Impact of Untreated Sedimentation Tank Sludge Water Recycle on Water Quality During Treatment of Low Turbidity Water

The overall purpose of this research is to examine the impact of untreated sedimentation tank sludge water( USTSW) recycle on water quality during treatment of low turbidity water in coagulation—sedimentation processes. 950 m L of raw water and different concentrations of 50 m L USTSW are injected into six 1 000 m L beakers without coagulant.The results indicate that USTSW characterized as accumulated suspended solids and organic matter has active ingredients,which possess the equivalent function of coagulant. The optimal blended water turbidity is in the range of 10-20 NTU,within which USTSW recycle achieves the highest save coagulant rate. The mechanism of strengthening coagulation effect when USTSW recycle mainly depends on the chemical effect and physical effect. What is more,through scanning electron microscopy( SEM),it is found that the floc structures with USTSW recycle are more compact than those without USTSW recycle. Besides,the water quality parameters of color,NH3-N,CODMn,UV254,total aluminum,total manganese when USTSW recycle is better than the raw water without recycle,indicating that USTSW recycle can improve water quality with strengthening coagulation effect.

Freshwater snail and shrimp differentially affect water turbidity and benthic primary producers

Benthic macroinvertebrates play key roles in shallow aquatic ecosystems and can contribute substantially to aquatic food webs.However,how macroinvertebrates with different behaviors(for example,pertaining to locomotion,foraging and burrowing)impact water quality and primary producers has not been fully explored.Here,we performed two consecutive microcosm experiments to test the effects of(1)macroinvertebrates with different behaviors(a low mobility scraper aquatic snail Bellamya aeruginosa and a high mobility shredder freshwater shrimp Macrobrachium nipponense)and(2)different shrimp biomasses on water clarity and the composition of benthic primary producers.The results showed that presence of snails significantly increased the biomass of filamentous green algae and decreased the biomass of periphyton.In contrast,presence of shrimp significantly decreased the biomass of filamentous green algae and increased the biomass of periphyton,and these effects were biomass dependent.Filamentous green algae disappeared when shrimp biomass reached 9.8 g m^(-2).No interactive effects of snail and shrimp presence were found.This could be attributed to different food preferences by the two consumers,with snails preferring periphyton(mainly diatoms)and shrimp preferring filamentous green algae.The presence of snails decreased water turbidity,while shrimp increased water turbidity,which showed a hump-shaped response to shrimp biomass with a peak at 24.2 g m^(-2).These results are likely because the snail is a low mobility grazer and can filter suspended particles,while the shrimp is a high mobility shredder with burrows,which can strongly disturb sediment.The decrease in water disturbance at high shrimp biomass might be due to food limitation,thus reducing burrowing and foraging activities.Neither snail nor shrimp affected the biomass of H.verticillata,while the biomass of V.spinulosa increased with shrimp biomass.The reason for this could be that shrimp increased nutrient availability and decreased the growth of filamentous green algae that compete with macrophytes.Our study demonstrated that different macroinvertebrates have complementary functions in benthic habitats;thus,maintaining macroinvertebrate diversity is important for shallow aquatic ecosystems.Furthermore,the freshwater shrimp M.nipponense could be a potential consumer to control filamentous green algal blooms in its native range,but their biomass should be taken into consideration.

Pilot scale treatment of low turbidity water using compound bioflocculant and polymerized aluminium ferrum chloride

To investigate the application of compound bioflocculant （CBF） in drinking water treatment at pilot plant, CBF and polymerized aluminium ferrum chloride （PAFC） coagulant were used to treat raw water taken from Longhupao Reservoir in Heilongjiang Province for the removal of turbidity, COl）, UV254 and residual Al. Coagulation test shows that the coagulation enhanced by CBF and PAFC exhibits more effective performance than that enhanced by the individual of them, and the total combination dosage is lower than that of the individual. The residual Al from PAFC can be removed efficiently by CBF. The removal efficiency of turbidity reaches 76.6% by combining CBF of 2 mg/L and PAFC of 15 mg/L, COl） is decreased from 3.80 mg/L to 1.62 mg/ L, and the concentration of residual Al is only 0. 033 mg/L in the product water. It can be speculated that adsorption-bridging and sweep-coagulation processes are predominant in the flocculation process by the combination of CBF and PAFC.

Enhanced treatment of water with low turbidity:Combined effects of permanganate, PAM and recycled sludge

The effectiveness of enhancing treatment of water with low turbidity through combined effects of permanganate oxidation, PAM aiding coagulation and sludge recycling was investigated through continuous bench scale studies. In comparing with ferric chloride coagulation, only recycling sedimentation sludge was ineffective in enhancing treatment of water with low turbidity. PAM with recycled sludge showed positive effects, and the additional permanganate dosing exhibited the best potential of favoring coagulation, which leaded to much lower effluent turbidity and CODMa. Additionally, it was observed that the optimal permanganate dosage was 0. 4 mg/ L and the higher permanganate dosage exhibited inhibiting effects for pollutants removal. SEM analysis indicated that the floes were loosely formed and the particle diameter was critically low for ferric chloride coagulation process. Comparatively, the addition of PAM and permanganate with recycled sludge facilitated the aggregation of tinny particles onto compact PAM polymer chains, therefore contributing to the formation of compact floes with high particle diameter. The combined employment of recycled sludge, PAM and permanganate showed the best potential of favoring coagulation, mainly through synergistic effects between seeding, polymer bridging and increasing effective collision in mechanism. Additionally, the variation of Fe and Mn concentration after recycling and sedimentating units was studied for the processes, and the main species was also investigated for elements Fe and Mn. Sludge recycling and permanganate addition did not increase Fe and Mn concentration in the sedimented water.

Research on the coefficient of sound absorption in turbid water

China’s coastal waters are turbid and the properties of the seabed are complex. This negatively impacts the performance of underwater detection equipment. The properties of sound absorption in turbid water are not well understood. In this paper, the coefficient of sound absorption in turbid water was measured by the reverberation technique. All work was done in a reverberation barrel made of seamless aluminum. First, pure water was poured into the reverberation barrel and its reverberation time measured. Next, various concentrations of turbid water were poured into the barrel and their reverberation time measured. After all data had been gathered, the coefficient of sound absorption in turbid water of different concentrations was calculated. From this we determined a law of sound absorption in turbid water as summarized in the paper.

Validation of MODIS ocean-colour products in the coastal waters of the Yellow Sea and East China Sea

An extensive study collected in situ data along the Yellow Sea(YS) and East China Sea(ECS) to assess the radiometric properties and the concentration of the water constituents derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS). Thirteen high quality match-ups were obtained for evaluating the MODIS estimates of Rrs(λ), chlorophyll a(Chl a) and concentrations of suspended particulate sediment matter(SPM). For MODIS Rrs(λ), the mean absolute percentage difference(APD) was in the range of 20%–36%, and the highest uncertainty appeared at 412 nm, whereas the band ratio of Rrs(λ) at 488 nm compared with that at 547 nm was highly consistent, with an APD of 7%. A combination of near-infrared bands and shortwave infrared wavelengths atmosphere correction algorithm(NIR-SWIR algorithm) was applied to the MODIS data, and the estimation accuracy of Rrs were improved at most of the visible spectral bands except 645 nm, 667 nm and 678 nm. Two ocean-colour empirical algorithms for Chl a estimation were applied to the processed data, the results indicated that the accuracy of the derived Chl a values was obviously improved, the four-band algorithms outperformed the other algorithm for measured and simulated datasets, and the minimum APD was 35%. The SPM was also quantified. Two regional and two coastal SPM algorithms were modified according to the in situ data. By comparison, the modified Tassan model had a higher accuracy for the application along the YS and ECS with an APD of 21%. However, given the limited match-up dataset and the potential influence of the aerosol properties on atmosphere correction, further research is required to develop additional algorithms especially for the low Chl a coastal water.

Atmospheric correction of ocean color imagery over turbid coastal waters using active and passive remote sensing

This paper demonstrates an atmospheric correction method to process MODIS/Aqua (Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) ocean color imagery over turbid coastal waters with the aid of concurrent CALIOP (Cloud-Aerosol LIdar with Orthogonal Polarization) aerosol data, assuming that there exists "nonturbid" water in the study area where MODIS aerosol optical properties can be retrieved accurately. Aerosol properties from CALIOP measurements were obtained and related to those from MODIS. This relationship, combined with CALIOP aerosol data, was extended to turbid water to derive MODIS aerosol properties, where atmospheric correction using MODIS data alone often fails. By combining MODIS and CALIOP data, aerosol signals were separated from the total signals at the satellite level, and water-leaving radiances in turbid waters were subsequently derived. This method was tested on several MODIS/Aqua ocean color images over South China turbid waters. Comparison with field data shows that this method was effective in reducing the errors in the retrieved water-leaving radiance values to some extent. In the Zhujiang (Pearl) River Estuary, this method did not overestimate the aerosol effects as severely, and provided far fewer negative water-leaving radiance values than the NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) default methods that used MODIS data alone.

Suspended sediment concentration mapping based on the MODIS satellite imagery in the East China inland, estuarine, and coastal waters

The purpose of this research is to improve the retrieval accuracy for the suspended sediment concentration(SSC) from in situ and satellite remote sensing measurements in turbid East China estuarine and coastal waters. For this aim, three important tasks are formulated and solved: 1) an estimation of remote-sensing reflectance spectra R_(rs)(λ) after atmospheric correction; 2) an estimation of R_(rs)(λ) from the radiometric signals above the air-water surface; and 3) an estimation of SSC from R_(rs)(λ). Six different models for radiometric R_(rs)(λ) determination and 28 models for SSC versus R_(rs)(λ) are analyzed based on the field observations made in the Changjiang River estuary and its adjacent coastal area. The SSC images based on the above-mentioned analysis are generated for the area.

Formulation and Its Verification of Conductivity for Uniform Turbid Water

For measurement of sediment spatial concentration of nearshore seawater, a turbid water system with several. kinds of particles is investigated from the viewpoint of the characteristics of particles. Firstly, the classical physical and chemical conductivity formula is extended to macro-particle (such as sand) conductivity formula. Secondly, the Fricke formula suitable for only one kind of particles is extended to the conductivity formula suitable for several kinds of particles.. Finally, the multi-particle conductivity formula is applied to the measurement of sediment spatial concentration.

An algorithm for retrieval of aerosol optical properties over the turbid waters from GOCI

Aimed at high turbid coastal waters, an improved algorithm for retrieval ofaerosol optical properties from Geostationary Ocean Color Imager （GOCI） is proposed.The algorithm adopts support vector machine （SVM） to separate the interfering signalof phytoplankton pigments, suspended matter and chromophoric dissolved organicmatter （CDOM）. Radioactive Transfer Model （RTM） Rstar5b is utilized to simulate thetransmitting process. The algorithm can retrieve aerosol optical depth （AOD） andaerosol types simultaneously. In the study, the aerosol optical depth was retrieved overthe turbid waters in the summer of 2014 and 2015. The results of inversion werecompared with the corresponding AERONET data and GOCI service product toestimate the accuracy of the advanced method. The study shows that this algorithmhas better performance compared with GOCI service algorithm for turbid water in theYellow Sea.

WEAKLY SWIRLING TURBULENT FLOW IN TURBID WATER HYDRAULIC SEPARATION DEVICE

This article deals with the characteristics of weakly swirling turbulent flow field in a Turbid Water Hydraulic Separation Device （TWHSD） through experimental and numerical researches. The flow field was measured by PIV, which provided streamlines, vortex structure, vorticity and velocity distribution in different test planes in the TWHSD. On the basis of the experimental results, the tangential and radial velocity distributions of the swirling flow field were obtained. Meanwhile, the numerical simulations were conducted with the RNG κ-ε and RSM turbulence models, respectively. According to the experimental and numerical results, the characteristics of the clear water flow field inside the TWHSD were determined. In view of simulation accuracy and time consumption, it is suggested to apply the RNG κ-ε model instead of the RSM model, which is more time consuming, to make further study on two-phases flow fields in the device.

Factors influencing water quality indices in a typical urban river originated with reclaimed water

The water quality in a typical urban river segment originated with reclaimed water in Beijing was monitored for two years to investigate the evolution of water quality along the rivcr, and statistical analysis was applied to determine factors influencing water quality of such river recharged by reclaimed water. It was found that no significant change in pollutant concentrations （including COD, NH4＋-N, TN and TP） was observed during this time, and their average values were close to those of the original reclaimed water. However, turbidity and algal contents fluctuated temporally in the direction of river flow. Statistical analysis showed that turbidity was strongly positively correlated with algal contents for flow rate 〈 0.1 m.s-1. whereas it was strongly positively correlated with both algalcontents and TOC for flow rate 〉 0. 1m. s-1. It was observed that diatom was the absolute predominant phyla with Melosira as the major species. In terms of algal bloom control, the specific growth rate of algae was strongly correlated to temperature, and was influenced by flow rate as well. Compared with two other rivers originated with reclaimed water and one originated with natural water, the Shannon Wiener index in the objective river was the lowest, with values between 0.7 and 1.6, indicating a high risk for algal bloom. Statistics showed that Shannon Wiener index was strongly negatively correlated to nutrient salts and cations.

Siltation and radiocesium pollution of small lakes in different catchment types far from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident site

The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident caused radioactive pollution in northeastern Honshu Island,Japan.This study examined the influence of snowmelt and rainfall on soil erosion pro-cesses and siltation of small lakes in Miyagi Prefecture(150 km northwest of the power plant).Two sets of slopes and lakes,respectively in pasture and forest catchments,were examined.Snowpack thickness,soil infiltration,surface runoff volume,soil and sediment physicochemical properties,Cs concentration of precipitation,meltwater,and rainwater,and lake siltation rates were determined.The total radioactive Cs content in precipitation was 0.7-7.4 Bq·L^-1 and was below the Japanese standard(10 Bq·L^-1).Total radioactive Cs was at the allowable level in water flowing down the pasture catchment slope(0.1-9.2 Bq·L^-1)during snowmelt and rainfall,as well as in pasture(0.9-8.8 Bq·L^-1)and forest(0.7-5.2 Bq·L^-1)catchment lake water.There was no soil erosion(surface runoff)in the forest catchment.Soil losses in the pasture catchment were 23 due to rainfall and 9 kg ha^-1 yr^-1 following spring snowmelt.After snow-melt,a 0.5 and 0.2 mm thick layer of silt was deposited in pasture and forest catchment lakes,respec-tively,and 1.4 and 0.6 mm were deposited during the rainfall period.Average siltation rates were 1.9 and 0.8 mm·yr^-1 for pasture and forest catchment lakes,respectively.The upper layer of lake bottom sedi-ments is represented mainly by silt fractions(2-50μm),with high organic matter(4.0-5.7%)and radiocesium(1100-1600 kg·ha^-1)contents.

Environmental variables affecting the gillnet catches and condition of Labiobarbus festivus and Osteochilus hasseltii in northern Malaysia

The influences of technical factors on the catching efficiencies of gillnets are well understood,but less is known about the importance of environmental factors and how these might concurrently affect target-species condition.Here we address this deficit for two economically important southeast Asian cyprinids(Labiobarbus festivus and Osteochilus hasseltii)during a one-year study at a key fishing location in Lake Kenyir,Malaysia.Three gillnets(each 200 m long,2 m deep and comprising either 38-,51-,or 76-mm mesh)were deployed each month concurrent with sampling of benthic macroinvertebrates and various environmental parameters.Various multivariate analyses(detrended correspondence analysis,redundancy analysis and permutational multivariate analysis of variance)were used to explore potential relationships between the extrinsic variables(mesh size,sampling season,water quality and,based on known prey items,benthic macroinvertebrates)and gillnet catches and the biological condition(growth co-efficient and hepatosomatic index)of the target species.Catches of L.festivus(the most abundant species)were positively influenced by water turbidity without seasonal effects,while their biological condition was positively influenced by benthic macroinvertebrates(mostly Trichoptera)and the concentrations of DO and phosphate,and negatively influenced by water temperature.By comparison,seasonal influences on the catches and biology of O.hasseltii were somewhat size specific with positive and negative effects of the monsoon on small and large fish,respectively.The abundance of phytoplankton also positively affected the catches of O.hasseltii,while their biological condition was positively influenced by water temperature,but negatively influenced by water turbidity.Such species-specific differences were attributed to life histories,and although the more abundant L.festivus might be best sought during any period of turbidity,effort should be focused during the monsoon when individuals have optimal condition(and therefore better flesh quality).In contrast,larger O.hasseltii might be best sought during non-monsoon months concurrent with greater catches and optimal condition.Collecting similar data for other freshwater species both nationally and internationally might facilitate future efforts at fine-tuning gillnet fishing effort.

Spatial and temporal distribution of cyanobacteria in Batticaloa Lagoon

The necessity to understand the relationship between cyanobacterial species abundance and water quality variations in coastal lagoons is crucial to develop strategies to prevent further cyanobacterial proliferation.This paper evaluates the relationship between water quality variations on the distribution of cyanobacteria during a 12-month period in Batticaloa Lagoon（Sri Lanka） using Redundancy analysis and Pearson correlations.Drastic variations in p H,temperature,salinity,dissolved oxygen（DO） and total phosphorus（TP）levels were reported,but not turbidity and NO3-.This brackish waterbody is hypereutrophic（TP levels 〉 0.1 mg/L）.The cyanobacterial community contained 13 genera and 22 species.NO3-,TP and turbidity levels positively influenced cyanobacterial abundance during all seasons indicating that nutrient（largely phosphorus） and sediment entry control is highly crucial along with periodic monitoring of cyanobacterial growth.