Three industries and water consumption of Beijing

Beijing has been experiencing a severe shortage of water. At present serious wastes of water resources result from the unreasonable structure of water uses in various industries sectors. The current conditions of the municipal water use structure and its changes in the industrial sectors were analysed and discussed in terms of the indicators, such as direct water use coefficient, complete water use coefficient, water use multiplier and water reuse rate, by taking a year of 1990s as the base year. Some response strategies for water conservation have been studied and the corresponding recommendations were put forward. All of these have provided a basis for coordinating the relationship between aquatic environment and economic growth in this city, establishing a system for rational utilization of water resources, and promoting the implementation of a strategy for sustainable development.

Horizontal-Longitudinal Spatial Correlation of Acoustic Field with Deep Receiver in the Direct Zone in Deep Water

The horizontal-longitudinal correlation of acoustic field for the receiver near the bottom is analyzed by using nu- merical modeling. An approximate analytical solution of horizontal-longitudinal correlation coefficient is derived based on the ray method. Combining the characteristic of Lloyd＇s mirror interference pattern, the variability of acoustic field and its effect on horizontal-longitudinal spatial correlation are discussed. The theoretical pre- diction agrees well with the numerical results. Experimental results confirm the validity of analytical solution. Finally, the applicability of the analytical solution is summarized. The conclusion is beneficial for the design of bottom-moored array and the estimation of integral time for moving source localization.

基于多分支水平钻井注浆工艺的薄层灰岩水防治效果研究

为防止太原组薄层石灰岩含水层下部煤层在开采过程中发生突水,黄河北部西南地区煤矿采掘前应用多分支水平定向钻井技术,对平均厚度为10 m的含水层进行注浆加固,将含水层改造为弱含水层或隔水层。为探究注浆浆液影响范围及改造效果,通过统计钻孔水位分布进行分析。多分支水平井注浆工艺能形成明显的阻水隔水区域,对太原组薄层石灰岩含水层改造效果明显,钻井布置越密集则改造效果越优。本次实践为薄层石灰岩含水层加固治理提供了经验和技术支撑。

水下炮孔爆破不同方向的水中冲击波传播特性研究

水中冲击波对水中的构筑物具有很大破坏作用,研究水击波的特性对水中兵器、舰船等方面具有很大的军事意义,对于民用水下工程爆破的安全使用和推广也具有指导意义。采用ANSYS/LS—DYNA有限元软件建立简化的水下台阶爆破数学模型,探索和分析其在不同方向上的传播衰减特性。结果显示:水中冲击波的衰减规律具有方向性,在垂直水底方向水中冲击波压力衰减最快,其次是平行于坡顶线方向,最小抵抗线方向的水中冲击波压力衰减是最慢的。

致密油水平井连续油管自适应定向水力喷砂射孔改造技术的应用

为解决致密、页岩储层开发中常规螺旋分布炮弹射孔+体积压裂改造过程起裂压力高、易沟通底层或盖层形成无效缝网的问题,结合连续油管水力喷砂射孔技术,提出连续油管自适应定向喷砂射孔填砂分段一体化压裂改造工艺,研发了配套水平井自适应定向装置,并应用于玛湖致密油Ma1井的压裂改造,取得了较好效果。结果表明:一定角度的定向射孔可以诱导水力裂缝沿有益方向延展,通过射孔方位及射孔孔深共同影响裂缝转向半径进而控制有效复杂缝网体积;自主研发水平井自适应定向装置在水平段通过钢球重力感应控制及连续油管泵注实现定向调节,一次入井可多次定向射孔,Ma1井多次定向喷射作业未发生故障,适用性强,可靠性高;全过程通过油管高压射流实现孔内增压、冲蚀孔眼与负压携液三种作用叠加,可降低地层破裂压力、增加孔深、增大转向半径,Ma1井现场实施比常规射孔降低起裂压力26%,日均产量平均最高提高78.4%。研究表明,水力喷射定向射孔可正向诱导形成更多有效复杂缝网从而提高单井产量,有效避免因不当射孔将裂缝快速诱导至底层或盖层形成无效缝网的难题,该技术可为页岩、致密油气资源规模化开发提供一种新的技术思路。

浅海内波对环境噪声水平方向凹槽的影响

典型夏季海洋环境噪声垂直指向性水平方向经常出现一显著凹槽。采用三维声速场海洋环境噪声理论模型,分析了各阶简正波对垂直指向性的贡献,指出不同阶简正波的贡献不同,高阶简正波是形成水平方向凹槽的主因,低阶简正波起填补环凹槽的主要作用,无内波时海面噪声源激发低号简正波的能量较低,填补能力较差,水平凹槽显著;内波活动期,内波改变了声信号的传播路径,引起不同阶简正波耦合,低号简正波能量增强,其填补噪声水平凹槽的作用明显加强,高阶简正波能量减少,凹槽变浅。还探讨了凹槽填补程度与内波强度之间的关系,以及有内波时环境噪声垂直指向性随时间的变化。

A method for recovery of iron,titanium,and vanadium from vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite

An innovative method for recovering valuable elements from vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite is proposed. This method involves two procedures： low-temperature roasting of vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite and water leaching of roasting slag. During the roasting process, the reduction of iron oxides to metallic iron, the sodium oxidation of vanadium oxides to water-soluble sodium vanadate, and the smelting separation of metallic iron and slag were accomplished simultaneously. Optimal roasting conditions for iron/slag separation were achieved with a mixture thickness of 42.5 mm, a roasting temperature of 1200°C, a residence time of 2 h, a molar ratio of C/O of 1.7, and a sodium carbonate addition of 70 wt%, as well as with the use of anthracite as a reductant. Under the optimal conditions, 93.67% iron from the raw ore was recovered in the form of iron nugget with 95.44% iron grade. After a water leaching process, 85.61% of the vanadium from the roasting slag was leached, confirming the sodium oxidation of most of the vanadium oxides to water-soluble sodium vanadate during the roasting process. The total recoveries of iron, vanadium, and titanium were 93.67%, 72.68%, and 99.72%, respectively.

Effect of discrete fibre reinforcement on soil tensile strength

The tensile behaviour of soil plays a significantly important role in various engineering applications. Compacted soils used in geotechnical constructions such as dams and clayey liners in waste containment facilities can suffer from cracking due to tensile failure. In order to increase soil tensile strength, discrete fibre reinforcement technique was proposed. An innovative tensile apparatus was developed to deter- mine the tensile strength characteristics of fibre reinforced soil. The effects of fibre content, dry density and water content on the tensile strength were studied. The results indicate that the developed test apparatus was applicable in determining tensile strength of soils. Fibre inclusion can significantly in- crease soil tensile strength and soil tensile failure ductility. The tensile strength basically increases with increasing fibre content. As the fibre content increases from 0% to 0.2%, the tensile strength increases by 65.7%. The tensile strength of fibre reinforced soil increases with increasing dry density and decreases with decreasing water content. For instance, the tensile strength at a dry density of 1.7 Mg/m^3 is 2.8 times higher than that at 1.4 Mg/m^3. It decreases by 30% as the water content increases from 14.5% to 20.5%. Furthermore, it is observed that the tensile strength of fibre reinforced soil is dominated by fibre pull-out resistance, depending on the interracial mechanical interaction between fibre surface and soil matrix.

The directionality of the sound generated by laser-induced liquid breakdown in water The directionality of the sound generated by laser-induced liquid breakdown in water

The directionality of the sound generated by lase r-induced liquid breakdown in water is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. The theoretical analysis is based on the following model. A series of small spherical cavities including plasma are homogeneously distributed on a short straight line segment and every such cavity may be considered as a point source radiating acoustic impulse. Theoretical expressions of the relations between the amplitude and width of acoustic impulse and the receiving direction are given. Experimental results are in agreement with theoretical predictions.

Screening for 26 per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFAS)in German drinking waters with support of residents

The occurrence of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFAS)in water cycles poses a challenge to drinking water quality and safety.In order to counteract the large knowledge gap regarding PFAS in German drinking water,89 drinking water samples from all over Germany were collected with the help of residents and were analyzed for 26 PFAS by high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry(HPLC-MS/MS).The 20 PFAS recently regulated by sum concentration(PFAS_(∑20)),as well as six other PFAS,were quantified by targeted analysis.In all drinking water samples,PFAS_(∑20 )was below the limit of 0.1μg/L,but the sum concentrations ranged widely from below the limit of quantification up to 80.2 ng/L.The sum concentrations(PFASP4)of perfluorohexanesulfonate(PFHxS),perfluorooctanesulfonate(PFOS),perfluorooctanoate(PFOA),and perfluorononanoate of 20 ng/L were exceeded in two samples.The most frequently detected individual substances were PFOS(in 52%of the samples),perfluorobutanesulfonate(52%),perfluorohexanoate(PFHxA)(44%),perfluoropentanoate(43%)and PFHxS(35%).The highest single concentrations were 23.5 ng/L for PFHxS,15.3 ng/L for PFOS,and 10.1 ng/L for PFHxA.No regionally elevated concentrations were identified,but some highly urbanized areas showed elevated levels.Concentrations of substitution PFAS,including 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(heptafluoropropoxy)propanoate and 2,2,3-trifluor-3-[1,1,2,2,3,3-hexafluor-3-(trifluormethoxy)propoxy]-propanoate(anion of ADONA),were very low compared to regulated PFAS.The most frequently detected PFAS were examined for co-occurrences,but no definite correlations could be found.

远离航道海域低频海洋环境噪声垂直指向性

海洋环境噪声垂直指向性是声呐背景场的典型空间特性之一,既可体现噪声源的空间特性及其传播特性,还可用来反演海洋环境的特征参数。分析了南海某岛礁海域实测海洋环境噪声的垂直指向性,发现当接收阵远离航道时,低频海洋环境噪声垂直指向性的主瓣集中在−30°~30°范围内(0°对应水平方向),且水平方向不存在凹槽。基于舰船自动识别系统(Automatic IdentificationSystem,AIS)航船分布数据得到简化航道区域航船噪声源模型,利用3D射线声传播算法,结合实际岛礁海域地形数据,计算的低频海洋环境噪声垂直指向性与实测数据处理结果相符。研究结果表明,当接收阵距航道较远时,由航道航船引起的低频海洋环境噪声以接近水平方向入射垂直接收阵,研究结果可为声呐在远离航道海域的性能提高提供技术支持。

Ecological restoration of small water courses,experiences from Germany and from projects in Beijing

From 2009 until 2012 the project“Watershed Management of Forest Land in Beijing,Restoration of Small Water Bodies(SWBR)”was implemented,combining Close to Nature Forest Management and Restoration of Small Water Bodies.The targets were to improve flood control,to enhance the ecological conditions by copying nature and to support the recreational value of small water bodies,all in cooperation with people living there.The efficiency of each project was proofed by comparison of biological and hydro-morphological assessment before the projects started and 2-3 years after they were finished.The results confirmed the ecological improvements of the restored river sections and showed the achievements.Guidelines to assess the biological and hydro-morphological status of rivers were developed and there are plans to introduce them as Beijing Standards.Planning and implementation of measures,based on experiences in Central Europe,will be documented in a handbook.&2015 International Research and Training Center on Erosion and Sedimentation and China Water and Power Press.Production and Hosting by Elsevier B.V.This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Effects of Vessel and Water Temperatures on Direct Injection in Internal Combustion Rankine Cycle Engines

This study focused on the effects of vessel and water temperatures on direct injection in internal combustion Rankine cycle engines through experimental and numerical methods.First,a study was carried out with schlieren photography using a high-speed camera for simultaneous liquid–gas diagnoses.Water was directly injected into a constant-volume vessel that provided stable boundaries.We wrote a MATLAB program to calculate spray tip penetration and cone angle from the images.For the further extension of boundary conditions,a numerical model was established and calibrated in AVL-FIRE for the thorough analysis of injection characteristics.Both experimental and numerical results indicated that injection and vessel temperatures have different effects on spray tip penetration.An increase in injected water temperature leads to shorter spray tip penetration,while the spray tip penetration increases with increasing vessel temperature.However,increased injection and vessel temperatures can both decrease the spray cone angle.Moreover,the simulation results also suggested that heat conduction is a main factor in boosting evaporation under top dead center conditions.When the internal energy of water parcels surges,these parcels evaporate immediately.These results are helpful and crucial for internal combustion engines equipped with direct water injection technology.

Forecasting the effects of EU policy measures on the nitrate pollution of groundwater and surface waters

We used the interdisciplinary model network REGFLUD to predict the actual mean nitrate concentration in percolation water at the scale of the Weser river basin （Germany） using an area differentiated （100 m × 100 m） approach. REGFLUD combines the agro-economic model RAUMIS for estimating nitrogen surpluses and the hydrological models GROWA/DENUZ for assessing the nitrate leaching from the soil. For areas showing predicted nitrate concentrations in percolation water above the European Union （EU） groundwater quality standard of 50 mg NO3-N/L, effective agri-environmental reduction measures need to be derived and implemented to improve groundwater and surface water quality by 2015. The effects of already implemented agricultural policy are quantified by a baseline scenario projecting the N-surpluses from agricultural sector to 2015. The REGFLUD model is used to estimate the effects of this scenario concerning groundwater and surface water pollution by nitrate. From the results of the model analysis the needs for additional measures can be derived in terms of required additional N-surplus reduction and in terms of regional prioritization of measures. Research work will therefore directly support the implementation of the Water Framework Directive of the European Union in the Weser basin.

Use of micellar liquid chromatography for rapid monitoring of fungicides post harvest applied to citrus wastewater

A method based on micellar liquid chromatography has been developed to simultaneously monitor four pesticides largely post-harvest applied to citrus：thiabendazole,pyrimethanil,o-phenylphenol and imazalil.Water samples were filtered and directly injected without other treatment,thus avoiding extraction steps.The composition of the mobile phase was optimized using a chemometrical approach to achieve and excellent resolution to 0.07 mol/L SDS/5%,V/V 1-pentanol buffered at p H 3.Mobile phase run through a C18 column at 1 m L/min at room temperature.The detection was performing by UV–Visible absorbance using a wavelength program：0–10 min,305 nm（for thiabendazole）;10–12;265 nm（for pyrimethanil）and 12–18,220 nm（o-phenylphenol and imazalil）.The developed method was validated following the guidelines of the US Environmental Protection Agency in terms of：quantitation range,（0.5–4 to 15μg/m L）,linearity（r2〉0.9995）,sensitivity（LOD,0.18–1.4μg/m L）,precision（〈9.2%）,trueness（93.9%–103.7%）,and ruggedness（〈9.9%）.It was found that the fungicides remain up to eight days in surface water at outdoor conditions.The method was used to screen the presence of the analytes in several waste water samples,and was proved to be useful in routine analysis.

Spider-capture-silk mimicking fibers with high-performance fog collection derived from superhydrophilicity and volume-swelling of gelatin knots

Spider-capture-silk(SCS)can directionally capture and transport water from humid air relying on the unique geometrical structure.Although there have been adequate reports on the fabrication of artificial SCSs from petroleum-based materials,it remains a big challenge to innovate bio-based SCS mimicking fibers with high-performance fog collection ability and efficiency simultaneously.Herein,we report an eco-friendly and economical fiber system for water collection by coating gelatin on degummed silk.Compared to the previously reported fibers with the best fog collection ability(~13.10μL),Gelatin on silk fiber 10(GSF10)can collect larger water droplet(~16.70μL in 330 s)with~98%less mass.Meanwhile,the water collection efficiency of GSF10 demonstrates~72%and~48%enhancement to the existing best water collection polymer coated SCS fibers and spidroin eMaSp2 coated degummed silk respectively in terms of volume-to-TCL(vapor-liquid-solid three-phase contact line)index.The simultaneous function of superhydro-philicity,surface energy gradient,and~65%water-induced volume swelling of the gelatin knots are the key factors in advancing the water collection performance.Abundant availability of feedstocks and~75%improved space utiliza-tion guarantee the scalability and practical application of such bio-based fiber.