Key techniques for evaluation of safety monitoring sensors in water conservancy and hydropower engineering

For the evaluation of construction quality and the verification of the design of water conservancy and hydropower engineering projects, and especially for the control of dam safety operation behavior, safety monitoring sensors are employed in a majority of engineering projects. These sensors are used to monitor the project during the dam construction and operation periods, and play an important role in reservoir safety operation and producing benefits. With the changing of operating environments and run-time of projects, there are some factors affecting the operation and management of projects, such as a certain amount of damaged sensors and instability of the measured data. Therefore, it is urgent to evaluate existing safety monitoring sensors in water conservancy and hydropower engineering projects. However, there are neither standards nor evaluation guidelines at present. Based on engineering practice, this study examined some key techniques for the evaluation of safety monitoring sensors, including the evaluation process of the safety monitoring system, on-site detection methods of two typical pieces of equipment, the differential resistor sensor and vibrating wire sensor, the on-site detection methods of communication cable faults, and a validity test of the sensor measured data. These key techniques were applied in the Xiaolangdi Water Control Project and Xiaoxi Hydropower Project. The results show that the measured data of a majority of sensors are reliable and reasonable, and can reasonably reflect the structural change behavior in the project operating process, indicating that the availabilities of the safety monitoring sensors of the two projects are high

Ecological Monitoring Perspectives from Biotesting of Surface Waters： A Study of Pavlovsk Reservoir （Bashkortostan, Russia）

The cost of environmental analysis is becoming astronomically high at the global scale. One of the major trends in the respective research activities is the development of biotesting methods. Such methods, in addition to ecotoxicology, are highly demanded for environmental monitoring and ecological standardization. The development of biotesting in toxicology, however, is limited to the ＂battery of tests＂ paradigm, while environmental monitoring and ecological standardization are based on the ＂uniformity of measurements＂ paradigm. A ＂reference bioindicator＂ is proposed to harmonize these approaches. A reference bioindicator serves for comparison of data obtained by different bioindicators. This method was approved for the state environmental control. Application of reference bioindicators makes analytical procedure substantially cheaper. It requires, however, thorough calibration in relation to specific environmental factors （such as temperature, photoperiod etc.） as well as to specific active agents and their combinations. This problem can be solved with the start-up of calibrating analytical centers and long-term study of the effects of spatiotemporal environmental factors in specific areas and for specific reference objects. This paper demonstrates long-term study results for the surface waters of Pavlovsk reservoir （Bashkortostan, Russia）.

Continuous monitoring of residual water content in boiling waterhydrocarbon emulsions during thermomechanical dehydration

Significant waste resources are generated in the form of water-oil emulsions.These emulsions cannot be effectively destroyed on an industrial scale by traditional methods that rely on the settling of the aqueous phase,and therefore,they accumulate in large quantities.Thermomechanical dehydration,based on the evaporation of the water phase,presents a promising process for recycling such waste.However,within the framework of thermomechanical dehydration,the issue of optimizing energy costs for heating raw materials and controlling the water content in the product arises.Standard methods of determining water content under the boiling conditions of highly stable water-hydrocarbon emulsions are characterized by low efficiency,as they require constant sampling and the involvement of additional equipment and personnel.Consequently,this presents a challenge in predicting and creating an automated thermomechanical dehydration process.Therefore,dynamic curves depicting changes in the water content of these emulsions,depending on the temperature of the boiling liquid,have been obtained.It is proposed to determine the rate of temperature increase(dT/dt)of the boiling emulsion for continuous,real-time monitoring of the residual water content and for recording the moment of complete dehydration.Achieving a boiling emulsion temperature of 130-170℃(or higher)and/or the rate of temperature increase from 3.0 to 5.5(or above)indicates the complete dehydration of the emulsion.The proposed method can be implemented in any industrial or laboratory-scale unit for thermomechanical dehydration without significant capital costs.It is based on the use of simple devices consisting of temperature sensors and a computing unit for determining the temperature and rate of heating.

Water System Management in Emergency Situations

This article deals with the issue of water system management and emergency management of water supply systems based on experience with the operation of water systems in EU （European Union） Member States. The options available for prevention/elimination of the hazard of limited drinking water supply to the public are described. Current climate and, in some countries, also the existing social conditions pose barriers to a smooth water supply to the public. Various hazards endangering the quality and amounts of water produced emerge. Since the risk of water supply outages due to natural or anthropogenic factors cannot be completely eliminated （for instance, hacker attacks pose a new threat to the water companies＇ control systems）, in other words, emergency situations where smooth water supply is disturbed cannot be ruled out, efforts must be made to at least minimise adverse impacts of such events on the users. Organisational and technical conditions minimising such hazards must be set up. A water production and distribution organization and management system must be introduced, which will be able to prevent and address such hazards and emergency situations. How to tackle this complex task in the real water system management conditions and to assure some minimal amount of water at least for strategic consumers is discussed in this article. The results of a water system operation risk analysis are presented, feasible methods to minimize such risks are described, and options to prevent and address such risks are proposed. A water company organisation and management system taking into account the possibility of development of emergency situations is set forth. Focus is on the use of a telemetric system as a system means that facilitates the prevention and possible addressing of any emergencies occurring during the operation of a water supply system.

云控制水肥药械智能监控平台的设计与实现

随着我国农业现代化水平的提高,以水肥药械为核心的现代农业服务体系成为未来行业发展的方向。为此,采用B/S结构模式,使用Django框架,选用MySQL数据库,设计并实现了一种云控制水肥药械智能监控平台。平台拥有完善的机构、数据交互、用户和权限等管理功能,可实现水肥药械的数字化管理;嵌入了基于Bi-LSTM与LightGBM融合的参考作物蒸散量预测方法,可实现对作物灌溉的实时预测;增加了作物施肥计算公式以及施肥用药数据库,可为用户对肥、药的施用提供科学的参考依据。实际运行及性能测试结果表明:平台的架构和模块设计合理,功能较全面和灵活,可有效满足设施园区对于水肥药械的管理需求,推动现代化农业发展。

Research and application of GIS information system of Pipeline Network of Oil Field Water

Pipeline network of oil fi eld water is established on the basis of GIS geographic information and SCADA platform, and monitorthe running state of water supply system in oil fi eld mining area in real time through data acquisition, instrument measurement and control,wireless network, water quantity, water pressure and other on-line monitoring equipment. The water supply system is formed, and the informationof mass water supply system is analyzed and processed in a timely manner. The system manages the entire production, management and serviceprocesses of the water supply system in a dynamic manner in order to ensure water supply safety management, and realize the modernization,intelligence and information mode operation of the water supply system in the mining area.

A comparative study of dust control practices in Chinese and Australian longwall coal mines

Mine dust is one of the main hazards in underground longwall mines worldwide.In order to solve the mine dust problem,a significant number of studies have been carried out regarding longwall mine dust control,both in China and Australia.This paper presents a comparative study of dust control practices in Chinese and Australian longwall mines,with particular references to statutory limits,dust monitoring methods and dust management practices,followed by a brief discussion on the research status of longwall mine dust control in both countries.The study shows that water infusion,face ventilation controls,water sprays,and deep and wet cutting in longwall shearer operations are commonly practiced in almost all underground longwall mines and that both Chinese and Australian longwall mine dust control practices have their own advantages and disadvantages.It is concluded that there is a need for further development and innovative design of more effective dust mitigation products or systems despite the development of various dust control technologies.Based on the examinations and discussions,the authors have made some recommendations for further research and development in dust control in longwall mines.It is hoped that this comparative study will provide beneficial guidance for scholars and engineers who are engaging in longwall mine dust control research and practice.

基于ControlLogix的智能节水控制系统

以ControlLogix平台为控制核心,利用污水处理系统智能收集生活污水,在储水箱不同水位时智能开启进水阀门,达到节约水资源的目的。通过RSView32监控软件监测,结果表明:基于ControlLogix平台智能节水控制系统设计合理,充分达到了智能节水的目的。

水利工程白蚁防治研究进展

白蚁是一种主要的害堤动物,一直是水利工程安全运行的重大隐患,经济社会的发展和复杂环境的变化对白蚁防治提出了更高的要求。梳理了水利工程白蚁防治中预防、探查、处置三个环节的研究进展,阐述了白蚁防治关键技术的基本原理、适用场景及应用效果;回顾了白蚁监测预警技术的发展过程,介绍了技术原理、系统架构和功能实现;总结了白蚁综合防治技术的实践及探索,探讨了现阶段白蚁防治技术的适用性和局限性。在此基础上提出了对白蚁习性规律、白蚁蚁巢精准探测、白蚁智能监控预警、堤坝动物危害风险评估、白蚁防治综合治理及体制机制建设等研究方向的思考,为促进白蚁防治更加精准高效、绿色智能提供借鉴。

江苏省平原水网区河湖生态水位确定探索与实践

保障河湖生态流量,事关江河湖泊健康。本文在分析江苏平原水网区域特点的基础上,选择生态水位作为河湖生态流量的表征指标,根据水利部确定的江苏省26条全国生态流量保障重点河湖名录,科学选定控制断面,采用1990—2020年水文序列资料,选用Qp法分析计算90%、95%、99%保证率下的水位,同步对比分析近10年最枯月水位、最低通航保证水位,最终确定了26条河湖的生态水位。通过制定保障措施方案、开展监测预警评估、强化统一调度管理等措施,全面保障区域河湖生态水位,为平原水网地区河湖生态水位的确定与保障提供了经验。

煤矿联合泵房供水系统智能化升级改造

煤矿供水系统的智能化转型升级是提升煤矿智能化水平的重要环节,文章针对某煤矿联合泵房供水系统自动化程度低、难以实现恒压供水等问题,采用PID控制、变频调速、工业互联网等先进技术对其进行智能化升级改造,设计了高效稳定的智能供水控制系统和管理系统,大大提升了系统自动化、信息化、智能化水平。

楼宇热水供应循环系统综合应用研究

随着城市化进程的加速,楼宇热水供应系统在人们的生活和工作中扮演着越来越重要的角色。对楼宇热水供应循环系统进行了综合研究,为了方便监控与管理搭建了云平台进行实时远程在线监控。

基于Modbus TCP的临时水质在线监测系统于供水管网上的应用

供水管网作为城市发展生命线,对其进行水质监测是保障供水安全的重要措施。其中,利用水质在线仪表监测供水水质已成为智慧水务中的重要一环。目前受安装条件的限制,管网水质在线仪表大多都固定安装于二次供水泵房,无法监测到主管网水质,监测不全面,代表性不强;同时在供水管道迁改和抢修施工过程中难以实时全面掌握受影响区域的水质波动情况。文章设计了一套集水样采集、UPS供电、水质仪表为一体的Modbus TCP的临时水质在线监测系统,该系统各环节设计自成一体,可分开可联用,安装简单,移动方便,可临时安装于供水主管道、消防栓、二次供水泵房等,有针对性实时监测多种场景下管网的水质变化情况,有效保障管网水质安全。

供水管网漏损控制方法与应用成效分析

随着经济社会发展,城镇化进程加快,水资源供需矛盾短缺日趋严重,而城市供水管网漏损,是目前困扰节水的难题之一,供水管网漏损控制已成为“十四五”城市供水行业的重点工作之一。文章简要介绍了供水管网漏损的原因和主要控制方法。重点结合水司自身特点,分析了实际工程应用成效,主要包括:推进独立计量区(DMA)进行的夜间最小流量监控;开展日常巡检及周期性检漏;定期开展水表轮换;改造老旧管网;布设管网压力监测点;加装水池水箱远程监控。而通过各种不同控制手段的结合使用,有效地控制了管网漏损,2023年综合漏损率降低为10%,研究成果以期为各水司供水管网的漏损控制提供指导和借鉴。

水生生物监测质量保证、质量控制与标准化:动态与展望

水生生物监测是流域水生态状况评价的重要基础,监测数据的准确性和可靠性直接影响水生态环境质量评价与流域水生态管理成效。目前我国水生生物监测质量保证和质量控制体系尚处于持续完善的阶段,关键环节的控制要求和质控目标等亟待明确和细化。本文总结了欧美发达国家水生生物监测质量保证与质量控制体系建设中的经验,通过梳理我国水生生物监测工作基础与进展,较为系统地提出了适合我国现状的水生生物监测质量保证与质量控制体系标准化建设对策建议,包括实验室内部和外部质量保证与质量控制、水生生物监测质控数据库、人工智能识别和环境DNA新技术质控要点等标准化建议,为实现水生生物监测业务化运行,准确评估我国流域水生态质量状况的变化提供技术支撑。

我国城市供排水在线监测技术发展与标准化历程

随着我国供排水设施规模快速增长、各类新兴业务的大量涌现以及在线监测技术的不断进步,供排水在线监测技术得到了快速发展和应用。为解决业务需求和技术标准化需求,研究者对在线监测设备的性能与运行维护要求、监测系统布局优化方案等方面开展了一系列研究。随着在线监测技术的逐渐成熟,该技术在供水全流程监控、排水设施运行监控与问题诊断、海绵城市建设效果评价、水环境治理中的排污溯源等方面得到了广泛应用。同时,为规范供排水在线监测技术的应用,我国供排水在线监测技术标准经历了从无到有并逐步完善的过程,建立了以行业标准为主、以地方标准和团体标准作为补充的标准体系。

面向供水管网漏损监测的传感器优化布置多准则决策分析方法

供水管网漏损精准监测对于避免水资源浪费具有重要意义,为此,提出一种面向供水管网漏损监测的传感器优化布置多准则决策分析方法。基于充分考虑传感器布置优化的权重、差异阈值和偏好阈值的不确定性,利用信息熵在整个决策空间内对传感器的初始位置进行筛选再根据漏损监测目标,通过定义一组传感器布置优化准则,利用多准则决策分析方法对初始方案进行排序,得到顾及多组参数及不同偏好场景下各种初始方案的概率排序。为了验证该方法的适用性,采用基准测试管网k1模型开展仿真试验并比较了几种不同的偏好场景。结果表明所提出的方法能够适应顺序优先和最重要的优先顺序,而且能够对方案进行排序和成对比较,避免了使用“黑匣子”对传感器布置方案进行选择。

基于PLC的绝缘监视仪控制程序设计

本德尔公司推出的iso685系列绝缘监视仪,可快速精确稳定的实现电力系统绝缘监测及故障定位。本文针对iso685系列绝缘监视仪,设计一种基于PLC的绝缘监视仪控制程序及运行于远程电脑的上位机监控程序,实现绝缘监视仪的远程监测及设备激活、停用、复位,响应值修改等功能。通过试验调试,基于PLC的控制程序及上位机监控程序能够对绝缘监视仪进行实时监测与控制,满足电力系统绝缘监测及故障定位需要。

水泥灌浆全过程物联网监测系统研究

在水利水电工程建设中,帷幕灌浆工程量大,需采用智能灌浆全过程物联网监测系统替代常规灌浆记录仪,以规范施工操作。设计了一种包含制浆机、灌浆泵及储浆桶的水泥灌浆全过程物联网监测系统,集成智能传感器、PLC、物联网网关模块等设备,利用物联网网关云服务器数据爬取技术实现进浆及返浆流量、进浆密度、压力等数据的采集和处理,并能提供触摸屏人机交互及数据存储功能,且实现了远程物联透传显示及控制。该系统已在南水北调中线雄安调蓄库灌浆试验工程中付诸应用,结果表明:该系统运行稳定,数据实时性好,为实现全过程智能灌浆和管控奠定了基础。

大直径城市供水管道水锤作用监测与计算方法研究

随着我国城市建设的发展,长距离供水管道应用众多,而在长距离供水管道设计过程中水锤作用不可忽视。使用高频动态压力传感器进行现场监测试验,对比传统水锤方程组和“FSI四方程模型”水锤计算的结果,并同时基于ABAQUS数值模拟软件开展相关数值模拟,对大直径供水管突然关机时产生的水锤作用进行研究。结果表明:在水锤作用下压应力最大部位位于管顶、管底内侧,拉应力最大部位位于管腰内侧;壁厚与应力和位移呈正相关,管径与应力呈正相关且与位移呈负相关,而管道埋深对其应力和位移的影响很小。研究的计算结果与数值模拟结果接近监测真实值,对水锤模拟有一定指导意义。