Prevention and Control Measures of Environmental Pollution Problem Caused by Dairy Farming in Inner Mongolia

Environmental pollution problem generated in dairy farming process is the bottleneck restricting development of animal husbandry. By using the investigation data from dairy farmers of Inner Mongolia,environmental pollution problem generated by dairy farming in Inner Mongolia and its cause were analyzed,and prevention and control measures were put forward. The research result showed that weak technology support of environmental treatment and environmental-protection awareness of dairy farmer and bad application effect of pollution control technology caused by lower education degree of dairy farmer were main reasons for environmental pollution problem. We should develop dairy circular economy,advocate a moderate scale,scientifically breed,and enhance training of pollution control technology and propaganda to protect environment.

Study on Water Pollution and Control in China

In recent years, water pollution has become increasingly serious in China. Meanwhile, decrease of water bodies in quality, frequent pollution incidents, safety of drinking water and water shortage have become prominent day by day. However, water pollution can not be controlled effectively. To clear underlying reasons for increasingly worsening water environment, the external effects of pollution behavior and fictitious property right of pollution control bodies were analyzed using property right theory, and then internal reasons for serious water pollution were discussed. Fi- nally, control measures of water pollution were put forward.

WATER POLLUTION IN CHINA:CURRENT STATUS, FUTURE TRENDS AND COUNTERMEASURES

Based on the statistical data related to water pollution in recent years, this paper firstly describes in detail the current status of water pollution and water quality in rivers, lakes, reservoirs, groundwater and coastal waters in China, then makes a comprehensive analysis on future trends of water pollution in China. The authors hold that the economic power, technology level and management level have determinative influences on the current status and future trends of water pollution. At last, this paper discusses briefly the policies and measures for preventing and controlling water pollution in the light of the national conditions.

Pollution Status of Dioxins Persistent Organic Pollutants in Guangxi and Control Countermeasures

Production and pollution control situations of dioxins persistent organic pollutants in Guangxi were introduced.Pollution status of dioxins persistent organic pollutants in Guangxi was understood,and the existing problems in pollution control were analyzed,and finally pollution control countermeasures and suggestions were proposed.

Legislative Countermeasures for Preventing and Controlling Water Pollution in Water-deficient Regions

The shortage of water resources is severe in Beijing. The shortage of eco-environmental water and the sewage discharge over the environmental capacity are main bottlenecks that restrict the improvement of water environment. The reuse of wastewater could not only reduce the discharge of pollutants,but it could also increase the consumption of eco-environmental water. Therefore the reuse of wastewater is an important approach to improve the water environmental quality. Combined with the formulation process of Regulations of Beijing on Prevention and Control of Water Pollution,the current situations of prevention and control of water pollution in Beijing,the discharge of pollutant,water environmental quality,the population and economic development and water resources and so on were analyzed. And the bottlenecks that restricted the improvement of water environmental quality were found. And the necessity of solving the control of water pollution by reusing the wastewater and ensuring the consumption of eco-environmental water was analyzed from the perspective of the control of water pollution. And some legislative countermeasures were put forward,which provided new ideas for solving the problem of the prevention and control of water pollution and improving the water environmental quality. It was of important reference values for local governments（ especially water-deficient regions） to make relative polices or plans of water pollution control and water environmental protection.

The Occurrence and Prevention of Filamentous Algae in Ecological Purification System of Micro-polluted Water

[ Objective ] The aim was to study the influence of filamentous algae on the process of water ecological purification. [ Method ] The occurrence mechanism of filamentous algae and its ecological system were summarized and analyzed. Considering the ecological purification in north- ern Jiangsu, the occurrence and prevention of filamentous algae in water, the method to prevent filamentous algae in polluted water was discussed. [ Result] The results showed that by measures of improving planting density, regular harvesting, and water flow state control before the filamentous algae blooming period, together with improving local pH value, light interference and ecological control during the blooming period, can effectively control the filamentous algae blooming. [ Condusion] The study of the happening mechanism of filamentous algae provided theoretical references and the technical basis in the work of filamentous algae prevention and control.

河套灌区农业高效节水与面源污染防控技术

针对河套灌区水资源短缺、农业面源污染严重等问题,从不同空间尺度和治理环节入手开展灌区农业高效节水与面源污染源头防控技术研究。研发了针对污染源头的农田水肥盐药调控管理技术模式(包括除草剂残留研究与用量推荐、土壤水氮盐和作物生长对水肥管理的响应、减量膜上秋浇技术及次生盐渍化土壤微生物改良技术)、针对农田排水的富氧生态沟渠截污净化技术模式和区域尺度的面源污染空间解析识别技术,并集成构建了贯穿源头控污—过程削污—区域查污—系统调污的高效节水型农业面源污染防控技术体系。基于现状研究和新发展理念提出了河套灌区水土资源领域研究的几点认识,相关成果为河套灌区高质量发展提供了重要支撑,对同类型灌区具有重要借鉴意义。

邻里噪声污染防治立法现状及江苏省立法建议

社会生活噪声污染来源多、成因复杂、影响范围广,对公众健康危害大。产生社会生活噪声污染纠纷时,其法律主体复杂,涉及部门多,受影响群众覆盖范围广,是社会各界较为关注的噪声类型之一。邻里噪声是社会生活噪声的重要组成部分。介绍了法国、德国、美国等国家邻里噪声的立法现状,我国国家层面有关邻里噪声的法律规定,以及地方邻里噪声的立法实践;系统分析了江苏省邻里噪声扰民的主要类型、特点和污染防治的现状;针对性地提出了邻里噪声污染防治的立法建议,可为江苏省噪声污染防治立法提供参考。

Review of water pollution control in China

Water resource shortage and pollution has seriously threatened the survival and development of developing countries.Because of China’s specific economical and social circumstances,complete adoption of developed countries’experience is unrealistic.At present,China needs to develop strategies and technologies in source water pollution control and municipal environmental remediation that embrace the country’s specific need to battle the water resource problem.Among them,efficient source water pretreatment is a critical step to ensure a safe municipal water supply.Unlike developed countries,it is not yet feasible in China to treat water supplied to the household and have it meet the standard of direct drinking;therefore,it is more appropriate to refer to it as service water.As a beneficial supplement,an additional community drinking water network and household drinking water apparatus can be considered.

我国水污染防治资金项目成效、管理经验与优化实施建议

水污染防治资金自2015年设立以来,中央和地方政府部门在加强与规范资金项目管理方面开展了大量工作,为提高资金使用效益发挥了重要作用。但目前针对水污染防治资金项目管理的研究较少,也缺少相关经验做法总结。基于环境状况公报、绩效评价等数据,分析了项目在推动水质改善、促进生态修复、建立长效机制、带动社会投入等方面取得的成效;从资金投向、项目谋划、资金分配、资金使用、绩效评价等方面梳理总结了水污染防治资金设立以来的项目管理经验,并通过调研提炼了部分省(区)在制度建设、项目谋划、过程监管、绩效管理等方面的典型做法;同时,分析了现阶段水污染防治资金项目管理存在的资金支持范围有待拓宽、项目谋划系统性有待提升、技术保障有待加强、绩效管理有待优化等问题。为进一步提升资金项目管理水平、提高资金使用效益,提出如下建议:结合新时期水生态环境保护重点任务和地方实际需求,合理拓宽资金支持范围;坚持流域统筹,提升项目谋划系统性;制定完善技术指导文件,强化技术保障;完善绩效管理制度,加强成效监管。

自然保护区林地水源污染修复及防治策略研究

林地水源污染关系到整个自然保护区内生物的生存与发展,为保护水源水质开展了水源污染修复及防治策略研究。以某自然保护区内的一处水源地为例,采集试验所需的原水,在选取试验试剂和设备的基础上,确定4项水质分析项目和对应的检测方法。通过壳聚糖微球+活性渗滤反应墙、原位投菌技术来修复水源,通过人工湿地和人工增氧来实现污染防治。结果表明,修复策略实施后,各项水质指标表现越来越好,林地水源中浮游生物数量和叶绿素a含量逐渐上升,重金属综合污染指数和高锰酸盐指数逐渐下降,修复策略起到了应有的净化效果;防治策略实施后,前1~3 d内4项水质指标的表现仍在继续提升,之后出现小幅度下降并最终维持在一个较为平稳的水平,说明防治策略基本维持住了修复策略的实施效果,起到了应有的防治作用。

环巢湖地区沙河流域污染负荷总量控制及削减措施

针对巢湖污染负荷总量控制的问题,以巢湖二级子流域沙河流域为研究对象,基于对沙河流域水文特征、河道水质受损情况、污染源分布及源强评估分析,建立了陆域污染物负荷与水质定量响应关系,识别了流域重点控制区域,通过水文模拟模型(HSPF)模拟了流域污染负荷总量控制目标值,并制定了污染负荷削减分配方案。结果表明:在工业点源污染、生产区径流污染、村镇生活污水处理严格执行巢湖流域地方排放标准,镇区截污纳管率提高到80%,村镇坑塘治理率达到85%以上等削减措施情景下,各管控区域出口断面水质可达到目标水质考核要求。

城市园林景观对河道水污染的防治效果研究

针对城市水污染日益严重的问题,提出城市园林景观对河道水污染的防治效果研究。采集滨河公园河道各采样点水体样本,以理化指标、重金属和类金属含量及对应WQI和TLI评估上、下游水质。分析后可知,园林景观对河道水污染防治作用明显,且部分指标间存在关联作用,进一步分析植被过滤带、台地式石笼护岸、河岸斜坡式缓冲带和生态浮岛中各种植类型的净化效果,实验分析得出各种植类型均具备防治效果,其中乔灌木群落栽植效果最佳,因地制宜地结合各种植类型能够有效防治河道水污染。

国外农业面源污染防治法律制度研究及其对我国的启示

保护、改善生态环境就是保护和发展生产力,我国农业生态环境给农业生产带来巨大影响,我国农业面源污染长期面临严峻挑战。西方发达国家在农业面源污染防范、治理和救济方面比我国起步更早,技术水平更高,立法探索更多,出现了诸多可靠的法律法规和成功经验。他山之石,可以攻玉。我国应合理借鉴吸收它们的优秀成果和合理成分,为逐步减轻和消除我国农业面源污染,保护发展农业生产力提供法律支持和技术规范。

地表水环境中微(纳米)塑料污染防控面临的挑战

微(纳米)塑料因其可在水体、沉积物、土壤等环境介质中长期存在并危害生态环境,且在环境中难降解的特性已成为一种新污染物。根据国内地表水环境中微(纳米)塑料的分布、来源和生态毒性效应的相关研究发现,地表水环境中微(纳米)塑料的来源繁杂,直接来源主要包括个人护理品、工农业制备、各类垃圾不当处置等;间接来源为污水处理厂的污水排放、地表径流、原始塑料的风化降解等。微(纳米)塑料的生态毒性组成复杂,除其本身对于生物体的生化胁迫外,还易与其他污染物形成复合污染,对水生生物产生交互效应。因此,研究治理地表水环境微(纳米)塑料污染已刻不容缓,本文可为地表水环境中微(纳米)塑料污染防控和生态风险研究提供理论参考。

基于主成成分分析的水质考核排名研究——以涪江四川国省考断面为例

为探究涪江流域6种水污染物高锰酸盐指数(I_(Mn))、化学需氧量(COD)、生化需氧量(BOD_(5))、氨氮(NH_(3)-N)、总磷(TP)和挥发酚(Ar-OH)间相互关系及影响水质考核排名的关键指标,使用2022年涪江流域34国省考断的6种主要水污染物浓度监测数据,结合Pearson相关性分析和主成分分析,对34个断面四川省水质排名状况和影响四川水质考核排名的关键指标进行了综合评价与分析。结果表明,以Ar-OH为主的第2主成分方差贡献率(18.374%)远低于以I_(Mn)、COD、BOD_(5)、NH_(3)-N、和TP为主的第1主成分方差贡献率(64.005%),水质综合指数考核排名与主成分分析结果前4位和后3位完全一致,其中后13位的断面排序基本一致,其余不完全一致。因此,经主成分综合评价指数排名可快速找出排名重点关注断面,再通过第1主成分排序精准锁定影响水质考核排名的关键指标,为提升水质考核排名以及开展水污染防治提供理论依据。

港口危险货物集装箱堆场应急事故废水量计算方法研究

在港口危险货物集装箱堆场项目环境影响评价、环境风险应急预案和环保工程设计中,存在估算应急事故废水发生量与环境应急收集池有效容积不一致问题。通过参考GBT 50483—2019《化工建设项目环境保护设计标准》等相关研究成果,结合港口危险货物集装箱堆场工程特点和环境风险特征,构建了港口危险货物集装箱堆场的应急事故废水发生量计算方法,建立了计算公式并明确相关计算指标和参数取值,进行了工程案例分析。该计算方法为港口危险货物集装箱堆场的应急事故废水发生量估算提供了一种解决方案,为应急事故废水收集池容积设计提供重要技术参数,对有效控制应急事故废水对周边水环境和土壤环境污染风险具有重要意义。

生态环境保护中水污染防治与执法策略探讨

随着社会经济的发展,水污染问题逐渐暴露并影响着人们的生活质量,已经成为生态环境治理的重要内容。本研究围绕水污染防治和执法策略进行深入探讨,分析了当前我国水污染的主要来源及其对环境的影响,并对比剖析了国内外水污染防治策略与法律制度。通过实证研究发现,我国在水污染防治执法监管上存在执法力度不足、法规措施执行不到位、执法绩效评价机制不完善等问题。针对这些问题,本文从制度建设、加强执法力度、完善执法机制、提高公众水污染防治意识与参与度等方面提出具体对策并进行了深入阐述。研究结果揭示,采取全面、科学的水污染防治与执法策略,可以有效改善我国水环境质量,保护生态环境。本研究为生态环境保护中水污染防治的实践提供了理论支持和政策建议。

城市河流水污染防治方法的应用分析

城市河流是构建城市生态环境的关键环节,是城市生态系统的重要组成部分。其水体受到污染,将会对经济社会发展及人民生命健康造成影响。因此,如何有效治理城市河流的水环境,使其具有良好的社会与生态功能,是保障城市可持续发展的重要途径。本文在分析造成城市河流水体污染主要成因的基础上,总结分析了相应的预防与治理措施,以供参考。

抽水蓄能电站建设期环境与生态问题及治理保护措施

抽水蓄能电站具有调峰、调频、调相、储能等功能,是推动能源转型的重要支撑,也是实现“双碳”目标的重要组成部分。但抽水蓄能电站在建设期会带来系列环境与生态问题,需要引起重视。利用文献调研和现场勘察的方法,聚焦抽水蓄能电站建设过程中产生的生态环境问题以及相关治理措施。从环境与生态的角度,分析了抽水蓄能电站建设所引起的水环境、大气环境、声环境和固体废物污染问题,提出了工程作业造成植被破坏从而加剧水土流失的风险,同时破坏生物多样性,总结了针对系列环境与生态问题的相应治理措施,有效降低对周围环境的危害。研究结果可为构建生态环保、绿色友好型施工环境提供理论支撑,以积极响应中国“双碳”号召。