Although the role of reduction in Arctic sea ice in recent cold and snowy winters is still a matter of debate,there is considerable interest in determining whether such an emerging climate feedback will persist into the future in a warming environment.Here we show that increased winter snowfall would be a robust feature throughout the 21 st century in the northeastern Europe,central and northern Asia and northern North America as projected by current-day climate model simulations under the medium mitigation scenario.We argue that the increased winter snowfall in these regions during the 21 st century is due primarily to the diminishing autumn Arctic sea ice(largely externally forced).Variability of the winter Arctic Oscillation(dominant mode of natural variability in the Northern Hemisphere),in contrast,has little contribution to the increased winter snowfall.This is evident in not only the multi-model ensemble mean,but also each individual model(not model-dependent).Our findings reinforce suggestions that a strong sea ice-snowfall feedback might have emerged,and would be enhanced in coming decades,increasing the chance of heavy snowfall events in northern high-latitude continents.展开更多
Based on daily precipitation and monthly temperature data in southern China, the winter extreme precipitation changes in southern China have been investigated by using the Mann-Kendall test and the return values of Ge...Based on daily precipitation and monthly temperature data in southern China, the winter extreme precipitation changes in southern China have been investigated by using the Mann-Kendall test and the return values of Generalized Pareto Distribution. The results show that a winter climate catastrophe in southern China occurred around 1991, and the intensity of winter extreme precipitation was strengthened after climate warming. The anomalous circulation characteristics before and after the climate warming was further analyzed by using the U.S. National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis data. It is found that the tropical winter monsoon over East Asia is negatively correlated with the precipitation in southeastern China. After climate warming the meridionality of the circulations in middle and high latitudes increases, which is favorable for the southward movement of the cold air from the north. In addition, the increase of the temperature over southern China may lead to the decrease of the differential heating between the continent and the ocean. Consequently, the tropical winter monsoon over East Asia is weakened, which is favorable for the transport of the warm and humid air to southeastern China and the formation of the anomalous convergence of the moisture flux, resulting in large precipitation over southeastern China. As a result, the interaction between the anomalous circulations in the middle and high latitudes and lower latitudes after the climate warming plays a major role in the increase of the winter precipitation intensity over southeastern China.展开更多
Using tropical cyclone (TC) observations over a 58-yr period (1949-2006) from the China Meteorological Administration, the 40-year ECMWF Reanalysis (ERA-40), NCEP-NCAR reanalysis, and the Hadley Centre sea ice and sea...Using tropical cyclone (TC) observations over a 58-yr period (1949-2006) from the China Meteorological Administration, the 40-year ECMWF Reanalysis (ERA-40), NCEP-NCAR reanalysis, and the Hadley Centre sea ice and sea surface temperature (HadISST) datasets, the authors have examined the behaviors of tropical cyclones (TCs) in the western north Pacific (WNP) in boreal winter (November-December-January-February). The results demonstrate that the occurrences of wintertime TCs, including super typhoons, have decreased over the 58 years. More TCs are found to move westward than northeastward, and the annual total number of parabolic-track-type TCs is found to be decreasing. It is shown that negative sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) related to La Ni a events in the equatorial central Pacific facilitate more TC genesis in the WNP region. Large-scale anomalous cyclonic circulations in the tropical WNP in the lower troposphere are observed to be favorable for cyclogenesis in this area. On the contrary, the positive SSTAs and anomalous anticyclonic circulations that related to El Ni o events responsible for fewer TC genesis. Under the background of global warming, the western Pacific subtropical high tends to intensify and to expand more westward in the WNP, and the SSTAs display an increasing trend in the equatorial eastern-central Pacific. These climate trends of both atmospheric circulation and SSTAs affect wintertime TCs, inducing fewer TC occurrences and causing more TCs to move westward.展开更多
Changes in the soil nematode community induced by global warming may have a considerable influence on agro-ecosystem functioning.However,the impacts of predicted warming on nematode community in farmland(e.g.,winter w...Changes in the soil nematode community induced by global warming may have a considerable influence on agro-ecosystem functioning.However,the impacts of predicted warming on nematode community in farmland(e.g.,winter wheat field)have not been well documented.Therefore,a field experiment with free air temperature increase(FATI)was conducted to investigate the responses of the soil nematode community to nighttime warming in a winter wheat field of Yangtze Delta Plain,China,during2007 to 2009.Nighttime warming(NW)by 1.8°C at 5-cm soil depth had no significant impact on the total nematode abundance compared to un-warmed control(CK).However,NW significantly affected the nematode community structure.Warming favored the bacterivores and fungivores,such as Acrobeles,Monhystera,Rhabditis,and Rhabdontolaimus in bacterivores,and Filenchus in fungivores,while the plant-parasites were hindered,such as Helicotylenchus and Psilenchus.Interestingly,the carnivores/omnivores remained almost unchanged.Hence,the abundances of bacterivores and fungivores were significantly higher under NW than those under CK.Similarly,the abundances of plant-parasites were significantly lower under NW than under CK.Furthermore,Wasilewska index of the nematode community was significantly higher under NW than those under CK,indicating beneficial effect to the plant in the soil.Our results suggest that nighttime warming may improve soil fertility and decrease soilborne diseases in winter wheat field through affecting the soil nematode community.It is also indicated that nighttime warming may promote the sustainability of the nematode community by altering genera-specific habitat suitability for soil biota.展开更多
Based on the environmental and crop data at Zhenjiang City, in Jiangsu Province, middle east of China, the growing process of winter wheat was simulated by CERES-Wheat model assuming the daily average temperature is 1...Based on the environmental and crop data at Zhenjiang City, in Jiangsu Province, middle east of China, the growing process of winter wheat was simulated by CERES-Wheat model assuming the daily average temperature is 1℃ to 2℃ higher than at the present, which are mostly possible for the change of climate because of enrichment of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The simulation results show that warming climate can promote development rate and shorten phenological stages of wheat, and the grain yield will be higher than present. Its impact on the kernel weight and grains per square meter were different for the plantings of various sowing dates. The results of this study suggest that substantial changes in agricultural production and management practices are needed to respond to the climatic changes expected to take place in China.展开更多
ADJUSTING their diet to the changing seasons is a way for Chinese people to preserve their health,as they value the concept that eating habits should be in harmony with nature.Winter solstice is the day with the short...ADJUSTING their diet to the changing seasons is a way for Chinese people to preserve their health,as they value the concept that eating habits should be in harmony with nature.Winter solstice is the day with the shortest daytime and longest night of the year.From the Winter Solstice,the wintry days start,which are divided into nine sessions with展开更多
The microscopic investigation of the floral development of sweet cherry(Prunus avium L. cv. Hongdeng) from a warm winter climate(Shanghai) and cold winter climate(Tai'an, Shandong Province, China) was conducted to...The microscopic investigation of the floral development of sweet cherry(Prunus avium L. cv. Hongdeng) from a warm winter climate(Shanghai) and cold winter climate(Tai'an, Shandong Province, China) was conducted to explore the reason of low fruit set. The effect of hydrogen cyanamide(HCN) on floral development under warm winter conditions was also investigated. Trees grown in Shanghai with insufficient chilling accumulation exhibited little difference in the progression of microspore development compared to trees in Tai'an that accumulated adequate chilling, but showed substantial delays in ovule and embryo sac development. The growth of nucelli did not proceed beyond the macrospore mother cell and macrospore stages with abortion rates of 13, 15 and 45% by 6, 3 and 0 d before full bloom, respectively. These abnormalities in the ovule and embryo sac in the Shanghai-grown trees were eliminated by HCN application. These results suggest that chilling regulates the development of female floral organs in winter dormancy; therefore, insufficient chilling accumulation, causing abnormality of the female floral organs, restricts the cultivation of sweet cherry in warm winter regions. Interestingly, HCN application, which decreased the chilling requirements for Hongdeng, may be a potential strategy for sweet cherry cultivation in warm winter regions.展开更多
The winter temperature changes in East China during the past 100 years are investigated by using the Twentieth Century Version 2(20th-v2)Reanalysis.Four typical warm(P1,1911–30;P4,1991–2010)and cold(P2,1938–57;P3,1...The winter temperature changes in East China during the past 100 years are investigated by using the Twentieth Century Version 2(20th-v2)Reanalysis.Four typical warm(P1,1911–30;P4,1991–2010)and cold(P2,1938–57;P3,1961–80)periods are identified for the East China winter temperature index.Comparison of160-station observational data,NCAR sea level pressure(SLP)data,and NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis shows that the20th-v2 Reanalysis can successfully depict the major features of the warming from P3 to P4,which is part of the global warming phenomenon.The cooling from P1 to P2is a regional phenomenon under global warming.However,both changes are consistent with the phase change of the Arctic Oscillation(AO),while the second change is also accompanied by the phase change of Antarctic Oscillation(AAO)from negative to positive.Original sources of the interdecadal shifts of the AO and winter temperature in East China require further research.展开更多
1.Introduction The Arctic region warms about twice as much as the global average,and this so-called Arctic amplification(AA)might increase the moisture flux towards Siberia(Cohen et al.2014).Furthermore,because of str...1.Introduction The Arctic region warms about twice as much as the global average,and this so-called Arctic amplification(AA)might increase the moisture flux towards Siberia(Cohen et al.2014).Furthermore,because of strong radiative cooling over Siberia in winter,AA might enhance the snowfall in that region and reinforce cold spells in East Asia(Wu,Su,and Zhang 2011).Since 2000,the loss of Arctic sea ice during autumn has enhanced snowfall in Siberia during展开更多
In order to forecast the effect of climate warming on agriculture,ENWATBAL model was used to simulate evapotranspiration of winter wheat due to the change of air temperature and precipitation in the coming decades.The...In order to forecast the effect of climate warming on agriculture,ENWATBAL model was used to simulate evapotranspiration of winter wheat due to the change of air temperature and precipitation in the coming decades.The effect of climate warming on winter wheat yield in the future decades was speculated by the past yield and climate data in last decades,and the possible water use efficiency in the future decades was calculated.The results indicate that climate warming would increase winter wheat evapotranspiration,and decrease yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat.It shows that climate warming would intensify the water shortage in agriculture,and it is necessary to develop watersaving agriculture.展开更多
基金supported jointly by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.40125014)the National Key Basic Research Project(Grant No.G1998040905)the Key Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.KZCX2-203).
文摘Features of an extra-strong warm winter event in North Asia in 2002 and its accompanying anomalous atmospheric circulation were studied through diagnosis on the atmospheric reanalysis data set. Results show that the winter of 2002 is of the warmest in the recent 54 years in North Asia, which was caused by both decadal scale and interannual scale variability. The interannual variability is proved to be as the main cause for the event, and it is related to the global scale atmospheric circulation anomalies, with the strongest of them in the Eastern Hemisphere and in the middle and high latitude region of the Southern Hemisphere.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.41305097the National Major Research High Performance Computing Program of China under contract No.2016YFB0200800
文摘Large parts of North America,Europe,Siberia,and East Asia have experienced cold snaps and heavy snowfalls for the past few winters,which have been linked to rapid decline of Arctic sea ice.Although the role of reduction in Arctic sea ice in recent cold and snowy winters is still a matter of debate,there is considerable interest in determining whether such an emerging climate feedback will persist into the future in a warming environment.Here we show that increased winter snowfall would be a robust feature throughout the 21 st century in the northeastern Europe,central and northern Asia and northern North America as projected by current-day climate model simulations under the medium mitigation scenario.We argue that the increased winter snowfall in these regions during the 21 st century is due primarily to the diminishing autumn Arctic sea ice(largely externally forced).Variability of the winter Arctic Oscillation(dominant mode of natural variability in the Northern Hemisphere),in contrast,has little contribution to the increased winter snowfall.This is evident in not only the multi-model ensemble mean,but also each individual model(not model-dependent).Our findings reinforce suggestions that a strong sea ice-snowfall feedback might have emerged,and would be enhanced in coming decades,increasing the chance of heavy snowfall events in northern high-latitude continents.
基金National Key Technology Support Program (2009BAC51B03)Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars, Ministry of Education (2007)
文摘Based on daily precipitation and monthly temperature data in southern China, the winter extreme precipitation changes in southern China have been investigated by using the Mann-Kendall test and the return values of Generalized Pareto Distribution. The results show that a winter climate catastrophe in southern China occurred around 1991, and the intensity of winter extreme precipitation was strengthened after climate warming. The anomalous circulation characteristics before and after the climate warming was further analyzed by using the U.S. National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis data. It is found that the tropical winter monsoon over East Asia is negatively correlated with the precipitation in southeastern China. After climate warming the meridionality of the circulations in middle and high latitudes increases, which is favorable for the southward movement of the cold air from the north. In addition, the increase of the temperature over southern China may lead to the decrease of the differential heating between the continent and the ocean. Consequently, the tropical winter monsoon over East Asia is weakened, which is favorable for the transport of the warm and humid air to southeastern China and the formation of the anomalous convergence of the moisture flux, resulting in large precipitation over southeastern China. As a result, the interaction between the anomalous circulations in the middle and high latitudes and lower latitudes after the climate warming plays a major role in the increase of the winter precipitation intensity over southeastern China.
基金jointly supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (2009CB421505)the National Key Technology R&D Program in the 11th Five-year Plan of China (2006BAC02B01)
文摘Using tropical cyclone (TC) observations over a 58-yr period (1949-2006) from the China Meteorological Administration, the 40-year ECMWF Reanalysis (ERA-40), NCEP-NCAR reanalysis, and the Hadley Centre sea ice and sea surface temperature (HadISST) datasets, the authors have examined the behaviors of tropical cyclones (TCs) in the western north Pacific (WNP) in boreal winter (November-December-January-February). The results demonstrate that the occurrences of wintertime TCs, including super typhoons, have decreased over the 58 years. More TCs are found to move westward than northeastward, and the annual total number of parabolic-track-type TCs is found to be decreasing. It is shown that negative sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) related to La Ni a events in the equatorial central Pacific facilitate more TC genesis in the WNP region. Large-scale anomalous cyclonic circulations in the tropical WNP in the lower troposphere are observed to be favorable for cyclogenesis in this area. On the contrary, the positive SSTAs and anomalous anticyclonic circulations that related to El Ni o events responsible for fewer TC genesis. Under the background of global warming, the western Pacific subtropical high tends to intensify and to expand more westward in the WNP, and the SSTAs display an increasing trend in the equatorial eastern-central Pacific. These climate trends of both atmospheric circulation and SSTAs affect wintertime TCs, inducing fewer TC occurrences and causing more TCs to move westward.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2010CB951501)the Key Technologies R&D Program of China during the 12th Five-Year Plan period(2011BAD16B14)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30771278)the Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,China
文摘Changes in the soil nematode community induced by global warming may have a considerable influence on agro-ecosystem functioning.However,the impacts of predicted warming on nematode community in farmland(e.g.,winter wheat field)have not been well documented.Therefore,a field experiment with free air temperature increase(FATI)was conducted to investigate the responses of the soil nematode community to nighttime warming in a winter wheat field of Yangtze Delta Plain,China,during2007 to 2009.Nighttime warming(NW)by 1.8°C at 5-cm soil depth had no significant impact on the total nematode abundance compared to un-warmed control(CK).However,NW significantly affected the nematode community structure.Warming favored the bacterivores and fungivores,such as Acrobeles,Monhystera,Rhabditis,and Rhabdontolaimus in bacterivores,and Filenchus in fungivores,while the plant-parasites were hindered,such as Helicotylenchus and Psilenchus.Interestingly,the carnivores/omnivores remained almost unchanged.Hence,the abundances of bacterivores and fungivores were significantly higher under NW than those under CK.Similarly,the abundances of plant-parasites were significantly lower under NW than under CK.Furthermore,Wasilewska index of the nematode community was significantly higher under NW than those under CK,indicating beneficial effect to the plant in the soil.Our results suggest that nighttime warming may improve soil fertility and decrease soilborne diseases in winter wheat field through affecting the soil nematode community.It is also indicated that nighttime warming may promote the sustainability of the nematode community by altering genera-specific habitat suitability for soil biota.
文摘Based on the environmental and crop data at Zhenjiang City, in Jiangsu Province, middle east of China, the growing process of winter wheat was simulated by CERES-Wheat model assuming the daily average temperature is 1℃ to 2℃ higher than at the present, which are mostly possible for the change of climate because of enrichment of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The simulation results show that warming climate can promote development rate and shorten phenological stages of wheat, and the grain yield will be higher than present. Its impact on the kernel weight and grains per square meter were different for the plantings of various sowing dates. The results of this study suggest that substantial changes in agricultural production and management practices are needed to respond to the climatic changes expected to take place in China.
文摘ADJUSTING their diet to the changing seasons is a way for Chinese people to preserve their health,as they value the concept that eating habits should be in harmony with nature.Winter solstice is the day with the shortest daytime and longest night of the year.From the Winter Solstice,the wintry days start,which are divided into nine sessions with
基金supported by grants from the 948 Project of the Ministry of Agriculture of China(2013-Z23)the Shanghai Municipal Science Commission of China(10391900100)
文摘The microscopic investigation of the floral development of sweet cherry(Prunus avium L. cv. Hongdeng) from a warm winter climate(Shanghai) and cold winter climate(Tai'an, Shandong Province, China) was conducted to explore the reason of low fruit set. The effect of hydrogen cyanamide(HCN) on floral development under warm winter conditions was also investigated. Trees grown in Shanghai with insufficient chilling accumulation exhibited little difference in the progression of microspore development compared to trees in Tai'an that accumulated adequate chilling, but showed substantial delays in ovule and embryo sac development. The growth of nucelli did not proceed beyond the macrospore mother cell and macrospore stages with abortion rates of 13, 15 and 45% by 6, 3 and 0 d before full bloom, respectively. These abnormalities in the ovule and embryo sac in the Shanghai-grown trees were eliminated by HCN application. These results suggest that chilling regulates the development of female floral organs in winter dormancy; therefore, insufficient chilling accumulation, causing abnormality of the female floral organs, restricts the cultivation of sweet cherry in warm winter regions. Interestingly, HCN application, which decreased the chilling requirements for Hongdeng, may be a potential strategy for sweet cherry cultivation in warm winter regions.
基金supported jointly by the strategic technological program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDA05090405)the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant Nos.2009CB421406 and 2010CB950304)+1 种基金the Special Fund for the Public Welfare Industry(MeteorologyGrant Nos.GYHY201006022 and GYHY200906018)
文摘The winter temperature changes in East China during the past 100 years are investigated by using the Twentieth Century Version 2(20th-v2)Reanalysis.Four typical warm(P1,1911–30;P4,1991–2010)and cold(P2,1938–57;P3,1961–80)periods are identified for the East China winter temperature index.Comparison of160-station observational data,NCAR sea level pressure(SLP)data,and NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis shows that the20th-v2 Reanalysis can successfully depict the major features of the warming from P3 to P4,which is part of the global warming phenomenon.The cooling from P1 to P2is a regional phenomenon under global warming.However,both changes are consistent with the phase change of the Arctic Oscillation(AO),while the second change is also accompanied by the phase change of Antarctic Oscillation(AAO)from negative to positive.Original sources of the interdecadal shifts of the AO and winter temperature in East China require further research.
基金supported by the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong,China[grant number 11305715]
文摘1.Introduction The Arctic region warms about twice as much as the global average,and this so-called Arctic amplification(AA)might increase the moisture flux towards Siberia(Cohen et al.2014).Furthermore,because of strong radiative cooling over Siberia in winter,AA might enhance the snowfall in that region and reinforce cold spells in East Asia(Wu,Su,and Zhang 2011).Since 2000,the loss of Arctic sea ice during autumn has enhanced snowfall in Siberia during
基金Supported by Financial Aid of Beijing City(PXM2012_014202_000193)
文摘In order to forecast the effect of climate warming on agriculture,ENWATBAL model was used to simulate evapotranspiration of winter wheat due to the change of air temperature and precipitation in the coming decades.The effect of climate warming on winter wheat yield in the future decades was speculated by the past yield and climate data in last decades,and the possible water use efficiency in the future decades was calculated.The results indicate that climate warming would increase winter wheat evapotranspiration,and decrease yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat.It shows that climate warming would intensify the water shortage in agriculture,and it is necessary to develop watersaving agriculture.