Surface Modification of Pyrolytic Carbon Black from Waste Tires and Its Use as Pigment for Offset Printing Ink

Pyrolysis has the potential of transforming waste into valuable products. Pyrolytic carbon black (PCB) is one of the most important products resulting from the pyrolysis of used tires. One of the most significant applica-tions of modified pyrolytic carbon black is its use as pigment for offset printing ink to obtain high added values. Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) results show that a large quantity of inorganic matters and carbonaceous deposit are removed by treating the pyrolytic carbon black with nitric acid solution. Plenty of active sites originally occu-pied by inorganic ash and coke are recovered. The surface energy of pyrolytic carbon black (TWPC)modified by titanate-coupling agent-especially the specific interaction γ sspdetermined by the specific probe molecule, tolu-ene-shows the strong interaction between the TWPC and the synthetic resins. The offset printing ink performance confirms the IGC prediction. And TWPC has the great potential of applications in printing ink industry as pigment.

Catalytic oxidation of pentanethiol on basic nitrogen doped carbon hollow spheres derived from waste tires

A series of basic nitrogen doped carbon hollow spheres(p-N-C) catalysts derived from waste tires were prepared by a green, facile and environmental “leavening” strategy for the catalytic oxidation of pentanethiol. Compared to pristine carbon, the p-N-C has a higher surface curvature conducive to the enrichment of substrates, leading to an excellent catalytic performance. This increased surface curvature of p-N-C was fabricated on the synergistic effect of two foaming agents((NH4)2 C2 O4 and NaHCO3), and the released gas also endows the spherical shell of p-N-C with a hierarchical porous structure, promoting the accessibility of active sites with pentanethiol. Pyridine-like and pyrrolic-like nitrogen atoms were investigated as reactive sites on the p-N-C to accelerate the electron transfer from sulfur to active surface oxygen and enhance the adsorption/oxidation process. As a result, the optimal p-N-C catalyst exhibits superior adsorption and oxidation performance(99.9%) of pentanethiol, outperforming the “unleavened”catalyst(20.8%). This work offers a new avenue for the fabrication of highly efficient materials for the desulfurization of fuel.

Intensification of adsorption process by using the pyrolytic char from waste tires to remove chromium(Ⅵ) from wastewater

Pyrolysis has the potential of transforming waste into valuable recyclable products. Pyrolytic char(PC) is one of the most important products from the pyrolysis of used tires. One of the most significant applications for pyrolytic char recovered is used for the removal of Cr(Ⅵ) in the wastewater effluent to control waste by waste. The surface chemistry properties of surface element distribution / concentration and chemical structure were examined for the pyrolytic char and the commercial activated carbon(CAC) respectively. The results showed that surfaces of PC possesses a large amount of ester and hydrocarbon graft, whereas there are mainly carbon functional components of C—OH, C O and COOH on the surface of CAC. Therefore the surface electronegativity of PC is lower than that of CAC in the water. The repulsive interactions between the surfaces of PC and the negatively charged Cr(Ⅵ) ion are weaker than that of CAC, which results in an intensification of the adsorption process by the utilization of PC. The adsorption isotherms of Cr(Ⅵ) ion on the two kinds of carbons were determined experimentally. The larger adsorption amount on the PC in the case of Cr(Ⅵ) may be attributed mainly to its special surface micro-chemical environment. The mechanism of the removal Cr(Ⅵ) from aqueous solution was assumed to be the integration of adsorption and redox reaction. The adsorption was the rate-controlled step for Cr(Ⅵ) removal. The adsorption of Cr(Ⅵ) was identified as pseudo-second-order kinetics. The rate constants of adsorption were evaluated.

Bearing capacity of circular footings on multi-layered sand-waste tire shreds reinforced with geogrids

The presence of waste tires poses an environmental challenge as they occupy a significant amount of land and are expensive to dispose in landfills.However,reusing waste tires can address this issue when waste tires are used in geotechnical applications.To determine the viability of this approach,laboratoryscale tests were conducted to investigate load-bearing capacity of circular footings on sand-tire shred(STS)mixtures with shredded waste tire contents of 5%e15%by weight and three different widths of shreds.The investigation focused on analyzing the thickness of layers composed of STS mixtures,the soil cap,and the impact of geogrids on bearing capacity.The results indicate that a specific mixture of sand and tire shreds provides the highest footing-bearing capacity.In addition,the optimal shred content and size were found to be 10%by weight and 2 cm×10 cm,respectively.Furthermore,for a given tire shred width,a particular length provides the largest bearing capacity.The results agree well with that of previous research conducted by the first author and his colleagues in direct shear and California bearing ratio(CBR)tests.The primary finding of this research is that the use of two-layered STS mixtures reinforced by geogrids significantly enhances the bearing capacity.

Mechanical properties and damage evolution characteristics of waste tire steel fiber-modified cemented paste backfill

During the process of constructional backfill mining,the cemented paste backfill(CPB)typically exhibits a high degree of brittleness and limited resistance to failure.In this study,the mechanical and damage evolution characteristics of waste tire steel fiber(WTSF)-modified CPB were studied through uniaxial compression tests,acoustic emission(AE)tests,and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The results showed that the uniaxial compressive strength(UCS)decreased when the WTSF content was 0.5%,1%,and 1.5%.When the WTSF content reached 1%,the UCS of the modified CPB exhibited a minimal decrease(0.37 MPa)compared to that without WTSF.When the WTSF content was 0.5%,1%,and 1.5%,peak strain of the WTSF-modified CPB increased by 18%,31.33%,and 81.33%,while the elastic modulus decreased by 21.31%,26.21%,and 45.42%,respectively.The addition of WTSF enhances the activity of AE events in the modified CPB,resulting in a slower progression of the entire failure process.After the failure,the modified CPB retained a certain level of load-bearing capacity.Generally,the failure of the CPB was dominated by tensile cracks.After the addition of WTSF,a gradual increase in the proportion of tensile cracks was observed upon loading the modified CPB sample to the pore compaction stage.The three-dimensional localization of AE events showed that the WTSF-modified CPB underwent progressive damage during the loading,and the samples still showed good integrity after failure.Additionally,the response relationship between energy evolution and damage development of WTSF-modified CPB during uniaxial compression was analyzed,and the damage constitutive model of CPB samples with different WTSF contents was constructed.This study provides a theoretical basis for the enhancement of CPB modified by adding WTSF,serving as a valuable reference for the design of CPB constructional backfill.

Predictive modelling of volumetric and Marshall properties of asphalt mixtures modified with waste tire-derived char:A statistical neural network approach

The goals of this study are to assess the viability of waste tire-derived char(WTDC)as a sustainable,low-cost fine aggregate surrogate material for asphalt mixtures and to develop the statistically coupled neural network(SCNN)model for predicting volumetric and Marshall properties of asphalt mixtures modified with WTDC.The study is based on experimental data acquired from laboratory volumetric and Marshall properties testing on WTDCmodified asphalt mixtures(WTDC-MAM).The input variables comprised waste tire char content and asphalt binder content.The output variables comprised mixture unit weight,total voids,voids filled with asphalt,Marshall stability,and flow.Statistical coupled neural networks were utilized to predict the volumetric and Marshall properties of asphalt mixtures.For predictive modeling,the SCNN model is employed,incorporating a three-layer neural network and preprocessing techniques to enhance accuracy and reliability.The optimal network architecture,using the collected dataset,was a 2:6:5 structure,and the neural network was trained with 60%of the data,whereas the other 20%was used for cross-validation and testing respectively.The network employed a hyperbolic tangent(tanh)activation function and a feed-forward backpropagation.According to the results,the network model could accurately predict the volumetric and Marshall properties.The predicted accuracy of SCNN was found to be as high value>98%and low prediction errors for both volumetric and Marshall properties.This study demonstrates WTDC's potential as a low-cost,sustainable aggregate replacement.The SCNN-based predictive model proves its efficiency and versatility and promotes sustainable practices.

Disposal methods for used passenger car tires: One of the fastest growing solid wastes in China

With the rapid growth in the number of passenger cars(PCs)in China over the past decades,more than ten million tons of used tires have already become solid wastes and subsequently caused serious environmental issues.Due to the presence of synthetic rubber in PC tires,waste PC tires cannot be disposed through rubber reclaiming technology.Thus,waste PC tires have become one of fastest growing solid wastes in China.First,the current disposal capacity of the pyrolysis method,regarded as a promising technology for the disposal of waste PC tires,is surveyed and compared with other disposal methods mentioned in previous papers.Second,this work establishes a model to predict the total number of waste PC tires in the next five years depending on the rate of PC growth and current waste tire disposal capacity.Moreover,pyrolysis is evaluated on 15 collected waste PC tires selected from the most representative tire brands in the Chinese market.The corresponding results imply that~68.5%of S was into oil and~44.3%N and large amount of heavy metals resided in solid carbon which severely limit further applications.Finally,a new pyrolysis technology is introduced that may represent a solution to the limits in the application of tire disposal methods and relief for the coming waste tire crisis.

Workability and Durability of Concrete Incorporating Waste Tire Rubber:A Review

Environmental problems caused by waste tires are becoming increasingly prominent.There is an urgent need to find a green way to dispose of waste tires,and scholars have made considerable efforts in this regard.In the construction industry,rubber extracted from waste tires can be added to concrete to alleviate environmental problems to a certain extent.As a new building material,rubber concrete has superior properties compared to ordinary concrete and has been widely used in many fields.Numerous studies have been conducted worldwide to investigate the effect of waste tire rubber on the performance of concrete.It has been reported that the addition of waste tire rubber has a significant influence on the performance of concrete.Workability influences the hardened performance of rubber concrete,especially the durability.Based on the current research results,the workability and durability of concrete manufactured with waste tire rubber,including water absorption and permeability,carbonation resistance,chloride ion permeability resistance,and freeze-thaw resistance,are summarized in this paper.It is concluded that the addition of waste tires has a negative effect on the workability of concrete.In terms of durability,concrete exhibits better chloride ion penetration resistance and frost resistance,with a higher water absorption rate,and lower anti-permeability and carbonation resistance owing to the addition of waste tire rubber.

Determination of the Sound Absorption Capacity of Hydraulic Concrete Mixtures Added with Waste Tire Rubber

There are different types of pollutants that are harmful to the environment, including smog, chemicals that are dumped into rivers, scrap tires, etc. The latter have the particularity that it is not possible to recycle them to manufacture new tires. In the present work, hydraulic concrete plates added with waste tire rubber were manufactured to modify their sound absorption capacity. It was found that the rubber additions produce changes in the density of the material and in the sound absorption capacity. When the material is exposed to high-frequency sounds that correspond to high-pitched sounds, its absorption capacity increases. On the contrary, when the test frequency is low, that is, bass sounds, the sound absorption capacity decreases. The results obtained in this work suggest that the proposed mixtures are suitable for the possible manufacture of acoustic insulating shields.

Systematic Analysis of Carbon Dioxide Activation of Waste Tire by Factorial Design

In this study, waste tire was used as raw material for the production of activated carbons through pyrolysis. ＇Fire char was first produced by carbomzation at 550℃ under nitrogen. A two tactortal design was used to optimize the production of activated carbon from tire char. The effects of several factors controlling the activation process, such as temperature （.830-930℃）, time （2-6h） and percentage ot carbon dioxide （70%-100%） were investigated. The production was described mathematically as a function of these three factors. First order modeling equations were developed for surface area, yield and mesopore volume. It was concluded that the yield, BET surface area and mesopore volume of activated carbon were most sensitive to activation temperature and time while percentage of carbon dioxide in the activation gas was a less significant factor.

Extraordinary Compatibility to Mass Loading and Rate Capability of Hierarchically Porous Carbon Nanorods Electrode Derived from the Waste Tire Pyrolysis Oil

The conversion of waste tire pyrolysis oil(WTPO)into S-doped porous carbon nanorods(labeled as WPCNs)with hierarchical pore structure is realized by a simple template-directed approach.The specific surface area of as-obtained porous carbon nanorods can reach up to 1448 m^(2) g^(−1) without the addition of any activating agent.As the capacitive electrode,WPCNs possess the extraordinary compatibility to capacitance,different electrolyte systems as well as long-term cycle life even at a commercial-level areal mass loading(10 mg cm^(−2)).Besides,only an extremely small capacitance fluctuation is observed under the extreme circumstance(−40 to 80℃),reflecting the excellent high-and low-temperature performance.The relationship between the pore structure and capacitive behavior is analyzed by comparing WPCNs with mesopores-dominated asphalt-derived porous carbon nanorods(APCNs)and micropores-dominated activated carbon.The molecular dynamics simulation further reveals the ion diffusion and transfer ability of the as-prepared carbon materials under different pore size distribution.The total ion flow(NT)of WPCNs calculated by the simulation is obviously larger than APCNs and the N_(T) ratio between them is similar with the experimental average capacitance ratio.Furthermore,this work also provides a valuable strategy to prepare the electrode material with high capacitive energy storage ability through the high value-added utilization of WTPO.

Effect of Rubber Particle Modifi cation on Properties of Rubberized Concrete

To improve the combination of cement matrix and waste tire rubber particles in concrete, the rubber particles were treated with acrylic acid（ACA） and polyethylene glycol（PEG） for grafting hydrophilic groups on their surfaces. The X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS） and surface contact angle were used to characterize the hydrophilicity and surface functional group of rubber particles. The effect of rubber particle modifi cation on fresh/hardened properties of rubberized concrete was studied. The experimental results show that the contact angle between rubber particle surface and water decreases when rubber particle is modifi ed. Compared with the unmodifi ed rubberized concrete（RC）, the unit weight of modifi ed rubberized concrete（MRC） changes slightly. However, the slump, air-entrainment, compressive strength, flexural strength, and impact performance of MRC are obviously improved. Under good condition of slump, the water-cement ratio of the MRC can be reduced from 0.4 to 0.38. And the compressive strength and fl exural strength of the MRC（10% rubber particle content） can be increased by 25.9% and 26.4%, respectively.

Activated carbon prepared from waste tire pyrolysis carbon black via CO_(2)/KOH activation used as supercapacitor electrode

As the quantity of waste tires increases,more pyrolysis carbon black(CBp),a type of low value-added carbon black,is being produced.However,the application of CBp has been limited.Therefore,it is necessary to identify and expand applications of CBp.This work focuses on the preparation of activated carbon(AC)from CBp using the physicochemical activation of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))and potassium hydroxide(KOH).Thereafter,AC is applied to the electrode of the electrical double-layer capacitor(EDLC).The AC prepared by CO_(2)/KOH activation exhibited a hierarchical pore structure.The specific surface area increased from 415 to 733 m^(2)g^(−1),and in combination with low ash content of 1.51%,ensured abundant ion diffusion channels and active sites to store charge.The EDLC comprising the AC(AC-2)electrode prepared by excitation of CO_(2)(300 sccm)and KOH had a reasonable gravimetric specific capacitance of 192 F g^(−1)at 0.5 A g^(−1),and exhibited a good rate capability of 73%at 50 A g^(−1)in a three-electrode system.Moreover,the EDLC device comprising the AC-2 electrode delivered excellent cycling stability(capacitance retention of 106%after 10000 cycles at 2 A g^(−1)in a two-electrode system).Furthermore,a symmetric supercapacitor based on an AC electrode that exhibits a supreme energy density of 4.7 Wh kg^(−1)and a maximum power density of 6362.6 W kg^(−1)is demonstrated.

Combustion Ratio of Waste Tire Particle, PC and Mixture at Blast Temperature of BF

In order to study the combustion characteristics of waste tire particle （WTP）, pulverized coal （PC） and their mixture, the contents of CO, CO2 and O2 of off-gas during the combustion of WTP, PC and mixture under the condition of rich oxygen by 0--4% in blast and at 1 250℃ were measured simultaneously using synthetically infrared analyzer, and then the corresponding combustion ratio was calculated and compared. The results showed that the burning rate of WTP reached approximately 57%, which is much higher than that of PC （only about 18%） in the in- itial 650 s in fresh air, and then the increase of combustion rate of PC is faster than that of WTP; the combustion rate of PC improved remarkably with the addition of WTP. Meanwhile, the combustion rates of all these materials improved with the increase of oxygen content.

Pyrolysis characteristics of waste tire particles in fixed-bed reactor with internals

This study investigated the characteristics of pyrolysis for waste tire particles in the newly developed fixed-bed reactor with internals that are a central gas collection channel mounted inside reactor.And a few metallic plates vertically welded on the internal wall of the reactors and extending to the region closing their central gas collection pipe walls.Experiments were conducted in two laboratory fixed bed reactors with or without the internals.The results shown that employing internals produced more light oil at externally heating temperatures above 700℃due to the inhibited secondary reactions in the reactor.The oil from the reactor with internals contained more aliphatic hydrocarbons and fewer aromatic hydrocarbons,leading to its higher H/C atomic ratios as for crude petroleum oil.The char yield was relatively stable for two beds and showed the higher heating values(HHVs)of about 23 MJ/kg.The gaseous product of pyrolysis mainly consisted of H2 and CH4,but the use of internals led to less pyrolysis gas through its promotion of oil production.

Waste Tire Rubber-based Refrigerants for Solid-state Cooling Devices

Management of discarded tires is a compelling environmental issue worldwide.Although there are several approaches developed to recycle waste tire rubbers,their application in solid-state cooling is still unexplored.Considering the high barocaloric potential verified for elastomers,the use of waste tire rubber(WTR)as a refrigerant in solid-state cooling devices is very promising.Herein,we investigated the barocaloric effects in WTR and polymer blends made of vulcanized natural rubber(VNR)and WTR,to evaluate its feasibility for solid-state cooling technologies.The adiabatic temperature changes and the isothermal entropy changes reach giant values,as well as the performance parameters,being comparable or even better than most barocaloric materials in literature.Moreover,pure WTR and WTR-based samples also present a faster thermal exchange than VNR,consisting of an additional advantage of using these discarded materials.Thus,the present findings evidence the encouraging perspectives of employing waste rubbers in solid-state cooling based on barocaloric effects,contributing to both the recycling of polymers and the sustainable energy technology field.

Review on laboratory preparation processes of polymer modified asphalt binder

Several previous studies have documented the progress in polymer modified asphalt binder with respect to materials'types and properties.However,limited or no effort was made to document findings on the laboratory preparation practices of polymer modified asphalt binder.Full and clear disclosure of asphalt blend preparation method is necessary for research continuity,reproducibility,and accurate adaptation by future studies for analogy and reliable conclusions.The laboratory preparation processes of various modified asphalt binders have been reviewed in this study.Factors affecting the optimal mixing of asphalt-polymer blends were summarized.The optimal mixing conditions associated with different asphalt modifiers were documented.Gap in the literature on the current practice for the preparation and reporting of various modified asphalt binder was discussed.Modifiers include styrene butadiene styrene(SBS),polyethylene(PE),waste tire rubber or crumb rubber(CR),ethylene vinyl acetate(EVA),sulfur,polyphosphoric acid(PPA),epoxy,polyurethane,nano-materials,etc.Currently,there is lack of modern innovative approached in the preparation of modified asphalt towards better performance.There is no clear standardized definition of term associated with asphalt binder preparation process.Given the limited and common types of polymers utilized for the modification of asphalt binder,it is possible to standardize the mixing procedure for several polymers.Doing so could ease research continuity and facilitates accurate comparison of new studies with earlier ones.

Reutilize tire in microbial fuel cell for enhancing the nitrogen removal of the anammox process coupled with iron-carbon micro-electrolysis

In this study,microbial fuel cells(MFCs)were explored to promote the nitrogen removal performance of combined anaerobic ammonium oxidation(anammox)and Fe-C micro-electrolysis(CAE)systems.The average total nitrogen(TN)removal efficiency of the modified MFC system was 85.00%,while that of the anammox system was 62.16%.Additionally,the effective operation time of this system increased from six(CAE system alone)to over 50 days,significantly promoting TN removal.The enhanced performance could be attributed to the electron transferred from the anode to the cathode,which aided in reducing nitrate/nitrite in denitrification.The H+released through the proton exchange membrane caused a decrease in the pH,facilitating Fe corrosion.The pyrolyzed waste tire used as the cathode could immobilize microorganisms,enhance electron transport,and produce a natural Fe-C micro-electrolysis system.According to the microbial community analysis,Candidatus kuenenia was the major genus involved in the anammox process.Furthermore,the SM1A02 genus exhibited the highest abundance and was enriched the fastest,and could be a novel potential strain that aids the anammox process.