Water Environmental Impact Assessment and Analysis of Foshan Brewery Project

In recent years, the beer industry is a biological food industry that consumes a lot of water, and it has developed rapidly in China. The sewage discharged from the mass production of beer poses a huge threat to the environment. In order to evaluate and better solve the possible environmental impacts of beer treatment engineering projects, a brewery project in Foshan City is taken as an example to investigate the water pollution generation links of the engineering process including surface water and groundwater. According to the relevant technical methods and standards, water pollution factors are screened, and concentration and discharge are monitored. Through comprehensive analysis, predictive evaluation is obtained. It is confirmed that the project meets the requirements of national laws and regulations and environmental protection standards.

Effect of movability of water on the low-velocity pre-Darcy flow in clay soil

Water seepage in soil is a fundamental problem involving various scientific and engineering fields.According to the literature,low-velocity water seepage in low-permeability porous media,such as clay,does not follow Darcy's law,also known as pre-Darcy flow.The formation of immovable water due to water adsorption on the pore wall is believed to be responsible for the formation of pre-Darcy flow.However,this view lacks direct solid evidence.To investigate the pre-Darcy water flow in clay,head permeability experiments are conducted on six clay samples with different densities.The results indicate that water seepage in clay at low hydraulic gradients does not follow Darcy's law.A clear nonlinear relationship between flow velocity and hydraulic gradient is observed.Water flow in clay can be divided into the pre-Darcy flow and Darcy flow regions by the critical hydraulic gradient,which is 10-12 for the Albic soil with dry density between 1.3 g/cm^(3)and 1.8 g/cm^(3).According to the disjoining pressure theory,immovable water due to water adsorption on the pore wall is the primary reason for water flow deviating from Darcy's law in clay.The results indicate that the percentage of movable water ranges from 39.7%to 59.3%for the six samples at a hydraulic gradient of 1.As the hydraulic gradient increases,the percentage of moveable water also increases.Additionally,there is a strong correlation between the percentage of movable water and the variation in hydraulic conductivity with the hydraulic gradient.Furthermore,a quantitative relationship between the percentage of movable water and the hydraulic conductivity has been established.The results of this study suggest that water adsorption on the pore wall not only affects the water movability,but is also closely related to the pre-Darcy flow phenomenon in clay.

Application of Argo Data in the Analysis of Water Masses in the Northwest Pacific Ocean

The temperature and salinity distributions, and the water mass structures in Northwest Pacific Ocean are studied using the temperature and salinity data obtained by Argo profiling floats. The T-S relation in this region indicates there exist 8 water masses, they are the North Pacific Tropical Surface Water （NPTSW）, North P, acific Subsurface Water （NPSSW）, North Pacific Intermediate Water （NPIW）, North Pacific Subtropical Water （NPSTW）, North Pacific Deep Water （NPDW） and Equatorial Surface Water （ESW）, and the South Pacific Subsurface Water （SPSSW） and South Pacific Intermediate Water （SPIW）.

Spectrofluorimetric Analysis of the Fungicide Carbendazim and Its Metabolite 2-Aminobenzimidazole in Natural Water

A spectrofluorimetric method for the direct analysis of carbendazim [methyl 2-benzimidazole carbamate (MBC)] fungicide and its metabolite 2-aminobenzimidazole (2-AB) in natural waters is described. Very low limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values of 0.002 - 0.06 ng/mL and 0.006 - 0.2 ng/mL, respectively, were determined by spectrofluorimetric method with small relative standard deviation (RSD) values < 1%. This spectrofluorimetric method was applied to the determination of MBC and 2-AB residues in natural waters, with satisfactory recovery values of (88.5% - 119.2%).

Hydrological behaviour and water balance analysis for Xitiaoxi catchment of Taihu Basin

With the rapid social and economic development of the Taihu region, Taihu Lake now faces an increasingly severe eutrophication problem. Pollution from surrounding catchments contributes greatly to the eutrophication of water bodies in the region. Investigation of surface flow and associated mass transport for the Xitiaoxi catchment is of a significant degree of importance as the Xitiaoxi catchment is one of the major catchments within the Taihu region. A SWAT-based distributed hydrological model was established for the Xitiaoxi catchment. The model was calibrated and verified using hydrometeorological data from 1988 to 2001. The results indicate that the modeled daily and annual stream flow match the observed data both in the calibration period and the verification period, with a linear regression coefficient R2 and a coefficient e for modeled daily stream flow greater than 0.8 at Hengtangcun and Fanjiacun gauge stations. The results show that the runoff process in the Xitiaoxi catchment is affected both by rainfall and human activities （e.g., reservoirs and polder areas）. Moreover, the human activities weaken flood peaks more noticeably during rainstorms. The Water balance analysis reveals the percentages of precipitation made up by surface flow, evapotranspiration, groundwater recharge＇ and the change of soil storage, all of which are considered useful to the further understanding of the hydrological processes in the Xitiaoxi catchment. This study provides a good base for further studies in mass transport modeling and comparison of modeling results from similar hydrological models.

Analysis and control on anomaly water inrush in roof of fully-mechanized mining field

Caving of mine roofs from water inrush due to anomalous pressure is one of the major disasters and accidents that can occur in mines during production.Roof water inrush can trigger a wide range of roof collapse,causing major accidents from breaking roof supports while caving.These failures flood wells and do a great deal of damage to mines and endanger mine safety.Our objective is to analyze the anomalies of water inrush crushing the support at the #6301 working face in the Jisan Coal Mine of the Yanzhou Mining Group.Through information of water inrush to the roof,damage caused by tectonic movements,information on the damage caused by roof collapse and the theory about the distribution of pressure in mine abutments,we advice adjusting the length of the working face and the position of open-off cut relatively to the rich water area.In the case of anomalous roof pressure we should develop a state equation to estimate preventive measures with＂transferring rock beam＂theory.Simultaneously, we improve the capacity of drainage equipment and ensured adequate water retention at the storehouse. These are all major technologies to ensure the control and prevention against accidents caused by anomalous water inrush in roofs,thus ensuring safety in the production process of a coal mine.

Research of Water Quality Analysis,Treatment and Reuse Technology for Rainwater on the North University Campus

The pollution situation of different underlying surface and the change rule of each water quality index were researched,on the basis of rainwater quality monitoring by different approaches in a university campus. The results showed that due to some factors,such as the underlying surface material pollution,road materials,road surface pollution condition and surrounding atmospheric environment quality,the pollution of different underlying surface rainwater would be different. Main pollutants of rainwater runoff in the city campus area were such as COD,SS,NH;-N,TP,etc. Ultimately,along with the increase of accumulated rainfall,the pollutants tended to gradually decrease. The road rain pollution was more serious than roof runoff pollution and the early rain pollution was serious,but the late rain water quality was much better. According to the rainwater conditions,subsequent rainwater recycling technology and processing technology were determined as a way to alleviate the problem of water shortage and water pollution.

Provenance analysis of surface sediments in the Holocene mud area of the southern coastal waters off Shandong Peninsula,China

The sedimentary record of mud areas is an important carrier of information on the Holocene evolution of marine environments. Based on fine interpretations of the shallow stratigraphic section data, a small mud deposit area has been found in the southern coastal waters off Shandong Peninsula. This mud area is mainly distributed in coastal waters north of Laoshantou to the vicinity of Rushan Estuary. Overall, it is parallel to the coastline and spreads in a banded pattern, gradually thinning from offshore to the sea. The isopach map of depth distribution is parallel with the shoreline, and the depocenter lies in coastal waters of the Aoshan Bay where the maximum thickness is up to 22.5 m. Accelerator mass spectrometry（AMS） ^（14）C dating shows that the mud area was formed in the Holocene. The test data of surface sediments from the mud area, including particle size, mineral characteristics, and rare earth element contents, are used in comparisons with the composition of materials from the major surrounding medium and small rivers flowing into the sea and the Huanghe（Yellow） River. In this paper, the sedimentary characteristics and provenance of the mud deposit area are discussed. The results show that the formation of this mud area resulted from the joint action of the Huanghe River and surrounding rivers flowing into the sea.

Chemical Analysis of Water and the Resource of Br,K Prospects of Oilfield Brines from Ordovician and Carboniferous in Tarim,China

China is lack of bromine and potassium seriously.Oilfield brines is the headline goal of bromine and potassium resources exploration.Applicants grab 24oilfield brines samples from various wells of Ordovician

Analysis of Water and Soil Quality Characteristics in Turpan City

[ Objective] The study aimed to analyze water and soil quality characteristics in Turpan City. [ Method] According to Drinking Water Hy- gienic Standards （GB5749-2006） and Standards for Irrigation Water Quality （GB5084-2005）, five kinds of water samples collected from a karez, motor-pumped well, canal, village well and Aydingkol Lake in Turpan City as well as two types of soil samples irrigated by the karez and motor- pumped well water were analyzed in quality. [ Remit] Chloride and sulfate content in the village well and Aydingkol Lake water were higher than their limits in Dnnking Water Hygienic Standards, as well as sulfate content in the motor-pumped well and canal water. However, chloride and sul- fate content in the karez water did not exceed their limits. The soil irrigated by the karez water was salinized slightly, and organic matter content was higher; the soil irrigated by the motor-pumped well water was salinized seriously, and organic matter content was lower. [ Conclusion] The karez water is more applicable to farmland irrigation.

Groundwater Quality Analysis and Vulnerability Assessment in Longdong Area

Groundwater is important drinking water source in Longdong area. In recent years,as gradual expanding of industrial and agricultural production scales,seen from change trend of water quality,major impact factors of groundwater in the zone were ammonia nitrogen,COD,sulfate and total dissolved solid. By using specific thought of parameter system method,vulnerability assessment factor system of groundwater and meter point system calculation model in the zone were established. Via calculation and analysis,vulnerability distribution of groundwater in the zone was obtained. According to vulnerability index（ higher,moderate and lower）,zone dividing was conducted,and the areas were respectively 623. 25,4 005. 00 and 6 621. 75 km2,which respectively accounted for 5.54%,35. 60% and 58. 86%. The evaluation provided research basis for prevention,control and protection of groundwater environment in Longdong area.

Preliminary analysis of distribution and variation of perennialmonthly mean water masses in the Bohai Sea,the Huanghai Sea and the East China Sea

On the basis of perennial monthly mean temperature and salinity data, the classification of monthly water masses at the surface and the bottom in the Bohai Sea, the Huanghai Sea and the East China Sea, has been made by using the method of fuzzy cluster from the modified characteristic of water masses in the shallow water area. In this paper, the basic features, growth and decline patterns of water masses in relation to fishing grounds in the whole shelves of the Bohai Sea, the Huanghai Sea and the East China Sea are discussed with emphasis.

APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING IN THE ANALYSIS OF WATER ENVIRONMENT IN ZHUJIANG RIVER ESTUARY

1. PREFACE Lingdingyang is a trumpet estuary. It accepts the runoff of the Dongjiang River, the Beijiang River, the Zhengjiang River and the Liusihe River. It also accepts a part of the runoff of the Xijiang River. Its mean year runoff is 1.742×10" M^3. In resent ten years, industry and agriculture are developing rapidly in Guangzhou City, Dongguan City, Zhongshan City, Shunde County, Panyu County. Lingdingyang’s pollution is increesing. Water quality of lingdingyang is steadily deteriorated. In order to investigate the situation of water environment of Lingdingyang, we study its static environmental capacity of nitrogen and phosphorus. LANDSAT imageries are used in the study. The concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorous is detected by convention method.

Predictive analysis of stress regime and possible squeezing deformation for super-long water conveyance tunnels in Pakistan

The prediction of the stress field of deep-buried tunnels is a fundamental problem for scientists and engineers. In this study, the authors put forward a systematic solution for this problem. Databases from the World Stress Map and the Crustal Stress of China, and previous research findings can offer prediction of stress orientations in an engineering area. At the same time, the Andersonian theory can be used to analyze the possible stress orientation of a region. With limited in-situ stress measurements, the Hock-Brown Criterion can be used to estimate the strength of rock mass in an area of interest by utilizing the geotechnical investigation data, and the modified Sheorey＇s model can subsequently be employed to predict the areas＇ stress profile, without stress data, by taking the existing in-situ stress measurements as input parameters. In this paper, a case study was used to demonstrate the application of this systematic solution. The planned Kohala hydropower plant is located on the western edge of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Three hydro-fracturing stress measurement campaigns indicated that the stress state of the area is SH - Sh 〉 Sv or SH 〉Sv 〉 Sh. The measured orientation of Sn is NEE （N70.3°-89°E）, and the regional orientation of SH from WSM is NE, which implies that the stress orientation of shallow crust may be affected by landforms. The modified Sheorey model was utilized to predict the stress profile along the water sewage tunnel for the plant. Prediction results show that the maximum and minimum horizontal principal stres- ses of the points with the greatest burial depth were up to 56.70 and 40.14 MPa, respectively, and the stresses of areas with a burial depth of greater than 500 m were higher. Based on the predicted stress data, large deformations of the rock mass surrounding water conveyance tunnels were analyzed. Results showed that the large deformations will occur when the burial depth exceeds 300 m. When the burial depth is beyond 800 m, serious squeezing deformations will occur in the surrounding rock masses, thus requiring more attention in the design and construction. Based on the application efficiency in this case study, this prediction method proposed in this paper functions accurately.

Determination of Ultratrace Amounts of Copper(Ⅱ) in Water Samples by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry After Cloud Point Extraction

A novel approach was developed for the determination of ultratrace amounts of copper in water samples by using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry （ETAAS） after cloud point extraction （ CPE ）. 1-（ 2-Pyridylazo ） -2- naphthol was used as the chelating reagent and Triton X-114 as the mieellar-forming surfactant. CPE was conducted in a pH 8. 0 medium at 40 ℃ for 10 rain. After the separation of the phases by contrifugafion, the surfactant-rieh phase was diluted with 1 mL of a methanol solution of 0. 1 mol/L HNO3. Then 20μL of the diluted surfactant-rieh phase was injected into the graphite furnace for atomization in the absence of any matrix modifier. Various experimental conditions that affect the extraction and atomization processes were optimized. A detection limit of 5 ng/L was obtained after preconeentration. The linear dynamic range of the copper mass concentration was found to be 0-2.0 ng/mL, and the relative standard deviation was found to be less than 3. 1% for a sample containing 1.0 ng/mL Cu （ Ⅱ ）. This developed method was successfully applied to the determination of uhratraee amounts of Cu in drinking water, tap water, and seawater samples.

Simultaneous Determination of Ten Endocrine Hormone Disrupters in Water Using SPE/LC-(ESI)MS-MS

The aim of this study was developed and validated an analytical method based on liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry after solid phase extraction to monitorizing ten endocrine hormone disrupters in Lisbon drinking water system. Natural and synthetic hormones (17-β-estradiol, ethinylestradiol, estriol, estrone, progesterone, mestranol and diethylstilbestrol) and some industrial products (4-n-nonylphenol, 4-tert-octylphenol and bisphenol A) were studied. Mass spectrometer detection parameters were optimized, such as the best conditions for the precursor ion formation, namely cone voltage, when applying negative and positive electrospray ionization, and also collision energy for MRM1 and MRM2 transitions. The best conditions of the solid phase extraction (SPE) using Waters Oasis HLB (6 mL, 200 mg) and Isolute C18 (EC) (6 ml, 1000 mg) were also optimized. The method was validated through the application of several statistical tests and the uncertainty estimation of the analytical assay. This method showed a very good linear range for all the studied analytes with determination coefficients (r2) between 0.9962 and 0.9999 and coefficients of variation lower than 4%. There were no significant differences between recoveries obtained with the studied matrices, like groundwater, surface water and water for human consumption. In these matrices, the recovery values varied between 32 and 95%. The limits of method detection were between 0.28 and 22 ng/L. The validated method was applied for the analysis of water samples from the EPAL (Empresa Portuguesa das águas Livres, S.A.) water supply system including tap water, spring water, groundwater, and river water. Some target compounds (bisphenol A, progesterone, 4-tert-octylphenol, and 4-n-nonylphenol) were found in trace amounts in analysed waters.

Removal of Iron, Coliforms and Acidity from Ground Water Obtained from Shallow Aquifer Using Trickling Filter Method

Ground water is a major source of drinking water. In the Niger Delta, the ground water is unfit for human consumption due to high concentration of iron, coliforms and acidity. In an attempt to make the water potable, groundwater samples were collected from domestic boreholes and analyzed for physicochemical and microbial parameters using standard analytical methods. The groundwater samples were collected after single and double trickling filter treatment. The treated water from the single and double trickling filter was similarly analyzed. Results show that after treatment, iron decreased from 5.23-9.96 mg/L in the raw water to 1.67-2.02 mg/L in the single treatment and 0.05-0.31 mg/L in the double treated water （P 〈 0.05）. Similarly, pH increased from 4.39-5.17 in the raw water to 5.31-5.87 in the single treatment and 6.09-6.90 in the double treatment （P 〈 0.05）. Coliforms decreased from 60-85 MPN/100 mL in the raw water to 3-10 MPN/100 mL in the single treatment and 0-2 MPN/100 mL in the double treatment （P 〈 0.05）. Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that it is unsafe to drink untreated groundwater as currently practiced in the Niger Delta, but should be subjected to double trickling filter treatment and chlorination before consumption.