The number concentrations and drop size distributions(DSDs)of warm-rain hydrometeors play an important role in the simulation of microphysical processes.To evaluate the performance of the WDM6 scheme,which predicts th...The number concentrations and drop size distributions(DSDs)of warm-rain hydrometeors play an important role in the simulation of microphysical processes.To evaluate the performance of the WDM6 scheme,which predicts the cloud number concentration(Nc)explicitly in aspects of warm-rain hydrometeors number concentrations and DSDs,the simulation of the WDM6 scheme is compared with airborne observations of a flight trial,as well as with the simulations of the Thompson scheme and Morrison scheme.Results show that the WDM6 scheme produces smaller(larger)cloud(rain)number concentrations and wider cloud DSDs compared to the observations,with the largest biases at upper levels of stratiform cloud(SC).The Thompson scheme and the Morrison scheme,both of which set the Nc as a constant,compare better to the observations than the WDM6 scheme in aspects of Nc and DSD.Sensitivity tests of the initial cloud condensation nuclei(CCN)number concentration(CCN0)of the WDM6 scheme show that a better choice of the initial CCN0 may improve the simulation of convective cloud but helps little in terms of SC.The simulation of rain number concentration and DSD is not sensitive to the CCN0 in the WDM6 scheme.展开更多
利用2006-2021年常规观测和风云卫星云顶黑体亮温(TBB)资料,结合欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)0.25°×0.25°的ERA5再分析资料,对冷季影响华北和东北地区北上类温带气...利用2006-2021年常规观测和风云卫星云顶黑体亮温(TBB)资料,结合欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)0.25°×0.25°的ERA5再分析资料,对冷季影响华北和东北地区北上类温带气旋强降水过程进行了统计分析。结果表明:(1)温带气旋爆发性发展过程中大多数有锢囚锋形成,但发展过程有所不同,Shapiro-Keyser(以下简称SK型)和经典的挪威(以下简称NW型)气旋发展过程各占一半,SK型气旋500hPa上为一深槽,斜压性强,引导气流为东北偏北气流,导致气旋路径偏西,造成的降水更偏北、范围更广;NW型气旋500hPa上为一浅槽,槽后冷平流弱,引导气流为东北偏东气流,导致气旋路径偏东,降水偏南,强度更强。(2)NW型气旋的大气河强于SK型气旋,相应的强降水范围更大、强度更强;随着气旋发展,SK型气旋大气河北侧有明显的后弯特征,导致SK型气旋的暖锋降水中心位于气旋西北象限,而NW型气旋暖锋降水中心位于气旋中心附近。(3)SK型气旋西北侧的暖锋锋生明显强于NW型,气旋锋生强迫产生的强上升运动,有利于强降雪。(4)SK型气旋300 hPa上存在高音符形状的强位涡块,NW型气旋高层块状位涡较弱。SK型气旋上空平流层位涡下传与低层高位涡连通形成位涡塔,其附近有深厚暖式锢囚结构;而NW型气旋高层位涡下伸不明显,没有位涡塔生成,SK型气旋首先在对流层中低层发展,然后发展到地面,而NW型气旋是从对流层低层发展起来。展开更多
As global warming increasingly affects vulnerable regions such as Central East Africa, it is crucial to understand future changes in rainfall variability to reduce vulnerability. Despite the importance of rainfall var...As global warming increasingly affects vulnerable regions such as Central East Africa, it is crucial to understand future changes in rainfall variability to reduce vulnerability. Despite the importance of rainfall variability, it has received less attention compared to changes in mean and extreme rainfall. This study evaluates the amplification of synoptic (weekly) to annual variability of East African Monsoon (EAM) Long Rainfall (March to May) by climatic extremes. Using band-pass filtered daily rainfall data, we found that EAM rainfall variability is anticipated to increase by 20% - 60% across the region under global warming conditions. The majority of the intermodal variability in Long Rain EAM rainfall forecasting is explained by differences in mean rainfall. Our results show that the synoptic variability of Long Rain for EAM rainfall is likely to amplify, resulting in more extreme rainfall events and longer dry spells under global warming. This amplification is attributed to the warming of the Indian Ocean and the associated changes in atmospheric circulation patterns. The projected increase in synoptic to annual variability of Long Rain for EAM rainfall has significant implications for water resources management and agriculture in the region, challenging policymakers to develop adaptive strategies that can mitigate the impacts of these extreme events. This study emphasizes the potential impacts of projected climate changes in rainfall variability on the East African region at all periods and underscores the need for effective adaptation strategies to ensure sustainable development.展开更多
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant number 41530427 and41875172]supported by the demonstration project of artificial precipitation enhancement and hail suppression operation technology at the eastern side of Taihang Mountains [Grant No.hbrywcsy-2017-2]
文摘The number concentrations and drop size distributions(DSDs)of warm-rain hydrometeors play an important role in the simulation of microphysical processes.To evaluate the performance of the WDM6 scheme,which predicts the cloud number concentration(Nc)explicitly in aspects of warm-rain hydrometeors number concentrations and DSDs,the simulation of the WDM6 scheme is compared with airborne observations of a flight trial,as well as with the simulations of the Thompson scheme and Morrison scheme.Results show that the WDM6 scheme produces smaller(larger)cloud(rain)number concentrations and wider cloud DSDs compared to the observations,with the largest biases at upper levels of stratiform cloud(SC).The Thompson scheme and the Morrison scheme,both of which set the Nc as a constant,compare better to the observations than the WDM6 scheme in aspects of Nc and DSD.Sensitivity tests of the initial cloud condensation nuclei(CCN)number concentration(CCN0)of the WDM6 scheme show that a better choice of the initial CCN0 may improve the simulation of convective cloud but helps little in terms of SC.The simulation of rain number concentration and DSD is not sensitive to the CCN0 in the WDM6 scheme.
文摘利用2006-2021年常规观测和风云卫星云顶黑体亮温(TBB)资料,结合欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)0.25°×0.25°的ERA5再分析资料,对冷季影响华北和东北地区北上类温带气旋强降水过程进行了统计分析。结果表明:(1)温带气旋爆发性发展过程中大多数有锢囚锋形成,但发展过程有所不同,Shapiro-Keyser(以下简称SK型)和经典的挪威(以下简称NW型)气旋发展过程各占一半,SK型气旋500hPa上为一深槽,斜压性强,引导气流为东北偏北气流,导致气旋路径偏西,造成的降水更偏北、范围更广;NW型气旋500hPa上为一浅槽,槽后冷平流弱,引导气流为东北偏东气流,导致气旋路径偏东,降水偏南,强度更强。(2)NW型气旋的大气河强于SK型气旋,相应的强降水范围更大、强度更强;随着气旋发展,SK型气旋大气河北侧有明显的后弯特征,导致SK型气旋的暖锋降水中心位于气旋西北象限,而NW型气旋暖锋降水中心位于气旋中心附近。(3)SK型气旋西北侧的暖锋锋生明显强于NW型,气旋锋生强迫产生的强上升运动,有利于强降雪。(4)SK型气旋300 hPa上存在高音符形状的强位涡块,NW型气旋高层块状位涡较弱。SK型气旋上空平流层位涡下传与低层高位涡连通形成位涡塔,其附近有深厚暖式锢囚结构;而NW型气旋高层位涡下伸不明显,没有位涡塔生成,SK型气旋首先在对流层中低层发展,然后发展到地面,而NW型气旋是从对流层低层发展起来。
文摘As global warming increasingly affects vulnerable regions such as Central East Africa, it is crucial to understand future changes in rainfall variability to reduce vulnerability. Despite the importance of rainfall variability, it has received less attention compared to changes in mean and extreme rainfall. This study evaluates the amplification of synoptic (weekly) to annual variability of East African Monsoon (EAM) Long Rainfall (March to May) by climatic extremes. Using band-pass filtered daily rainfall data, we found that EAM rainfall variability is anticipated to increase by 20% - 60% across the region under global warming conditions. The majority of the intermodal variability in Long Rain EAM rainfall forecasting is explained by differences in mean rainfall. Our results show that the synoptic variability of Long Rain for EAM rainfall is likely to amplify, resulting in more extreme rainfall events and longer dry spells under global warming. This amplification is attributed to the warming of the Indian Ocean and the associated changes in atmospheric circulation patterns. The projected increase in synoptic to annual variability of Long Rain for EAM rainfall has significant implications for water resources management and agriculture in the region, challenging policymakers to develop adaptive strategies that can mitigate the impacts of these extreme events. This study emphasizes the potential impacts of projected climate changes in rainfall variability on the East African region at all periods and underscores the need for effective adaptation strategies to ensure sustainable development.
