Relationship Between Hyperspectral Parameters and Physiological and Biochemical Indexes of Flue-Cured Tobacco Leaves

The experiment was set up for examining the physiological and biological indexes quickly and exactly, for obtaining information of tobacco-field fertilizing and tobacco growing. The ASD Field spec FR 2500 was used to measure spectra reflectance of flue-cured tobacco and the relationship between hyperspectral parameters and biochemical contents （total nitrogen, chlorophyll, carotenoid）, and physiological indexes （fresh weight, dry weight, moisture content） of flue-cured tobacco leaves was studied by correlation and stepwise regression statistic methods at different nitrogen and potassium levels. The results indicated that the spectra curves of different treatments had obvious rules and great diversities. There were high correlations between different types of spectra parameters and ten physiological and biochemical indexes of flue-cured tobacco leaves. Hyperspectral characteristic variables of ten physiological and biochemical indexes were found through stepwise regression, and SDr/SDb was the characteristic variable closest to seven biochemical contents. Simultaneously, the R2 and regression coefficient of equations reached 0.05 significant level and the equations had good estimating effects through the examination of other samples. Accordingly, this study suggested that the ten physiological and biochemical indexes could be estimated quickly by the estimating models, at the same time nitrogen-potassium fertilization and growth condition of flue-cured tobacco could be inspected.

Effects of Different Flue-curing Technologies on Microscopic Structure of Flue-cured Tobacco Leaves

[Objective] This study aimed to compare the effects of Chinese quality-improving fragrunce-increasing tobacco flue-curing technology, Chinese three- stage tobaeeo flue-curing technology and Zimbabwean tobaceo flue-euring technology on microscopie structure of flue-cured tobacco leaves to provide theoretical basis for tobacco flue-curing. [ Method ] Middle leaves of tobacco cultivar K326 were collected in Pengshui County of Chongqing City for flue-curing experiment using three flue-curing technologies. Leaf samples were collected regularly in the flue-curing process, to investigate the microscopic structure of flue-cured tobaceo leaves. [ Result] During three flue-curing processes, leaves, palisade tissues and sponge tissues shrank gradually. Three flue-euring processes exhibited significant differ- ences in the peak of tissue shrinkage ： microscopic structure of flue-cured tobacco leaves in Chinese three-stage tobacco flue-curing process shrank earliest, follower by Chinese quality-improving fragrance-increasing tobacco flue-curing process; flue-eured tobacco leaves in Zimbabwean tobacco flue-curing process presented the latest shrinkage. At 84 h post-curing, leaf thickness in three flue-curing processes showed a descend order of Chinese three-stage tobacco flue-curing process 〉 Chinese quality-improving fragrance-increasing tobacco flue-curing process 〉 Zimbabwean tobacco flue-curing process. Upper and lower epidermal cells in Zimb- abwean tobacco flue-curing process ruptured earlier than other two flue-curing processes; eventually, the majority of cells ruptured and mixed with palisade tissues and sponge tissues. In Chinese quality-improving fragranee-increasing tobacco flue-curing process, only a small number of epidermal cells in dried leaves ruptured. Among three flue-curing technologies, Zimbabwean tobacco flue-curing technology exhibited the greatest damage to epidermal cells, followed by Chinese three-stage tobaceo flue-curing technology; Chinese quality-improving fragrance-increasing tobacco flue-curing technology had the minimum damage to epidermal cells. Mese- phyll cross-section exhibited significant morphological changes in stomata. To be specific, at 0 - 12 h post-curing, stomata of tobacco leaves closed with slightly prominent stamatal apparatuses on upper and lower epidermis; at 24 -72 h post-curing, stomata of tobaceo leaves changed gradually from opening to closure with significantly prominent stomatal apparatuses on upper and lower epidermis; at 84 h post-curing, stomata of tobacco leaves closed, and the majority of stomatal appa- ratuses were significantly prominent. In Chinese quality-improving fragrance-increasing tobacco flue-curing process, only a small number of epidermal ceils ruptured at 84 h pest-flue-curing; palisade tissues and sponge tissues shrank almost simultaneously. Significant gaps were observed between palisade tissues and between pal- isade tissues and sponge tissues. Chinese quality-improving fragrance-increasing tobacco flue-curing technology exhibited lower disorder level compared with other two flue-curing technologies. [ Conclusion] Chinese quality-improving fragrance-increasing tobacco flue-curlng technology was conducive to maintaining the micro- scopic structure integrity of flue-cured tobacco leaves and obtaining high-quality flue-cured tobacco leaves.

Effects of Different Flue-curing Technologies on Submicroscopic Structure of Flue-cured Tobacco Leaves

[ Objective] This study aimed to compare the effects of low-temperature low-humidity tobacco flue-curing technology, moderate-temperature moderate- humidity tobacco flue-curing technology and moderate-temperature high-humidity tobacco flue-curing technology on submicroscopic structure of flue-cured tobacco leaves to provide theoretical basis for tobacco flue-curing. [ Method] Middle leaves of tobacco cuhivar K326 were collected in Pengshui County of Chongqing City for flue-curing experiment using three flue-curing technologies. Leaf samples were collected regularly in the flue-curing process, to investigate the submicroscopic structure of flue-cured tobacco leaves. [ Result] Morphology changes and structural rupture of chloroplasts occurred at different time during three flue-curing proces- ses. In low-temperature low-humidity flue-curing process, morphology changes and structural rupture of chloroplasts occurred late but rapidly; in moderate-tempera- ture moderate-humidity flue-curing process and moderate-temperature high-humidity flue-curing process, morphology changes and structural rupture of chloroplasts occurred early but slowly. Among these three flue-curing processes, the speed of changes in mitochondria morphology, cristae number and membrane rupture pres- ented an upward order of low-temperature low-humidity flue-curing process 〈 moderate-temperature high-humidity flue-curlng process 〈 moderate-temperature moderate-humidity flue-curing process. In low-temperature low-humldity flue-curing process, starch granules in chloroplasts ruptured after flue-curing for 36 -48 h ; in moderate-temperature moderate-humidity flue-curing process, starch granules in chloroplasts ruptured after flue-curing for 24 - 36 h; in moderate-temperature high-humidity flue-curing process, starch granules in chloroplasts ruptured after flue-curing for 12 - 24 h. [ Conclusion ] Using low-temperature low-humidity flue- curing technology could prolong the maintenance duration of the submicroscopic structure integrity of flue-cured tobacco leaves, which was conducive to fully decom- posing and transforming substances in tobacco leaves and obtaining high-quality flue-cured tobacco leaves.

The Quality Difference of Tobacco Leaves Between Different Flue-curing Processes in Honghe Tobacco-growing Area

[Objectives] This study was conducted to compare the effects of different curing processes,in order to optimize the local supporting intensive fluecuring process.[Methods] A comparative experiment was carried out in Mile,Luxi and Jianshui on the four-layer tobacco-packed intensive curing process(K1)and the eight-point precise and intensive curing process(K2).[Results]The results showed that according to the appearance evaluation of the tobacco leaves,K1 was higher than K2 in respective scores of color,maturity,leaf structure and defects and the total score,while K1 equaled K2 in the scores of identity,oil content,chroma and length.The differences in respective scores of the two processes were not significant.According to the results of sensory evaluation,the two tobacco enterprises got different evaluation results of unblended cigarettes made of the middle leaves due to different raw material requirements of the enterprises by different processes.K1 was higher than K2 in the sensory evaluation of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co.,Ltd.,while it was lower than K2 in that of China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co.,Ltd.,and the difference in the total score between the two processes was significant.From the content of chemical components,in the conventional chemical component contents including total sugar,reducing sugar,chlorine and starch,K1 was higher than K2,while in the contents of potassium,total phytonine,total nitrogen and petroleum ether extract,K1 was lower than K2,but the differences were not significant.K1 was lower than K2 in the contents of neutral aroma components including ketones,alcohols,aldehydes,heterocyclics,neophytadiene and total content,while K1 was higher than K2 in the contents of esters,phenols,but the respective differences were not significant.Except the significant difference in the total score in the sensory evaluation of China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co.,Ltd.,there were no significant differences in other items in the appearance evaluation,sensory evaluation and chemical composition of tobacco leaves between K1 and K2.[Conclusions] The supporting intensive curing process can be further optimized on the basis of this study.

Analysis of the Appearance Quality of Tobacco Leaves in the Tobacco-growing Areas of Qujing City

In order to set up the digitization indices system of appearance quality of flue-cured tobacco leaves in Qujing. According to the relevant standards,the quantitative analysis on appearance quality of 39 cutter and upper tobacco leaf samples which were collected from eight fluecured tobacco production regions of Qujing City,Yunnan Province were carried out in 2011,respectively. The results showed that the difference in evaluation score of appearance quality of flue-cured tobacco in eight regions was not significant. The tobacco leaves had high maturity,high oil content,loose structure and good appearance quality. The scores of appearance quality of flue-cured tobacco in Shizong County and Malong County are higher than other regions. The two regions are suitable for tobacco plantation. The preliminary digitization indices provide reference and guidance to tobacco production and standards system of tobacco leaves base.

近临界水处理废次烟叶工艺条件及优化

为了探究近临界水处理废次烟叶制备生物油的最佳工艺条件,本文采用单因素试验设计,考察反应温度、固液比、保温时间对烟叶生物油产率的影响,并通过正交试验,对近临界水处理废次烟叶的工艺条件进行优化。结果表明:近临界水液化烟叶的最佳处理组合为反应温度260℃,保温时间15min,固液比4∶50,此条件下烟叶生物油产率为57.68%。使用GC-MS(气相色谱-质谱联用仪)分析对水溶性油和残渣油的成分进行表征,结果显示,在最佳提取工艺条件下,从水溶性油中共分离出69种化学成分,以酚类为主,占总量的49.39%,其次为杂环类,占总量的25.69%;从残渣油中共分离出37种化学成分,以酯类、酮类为主,分别占总量的25.66%、20.21%。本方法遵循绿色提取理念,以水为溶剂,对环境友好,与传统提取方法相比,生物油产率高,致香成分丰富,为废次烟叶处理提供了新的途径。

EM菌对不适用鲜烟叶堆腐过程中腐殖质组分的影响

为探明EM菌不同用量对云南烟区不适用鲜烟叶腐熟效率的影响,找出云南烟区不适用鲜烟叶就近资源化处理过程中的最佳EM菌用量,在自然条件和添加EM菌剂2 000,4 000,6 000 m L/t堆腐条件下,研究不适用鲜烟叶堆腐过程中有机质、碳氮比、胡敏酸、富里酸和腐殖化指数变化。结果表明:添加EM菌剂能明显加速堆腐物有机质、腐殖质、胡敏酸和富里酸的转化;促进堆腐物碳氮比的协调;提高不适用鲜烟叶堆腐效率,缩短不适用鲜烟叶腐熟时间。其中,添加4 000,2 000 m L/t EM菌剂,缩短腐熟时间30 d,在堆腐26d即腐熟;添加6 000 m L/t EM菌剂,缩短腐熟时间23 d,在堆腐33 d即腐熟;不加EM菌需要56 d才能腐熟;其中以添加EM菌4 000 m L/t效果最好。

废弃烟叶厌氧消化的实验探究

为获得废弃烟叶的厌氧消化规律,实验采用全混合批量发酵模式,在30℃、料液浓度为4.70%及初始pH为7.0的条件下,对废弃烟叶进行了厌氧消化的探索性研究。结果表明,废弃烟叶的厌氧发酵历时20d,总产气量为2345mL,产气主要集中在前8d,达1700mL,但均不能点燃;第9～20d所产的气体能点燃,但仅有645mL.从实验结果得知,废弃烟叶对厌氧微生物有抑制作用,不能单独用来启动沼气发酵。

氧化铝脱色-中压柱层析纯化茄尼醇的工艺

为了获得高纯度茄尼醇,开发了一种氧化铝脱色-中压柱层析纯化废次烟叶中茄尼醇粗品的方法。确定了氧化铝吸附脱色的工艺条件:6号溶剂油作为溶剂,吸附时间40min,茄尼醇粗品与氧化铝的质量比为1∶8,洗脱剂(6号溶剂油)与茄尼醇粗品的比例为100∶1(mL/g),氧化铝吸附脱色后,茄尼醇收率92.8%,纯度为68.32%;采用连续中压柱层析法对茄尼醇进行了纯化,优化的连续中压柱层析条件为:以300～400目层析用中性氧化铝为填料,6号溶剂油-丙酮为洗脱剂(30∶1),柱使用压力为1.0MPa,柱层析后茄尼醇收率78.6%,纯度为94.37%。结果表明,该文建立的纯化工艺适用于茄尼醇的生产。

EM菌预处理对不适用鲜烟叶厌氧发酵氮转化的影响

为加快云南烟草不适用鲜烟叶无害化处理和资源化利用进程,试验研究了EM菌不同用量预处理后,不适用鲜烟叶田间固液分流、厌氧发酵过程中全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮的变化规律。结果表明,自然堆肥,烟叶氮素的损失较大。添加不同用量的EM菌剂处理都可以加快有机氮的矿化,促进NH+4-N向NO-3-N的转化,减少氮的挥发性损失;其中,添加EM 6.67 mL/kg处理效果最好。

响应面法优化超声波辅助提取废弃烟叶中芦丁的研究

以烟草废弃烟叶作材料,根据Box-Behnken中心组合试验设计原理,选取提取温度、超声时间、乙醇体积分数作为优化因素,在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应面法对废弃烟叶中芦丁的提取工艺进行优化。试验结果表明芦丁提取的最佳工艺参数为:提取温度57.5℃、超声时间20.3 min和乙醇体积分数32.6%,提取率为13.7 mg/g,与理论预测值的相对误差为1.0%,说明响应面法可以很好地优化废弃烟叶中芦丁的提取工艺。这一结果可为烟草废弃物的综合利用提供参考。

采用超临界CO_2萃取技术提取废次烟叶中的茄尼醇

采用超临界CO2萃取技术提取废次烟叶中的有效成分茄尼醇,以乙醇为夹带剂,研究了萃取压力、萃取温度、CO2的流量、萃取时间、夹带剂的使用、分离温度和原料粒度等方面对萃取效果的影响,并对其中影响较为显著的因素进行了正交试验,通过极差和方差分析确定了萃取体系适宜的工艺条件.萃取压力为20 MPa,萃取温度为45℃,CO2的流量为15 L/h,萃取时间为2 h,夹带剂为95%的乙醇,分离温度为40℃,原料粒度为40～60目.

废弃上部鲜烟叶美拉德反应制备特色烟用香料

采用打顶产生的大田废弃烟叶提取浸膏,对浸膏进行美拉德反应增香,从而制备特色烟用香料。以感官评价为评价指标,利用单因素和正交试验对反应温度、pH和加热时间进行优化,得到美拉德反应制备香料的最优条件为反应温度120℃、pH=12、加热时间180 min。通过对香料进行GC/MS分析,鉴定出29种成分,其中吡嗪类4种,醇类6种,酯类3种,醛类2种,酮类2种,烯类2种,胺类1种,香味物质如巨豆三烯酮、苄醇、二氢猕猴桃内酯、香橙烯等成分,是关键的致香物质。

冻干预处理对烤后废弃烟叶产甲烷潜力的影响

为探究冷冻真空干燥预处理对烤后废弃烟叶产甲烷潜力的影响,实现烤后废弃烟叶的资源化利用,促进碳中和背景下烟草行业绿色清洁生产体系的发展,对烤后废弃烟叶分别进行0、1、3、5、10 h冷冻真空干燥预处理(L1~L5),比较了预处理前后烤后废弃烟叶表面微观结构、木质纤维素结构、总糖含量、烟碱含量等的变化,并对烤后废弃烟叶进行了产甲烷潜力(BMP)测试分析。结果显示:未预处理(L0)与L1~L5处理烤后废弃烟叶BMP值(以单位质量挥发性固体在厌氧条件下的产甲烷量表示)分别为200.74、208.64、220.98、224.28、211.11、209.30 mL·g^(-1),预处理较未预处理BMP分别增加了3.94%、10.08%、11.73%、5.16%及4.26%。经冷冻真空干燥预处理后,烟叶表面呈现褶皱和卷曲,产生疏松多孔的物理结构,有效增大了微生物接触面积。但长时间的真空干燥除了较大程度增加预处理能耗,还会造成烟叶有机成分的损失。因此,基于预处理能耗成本和甲烷产量效益的综合考虑,应控制冻干时长,进一步优化预处理工艺。

贵州废弃烟叶抗炎活性部位及其化学成分分析鉴定

以贵州废弃烟叶为原料,通过提取、浓缩和柱层析等方法制备得到废弃烟叶乙醇提取物中不同极性的粗分段部分。采用NO试剂盒检测不同极性部分对RAW 264.7炎症细胞生成NO的影响,研究发现其乙酸乙酯部分和正丁醇部分的抗炎活性尤为突出。通过高分辨质谱Q Exactive Focus分析鉴定乙酸乙酯和正丁醇抗炎活性部分中的化学成分,结果表明两个活性部分中部分化合物具有抗炎活性作用,为进一步探讨多用途废弃烟叶和研制出天然抗炎产品提供一定的研究基础。

利用废弃青烟叶研制烟田专用土壤改良剂

为了更好地资源化利用废弃青烟叶,该研究以废弃青烟叶为主要试材,再添加配置以生物材料,经生物技术和水热法,研制适用于烟田的土壤改良剂。结果显示,试验的几种土壤改良剂配方中,最优的为烟渣+生物碱(1:1),用该配比生产的土壤改良剂pH为9.23,有机质总量为52.9%,易氧化有机质为25.6%。该土壤改良剂可改善土壤pH,培肥土壤,促使烟田的土壤生态环境向良好转变。

废弃烤烟叶绿原酸提取的动力学分析

目的通过仿真模型复现烟叶绿原酸提取过程的含量变化规律。方法基于天然药物提取过程中的动力学数学模型;建立低次烟叶绿原酸提取动力学方程在matlab平台的simulink仿真框图模型,并通过实验的方法确定模型参数。结果运行仿真框图模型获得预测提取数据的曲线。通过在50℃、60℃、70℃三个温度梯度下,测定对应时间下的提取浓度,验证了仿真模型的准确性。结论仿真模型可以在不同温度及不同时刻下,给出提取过程中绿原酸含量的大致变化规律,为绿原酸的提取工艺研究提供参考依据。