Analysis of Mesoscale System of One Typical Rainstorm in the Warm Zone

[Objective] One mesoscale system of rainstorm in the warm zone in Nansha area during June 8 and 9 in 2009 was studied.[Method] By dint of routine meteorological observation data,NCEP reanalysis data,FY-2C TBB,and wind line data,etc.,the circulation situation,physics field,and the activity of convection system of mesoscale of one rainstorm in the warm zone of Nansha during June 8 and 9 in 2009 were expounded so as to explore the causes of such rainstorm.[Result] The rainstorm had distinct convection nature,with large precipitation intensity,uneven distribution,and short timeliness.Most precipitation fell in 5 hours.And the rainstorm in the warm zone was directly related to the activity of meso-convective system and was resulted from moderate β scale convection system(Mβcss).The flux field of the high layer of convection layer had fine absorption effect.Coordinating with the southwest and south field at middle and low 500 and 850 hPa in the middle and lower layer to converge around the Zhujiang Delta,it provided unstable condition and humidity for the rainstorm in Nansha area.The advantageous combination of flux in convective layer,vortex and vertical speed field and the sufficient water supply provided dynamic and water vapor guarantee for the generation of rainstorm in the Nansha area.The vertical speed of <-0.3 m/s reflected the beginning of precipitation and the smaller the vertical speed was,the stronger the precipitation intensity became.[Conclusion] It provided reference for the report of rainstorm of such kind in the future.

Characteristics of Oxides in Argillic Soils of Warm Tem-perate Zone in China

Studies of seven typical soil profiles showed that in the argillic soils derived from loess in the warmtemperate zone of China all the oxides of Fe, Mn, Al and Si were enriched with the accumulation of clayfraction in the profiles. But owing to the influence of oxidation-reduction process the migration velocity ofFe and Mn was faster than that of clay. The free degrees of those metals were in the sequence Mn>Fe>Al,which reflected their different chemical activities in soil. In soils at the same level of development, the freedegree of iron and its activity, the free degree of Al, Alo/Alt× 100, SiO_2/R_2O_3, Sio/Sit× 100, and themagnetic susceptibility were relatively close to each other respectively. It might be considered that both thefres degrees of Fe and Al and Alo/Alt× 100 could serve as the distinctive indexes for argillic soils in warmtemperate zone. The paleoclimate corresponding to the fifth layer of paleosol (s_5) in Lnochuan, Shaanxiwas warmer and more humid than the present, and the paleoecological landscape approximated to today'sbioclimatic belt between the temperate deciduous broadleaved forest and the semiarid forest types.The Mossbouer spectra of the colloidal fraction (<1um) in the clayified horizon of argillic dark loessialsoil, cinnamon soil, brown earth and (s_5) paleosol indicated the superparamagnetic state at room temperature.The magnetic splitting six line spectra were observed clearly at 80 K. The results fitted with a computershowed that hematite and goethite were predominant in iron oxides and commonly existed as fine particles.The proportion of hematite and goethite in soil colloids varied considerably with different climates. Thehigher the temperature, the larger the proportion of hematite.

夏热冬暖地区大型体育场绿色低碳专项方案研究——以广州足球公园和南沙全民文化体育综合体为例

本文选取广州足球公园和南沙全民文化体育综合体作为半开放空间的绿色建筑建造示例,通过分析其设计理念、技术应用、绿色施工方法及环境影响,总结其成功经验和可复制性,为夏热冬暖地区的绿色建筑设计与建造提供参考。

北京松山林地nirK型反硝化微生物群落立地及林型效应

[目的]探究北京松山林地土壤nirK型反硝化微生物群落特征及影响因子,为华北暖温带森林土壤生态系统氮循环过程和环境变化提供依据。[方法]在北京松山国家级自然保护区选择油松林、山杨林、蒙古栎林3种典型林型,分别设置3块(20 m×20 m)标准地进行调查,采集0~20 cm表层混合土样,分析土壤性质并提取土壤微生物总DNA,PCR扩增反硝化过程关键酶亚硝酸盐还原酶的编码基因nirK片段,采用第2代高通量测序分析不同林型土壤nirK型反硝化微生物群落组成和多样性,探究林型和土壤性质对反硝化微生物群落特性的影响。[结果]1)从油松林、山杨林和蒙古栎林9个土壤样本中共得到nirK基因有效序列993 401条、优质序列770 328条。3种林型土壤nirK基因共检测出7门78属,在已鉴定的微生物中各林型优势菌为变形菌门,其相对丰度在3种林型中均达50%,在油松林中最高为58.2%;优势属主要为慢生根瘤菌属、中生根瘤菌属和红假单胞菌属,总相对丰度达50%以上,其中核心菌属为慢生根瘤菌属。2) nirK型反硝化微生物α多样性分析显示,油松林Shannon(7.59±0.56)、 Simpson(0.98±0.01)、 Chao1(2 164.24±214.08)指数均显著高于山杨林(5.23±0.26、 0.89±0.02、1 650.56±136.69)和蒙古栎林(5.76±0.38、 0.93±0.02、 1 621.36±156.70)(P<0.05)。基于Bray-Curtis距离算法并采用PCoA分析显示,不同林型土壤反硝化微生物群落组间差异大于组内。3)林分因子、土壤性质与土壤反硝化微生物的冗余分析结果表明,土壤碱解氮、硝态氮和有机质等土壤性质是影响nirK型反硝化微生物群落组成的关键因子(P<0.05)。[结论]北京松山油松林、山杨林和蒙古栎林土壤nirK型反硝化微生物群落组成、多样性存在明显差异,林型与碱解氮、硝态氮和有机质等土壤性质是影响土壤nirK型反硝化微生物群落特征的重要因素。

新疆北部暖区暴雪的中尺度模拟及云微物理特征研究

暖区暴雪罕见且易致灾,对其准确预报既是重点又是难点。本文采用WRF中尺度模式中Lin、Thompson、 WDM6和WSM6四种云微物理方案对2016年11月中旬一次典型新疆北部暖区暴雪过程进行数值模拟,评估模式对暖区暴雪过程的模拟能力,遴选最优参数化方案,分析暴雪过程中水凝物粒子垂直分布及演变特征,探讨导致暴雪过程的相关中尺度系统的发生发展规律。分析结果表明:(1)不同云微物理参数化模拟中,Lin方案效果最佳,较为成功地模拟出降雪量级、落区和趋势。(2)云中各种水凝物粒子活跃于对流层中下层,其中以霰和雪最多,自高层向低层分别分布着冰晶、雪、云水、霰粒子,阿尔泰山迎风坡附近为各水凝物粒子浓度大值中心,强降雪区四种云中水凝物粒子高值中心垂直对齐有利于各粒子间的转化。(3)上游高湿系统沿西路移动,低空偏南急流增强时水汽汇合强烈,阿尔泰山脉西麓迎风坡阻挡利于水汽辐合;低空偏南急流使暴雪区低层增温,不稳定条件增强,垂直次级环流发展,次级反环流的增强促进不稳定能量的释放,加剧垂直运动增长,为大暴雪的发展和维持提供较强的动力抬升条件,对暴雪起增幅作用。

SWCWARMS及ECMWF模式对四川盆地暖区型和斜压锋生型暴雨预报检验分析

利用2014~2016年5~10月四川盆地所有观测站资料及SWCWARMS模式、ECMWF模式同时段20时起报的24h累积降水资料,基于邻域法FSS、ETS评分指数检验了两模式对于高能暖区型暴雨及斜压锋生型暴雨预报的预报性能。主要结论为:(1)两种类型暴雨过程平均误差均是SWCWARMS模式较ECMWF模式大,且误差值为正,表明模式以湿偏差为主;(2)高能暖区型暴雨FSS评分各降水量级各空间尺度均是SWCWARMS模式高于ECMWF模式;斜压锋生型暴雨50mm以下量级降水在36km以下空间尺度ECMWF模式FSS评分高于SWCWARMS模式,54km以上空间尺度SWCWARMS模式评分较高,大暴雨量级降水各尺度下均是SWCWARMS模式评分较高;(3)高能暖区型暴雨ETS评分暴雨、大暴雨量级SWCWARMS模式评分较高,中雨、大雨ECMWF模式预报更优;斜压锋生型暴雨ETS评分,中雨、大雨及暴雨量级降水预报ECMWF优于SWCWARMS,大暴雨量级SWCWARMS模式预报更优。

暖温带城市森林绿地与土壤微生物多样性研究

文章选取暖温带城市附属森林绿地、公园森林绿地、居住森林绿地、街旁森林绿地以及未绿化土地五种城市森林绿地为研究对象,随机采集100个土壤样本,测定土壤pH和DNA数量,比较不同森林绿地土壤的理化性能和微生物多样性,得出结论,绿化土地的理化性能优于未绿化土地,并且微生物多样性指数高于未绿化土地。旨在揭示暖温带城市森林绿地绿化程度对土壤微生物多样性具有直接影响,提议在现实中应当有效管理森林绿地,为土壤微生物提供良好的生长条件,促进暖温带城市土壤生态系统的健康发展。

华北一次层状云系暖区水汽和液态水分布特征

基于机载微波辐射计、地基微波辐射计和Ka波段云雷达3种遥感资料,结合FY-4A气象卫星、气象观测站、天气雷达及再分析资料,研究2021年5月15日一次华北降水性层状云系暖区的水汽和液态水分布特征。结果表明:水汽和液态水的水平分布不均,飞机平飞时机载微波辐射计探测的积分水汽含量和液态水路径起伏变化,最大值分别为4.00 cm和1.87 mm,随着暖区云顶高度和云层厚度降低,二者分别降至0.89 cm和0.13 mm。随着降水发生发展,地基微波辐射计探测的积分水汽含量和液态水路径均出现跃增,峰值分别为8.62 cm和3.85 mm,水汽变化滞后于液态水,垂直方向上液态水含量的累积区厚度、最大值及所在高度均随降水先增后减,液态水的时空演变对暖区降水及增雨作业时机和部位的判识有重要指示意义。云雷达探测的液态水含量也出现跃增,在1 km高度以下反射率因子较大、粒子下落速度及离散程度较大时段,液态水丰富,对应降水量较大,粒子碰并是暖区降水的主要机制。

夏热冬暖地区既有办公建筑近零碳改造案例分析

发展零碳建筑是实现“双碳”战略目标的有效途径之一。世界各国已开展了广泛的零碳建筑相关研究,但尚未形成统一的零碳建筑定义与技术路径。目前国内的零碳建筑工程案例以新建建筑为主,既有建筑较少,主要是由于既有建筑受场地环境、气候资源条件、建筑结构安全、建筑特殊使用功能需求等诸多因素限制,既有建筑零碳改造技术路径的确定比新建建筑更复杂。因此,亟需开展既有建筑零碳改造技术路径研究与探索。本文以深圳某电力生产办公建筑为例,提出了“诊断评估—方案策划—方案设计—效果评估”的近零碳建筑改造技术路径研究方法,并将其用于项目现状诊断评估、改造目标与技术路径确定、近零碳改造方案设计和改造效果评估,提出了夏热冬暖地区既有电力生产办公建筑近零碳改造技术路径,为夏热冬暖地区既有办公建筑近零碳改造提供参考。

近零能耗目标引导下的夏热冬暖地区超高层公共建筑BIPV技术应用研究

夏热冬暖地区超高层大型公共建筑仅依靠屋顶光伏系统无法满足近零能耗建筑对可再生能源利用率指标要求。如何借助建筑立面空间资源应用BIPV技术,是提高建筑光伏系统产能达到近零能耗目标的关键。文章阐述了近零能耗建筑及BIPV技术的概念及发展现状。结合案例分析了BIPV技术在超高层近零能耗建筑中的应用思路。以期为夏热冬暖地区超高层近零能耗建筑提供满足安全、产能、美观的BIPV技术应用策略。

海洋沉积证据在低纬过程气候变化中的应用及展望

在国内外研究的基础上,对印太暖池区的沃克环流和厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(ENSO)、热带辐合带(ITCZ)等低纬过程的空间分布和随时间的变化规律及其研究方法进行初步归纳,并指出研究中存在的问题。本文论述了厄尔尼诺-南方涛动变率在全新世早期及中世纪气候异常期(1 000~700 a BP)的晚期逐渐增强,介绍了热带辐合带在BA暖期(B?llingAller?d Warm Period)和前北方期(pre-Boreal,10.3~9.5 ka BP)的北移,以及在新仙女木事件(Younger Dryas Event,12.5~11.5 ka BP)和北大西洋冷期(距今7.5~5 ka BP)期间的南移。对低纬过程长时间尺度轨道周期的探讨表明,末次冰盛期赤道东太平洋出现了较偏南的热带辐合带锋面系统,甚至在1.65 Ma冰期,热带辐合带也有快速南移的证据。海洋沉积的粒度、黏土矿物、陆源粉尘、元素和同位素、有孔虫分析等研究方法在推测厄尔尼诺-南方涛动和热带辐合带位移中有很好的应用,建议以陆源生态系统对气候的响应为切入点、以孢粉为手段来探讨陆源植被、气候、火灾和海-陆大气环流等低纬过程的变化特征,进而反演沃克环流(或厄尔尼诺-南方涛动)演化和热带辐合带位移的影响。

Carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry in Pinus tabulaeformis forest ecosystems in warm temperate Shanxi Province,north China

Although carbon(C), nitrogen(N), and phosphorous(P) stoichiometric ratios are considered good indicators of nutrient excess/limitation and thus of ecosystem health, few reports have discussed the trends and the reciprocal effects of C:N:P stoichiometry in plant–litter–soil systems. The present study analyzed C:N:P ratios in four age groups of Chinese pine, Pinus tabulaeformis Carr., forests in Shanxi Province, China: plantation young forests(AY,<20 year-old); plantation middle-aged forests(AM, 21–30 year-old); natural young forests(NY,<30 year-old); and natural middle-aged forests(NM,31–50 year-old). The average C:N:P ratios calculated for tree, shrub, and herbaceous leaves, litter, and soil(0–100 cm) were generally higher in NY followed by NM,AM, and AY. C:N and C:P ratios were higher in litter than in leaves and soils, and reached higher values in the litter and leaves of young forests than in middle-aged forests;however, C:N and C:P ratios were higher in soils of middle-aged forests than in young forests. N:P ratios were higher in leaves than in litter and soils regardless of stand age; the consistent N:P<14 values found in all forests indicated N limitations. With plant leaves, C:P ratios were highest in trees, followed by herbs and shrubs, indicating a higher efficiency in tree leaf formation. C:N ratios decreased with increasing soil depth, whereas there was no trend for C:P and N:P ratios. C:N:P stoichiometry of forest foliage did not exhibit a consistent variation according to stand age. Research on the relationships between N:P, and P, N nutrient limits and the characteristics of vegetation nutrient adaptation need to be continued.

Discussion on position of China’s north-south transitional zone by comparative analysis of mountain altitudinal belts

The Qinling Mountains has always been regarded as an essential dividing line between the warm temperate zone and the subtropical zone in eastern China and plays a vital role in the geoecological pattern of China.However,there is controversy about the specific location of this geographical boundary in the academic community.As a product of the combined effects of zonal and non-zonal factors,the mountain altitudinal belts(MABs)can reflect both the horizontal zonality and the vertical zonality of vegetation distribution.Using the MAB information,we can not only profoundly understand the complex mountain system of QinlingDaba Mountains but can also judge its nature as a geographical boundary more scientifically.Therefore,based on the comparative analysis of basal belt,dominant belt characteristics and belt structure characteristics of the MABs in Qinling-Daba Mountains,subtropical and temperate mountains,this paper analyzed the MAB differences and similarities among Qinling-Daba Mountains,subtropical and temperate typical mountains,to reveal the vegetation distribution characteristics in the north-south transitional zone.The results show that:(1)The MABs of the southern part of QinlingDaba Mountains(southern slope of the Daba Mountains)are the same or similar to those of the Subtropical Mountains,and the MABs of the northern part of Qinling-Daba Mountains(northern slope of the Qinling Mountains)are similar to those of the temperate mountains.While it shows obvious transitional characteristics in the vast area between the northern slope of the Daba Mountains and the southern slope of the Qinling Mountains:the basal belts gradually transit from the evergreen broadleaved forest belt(basal belt in subtropical mountains)to the evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest belt,and the dominant belts also transit from the evergreen broad-leaved forest belt to the evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest belt or the deciduous broad-leaved forest belt.(2)The transitional zone between the subtropical zone and the warm temperate zone is located between the northern slope of the Daba Mountains and the southern slope of the Qinling Mountains.The southern boundary of the transitional zone is along the northern slope of Shennongjia Mountain-the northern slope of Micang Mountain-Baishuijiang Nature Reserve,and the northern boundary is along the southern slope of Funiu Mountain-the southern slope of Taibai Mountain-Lianhua Mountain.Additionally,in the transitional zone,the average temperature in January is between-5°C and 1°C,the annual average temperature is between 10°C and 13°C except Hanzhong Basin and Hanshui Valley,and the accumulated temperature above 10°C ranges from 2000°C to 4000°C,the annual rainfall is about 800-1000 mm.The results provide a scientific basis for revealing the characteristics of China’s north-south transitional zone and scientific division of the boundary between the subtropical zone and warm temperate zone in China.

暖温带山地天然次生林演替序列根系呼吸速率对林地增温的响应

【目的】通过增温对比试验观测天然次生林演替序列森林内不同层次植物根系呼吸速率生长季的变化,揭示森林演替和模拟增温及其交互作用对根系呼吸速率的影响,为森林更新过程中土壤碳循环对气候变暖响应机制的研究提供数据支持。【方法】以关帝山4种天然次生林(杨桦林、油松林、华北落叶松林和白杄林)为对象,采用野外定点对比试验,以林下地面搭建温室模拟林地增温和用去根试验结合差减法区分根系呼吸组分。于2016—2019年利用Li-6400便携式分析仪观测根系呼吸速率。【结果】增温提高了4种林型细根生物量和根系总呼吸(土壤自养呼吸)的生长季碳通量;增温显著提高了灌木层和草本层根系呼吸速率,提高幅度分别为8.37%~15.26%和10.88%~14.00%,降低了根系呼吸速率的温度敏感性(Q_(10))。但增温没有改变根系呼吸的生长季单极值变化特征。各林分细根生物量和根系呼吸速率均随演替进程而降低,而根系呼吸速率Q_(10)的值则升高。【结论】灌木和草本层根系呼吸速率对增温和演替及其交互作用的响应程度显著,而乔木层根系呼吸速率对增温和增温与演替的交互作用响应程度不显著。随林地温度升高,森林根系呼吸速率升高而温度敏感性却降低,说明森林根系呼吸速率对温度升高的响应较为复杂。

港口客运站建筑能耗分析及节能潜力研究

本文针对我国寒冷地区、夏热冬暖地区的港口客运站展开实地调研测试;基于调研数据,利用eQUEST建立了建筑模型;设计正交试验,分析了不同影响因子的显著性水平,并进行了建筑节能潜力研究。结果表明:对于寒冷地区的港口客运站,冬季采用市政热水地板辐射供暖、昼光照明采用三阶断续型控制时建筑总节能率分别为3.09%和10.35%;对于夏热冬暖地区的港口客运站,夏季室内设计温度采用热中性温度、昼光照明采用三阶断续型控制时建筑总节能率分别为5.18%和7.58%。

气候变暖对新疆棉花种植气候适宜性分区的影响

基于新疆102个气象站1961—2020年历史气候资料,使用统计学方法以及ArcGIS的空间插值技术,在对近60年影响新疆棉花种植的主要气候因子,≥10℃积温、无霜冻期和7月平均气温时空变化分析的基础上,结合新疆棉花种植气候适宜性区划指标,就不同品种熟性棉花适宜种植分区的变化进行研究。结果表明:1961—2020年新疆≥10℃积温、无霜冻期和7月平均气温呈显著增多或上升趋势,并且上述要素均于1997年发生突变。受其影响,1997年后较之前,新疆不同品种熟性棉花适宜种植区的海拔上限均不同程度的抬升,其中,准噶尔盆地和吐鲁番、哈密盆地棉区海拔上限抬升150~200 m,塔里木盆地棉区抬升50~100 m;气候变暖使新疆宜棉区扩大,不宜棉区缩小,且部分棉区适宜种植的棉花品种向生育期较长、产量较高的品种转变,这对促进新疆棉花的发展十分有利。

夏热冬暖地区下沉广场对地下综合交通枢纽通风性能的影响

对夏热冬暖地区有下沉广场的地下综合交通枢纽冬夏两季空调运行工况进行了CFD模拟,得到了冬夏季典型工况各层主要截面的风速场和下沉广场设置所导致的进出风情况,并基于准静风区、换气次数等概念对其进行了分析。结果显示:夏季工况下沉广场进出风呈现“一进三出”的特点,冬季工况呈现“两进两出”的特点;由于玻璃幕墙的设置,在玻璃幕墙内形成了明显的空气流道;室外风向变化与下沉广场设置情况、开口面积、内部结构共同作用影响建筑通风性能,并且室外气流更容易通过开口方向与风向相同、开口面积较大、内部无大量隔断墙等结构的下沉广场进入室内。

2017-2018年河南宝天曼天然栎林碳水通量观测数据集

基于微气象学理论的涡度相关通量观测技术,直接测定了亚热带暖温带过渡区天然栎林生态系统尺度的生产力、能量分配和水分利用等功能和过程,为研究森林生态系统碳水循环过程机理提供了重要的数据基础。本研究选取位于河南宝天曼森林生态站的天然栎林作为研究对象,使用涡度相关系统和环境梯度系统进行长期定位观测,并对2017年1月至2018年12月的监测数据进行了整理、质量控制和分析。本数据集包括空气温湿度、土壤温湿度、风速、风向、光合有效辐射、向上/向下的短波辐射、向上/向下的长波辐射、净辐射、显热通量、潜热通量和碳通量等观测指标,形成了半小时、日尺度、月尺度和年尺度的数据产品,以期为研究亚热带-暖温带过渡区典型森林生态系统对气候变化的响应和适应及其机制提供数据基础。

1991-2020年内蒙古兴安盟热量资源变化特征及区划

利用内蒙古兴安盟8个国家气象观测站1991—2020年的日平均气温数据,对兴安盟30年间10℃活动积温变化特征进行了分析,同时,结合周边呼伦贝尔市、通辽市、吉林省10个气象观测站同时间段日平均气温数据,构建了兴安盟10℃活动积温、稳定通过10℃初终日及持续日数的精细化推算模型,最后,结合兴安盟地理信息数据绘制了热量资源精细化区划图。结果表明:1991-2020年兴安盟10℃平均活动积温气候倾向率为103.64 (℃·d)/10 a,呈显著增加趋势,其变化大致可以分为4个特征明显的阶段。与上一代际相比,1991-2020年各站点10℃活动积温平均值均有所增加,≥2800℃·d区域所占面积约增加5553 km^(2),其他等级10℃积温区域面积均不同程度减少,各等级区域边界均向西北移动。

2022年2月张家口地区大雪过程分析

应用MICAPS常规气象资料、区域站加密降水资料、NCEP再分析资料,采用天气学分析和动力诊断的方法,对2022年2月13日张家口地区出现的1次降雪天气过程进行综合分析。结果表明:(1)此次降雪过程主要分为2个阶段,第一阶段是暖区内偏南暖湿气流影响下产生的降雪,第二阶段是受冷锋系统过境影产生的降雪。(2)此次降雪过程暖区降雪相对持续时间较长,锋区过境降雪持续时间短,总降雪量最大值偏南。