Hydro-Geochemistry and Application of Water Quality Index (WQI) for Ground Water Quality Assessment, Wadi Al-Samen—Hebron—West Bank

Located south of the West Bank, Wadi Al-Samen is considered one of the most important sources of groundwater recharge for the eastern aquifer in Hebron. It is polluted by sewage originating from domestic and industrial consumption in the Hebron area. Water quality assessment is an important criterion for achieving sustainable development. To evaluate water quality, twenty samples were collected from groundwater sources for two seasons and were analyzed for Physical properties (Total dissolved solids (TDS), Electrical conductivity (EC), potential hydrogen (pH), Temperature (T)), Four major cations (Mg2+, Ca2+, Na+ and K+), and the Major anions (HCO-3, Cl-, and SO2-4);geochemical methods such as Piper scheme were used for the sample result analysis. To characterize wastewater components, six samples were collected from the Wadi discharge for two seasons and were analyzed (potential hydrogen (pH), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5), and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). The results of nitrate levels showed that 20% of the ground water samples exceeded the standard limit of the World Health Organization (WHO). The quality of drinking water was assessed using the Water Quality Index (WQI), which suggests that 10% of samples are classified from poor to very poor. The abundance of cations from highest to lowest was found to be: Ca;Mg;Na, and for the anions it is HCO3;Cl;SO4. The dominant hydrochemical facies of 35% of collected aquifer samples reveal that Ca-Mg-Na-Cl-HCO3 are in the domain. Evaluation of irrigation suitability was performed using parameters of Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), electric conductivity (EC), and Salinity. The results in both rounds for EC showed that all water sources are suitable for irrigation according to Todd’s classification. SAR was not suitable in three water resources samples. Wilcox analysis for the two seasons revealed that 85% of samples are not appropriate for irrigation uses.

Determination of Different Trace Heavy Metals in Ground Water of South West Bank/Palestine by ICP/MS

Heavy metal contamination of the groundwater of south West Bank in Palestine was assessed. The groundwater samples were analyzed for different trace heavy metals (Tl, Pb, Bi, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Ag, and Cd), and Al content by ICP/MS. This study was conducted to determine the water quality of ground water which is used for drinking in the study area. Water samples from ten groundwater wells were obtained in four different dates of the year (October 2012, November 2012, March 2013, and April 2013). Three water samples were obtained from each well for each sampling date. A total of 120 water samples were collected from the ten wells. The samples were analyzed for their pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, and different trace metals content. The pH, electrical conductivity, and total dissolved solids of all water samples were found to be within the US Environmental protection Agency limits. Results showed that Pb, Al, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Mo were detected in all water samples analyzed in this study, while Tl, Bi, Mn, Ag, and Cd were detected in 80%, 88%, 90%, 75%, and 95% of the water samples analyzed in this study, respectively. In general, 93% of all samples analyzed contained one or more of the 13 metals studied each in varying concentration. Furthermore, results showed that the concentration of Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Mo is within the allowed WHO limits in drinking water. However the concentration of Pb Cd, and Al are found to be higher than the allowed WHO limits in 40%, 8%, and 33% of the water samples analyzed in this study, respectively. Statistical analyses showed that concentrations of the metals studied in this study vary significantly between the ten ground water wells, indicating that the wells analyzed in this study is different from each other in terms of heavy metal content. Additionally, from the statistical results obtained, it was found that there is a significant difference in the concentration of the metals in each well for the four sampling times (October 2012, November 2012, March 2013, and April 2013), denoting that metal concentration in the wells vary significantly with sampling time. The results obtained from this study suggest a possible risk to the population of the study area given the toxicity of these metals, and the fact that for many people in the study area, ground water is a main source of their water supply.

Groundwater Pollution Due to Pesticides and Heavy Metals in North West Bank

This study aims at determining the quantitative effect of pesticides including 2, 4-D dichlorphenoxy acetic acids, Paraquat, Atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-striazine), and MCPP 2-(2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxy) pro-panioic acid on groundwater quality due to agricultural in Jenin and Tulkarem, northern part of the West Bank. The concentrations of pesticides in Jenin was found to be higher than those in Tulkarem where the majority of the samples taken had concentration 10 μg/L. It is concluded that the contamination of the tested wells was due to pesticides and not wastewater disposal, since most of the samples were free from pathogenic indicators. Results revealed that using these wells for drinking purposes has a potentially high health risk. This is mainly due to the uncontrolled industrial and agricultural activity as well as the lack of monitoring. Concentrations of heavy metals including cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr) and copper (Cu) were also quantitatively determined for the same period extending from April, 2004 to May, 2005. Concentrations of Pb and Cr in most of the tested wells in Tulkarem complied with the WHO guideline;while nitrate (NO3) and potassium (K) concentrations exceeded the permissible concentra-tions.

Analysis of Different Rare Metals, Rare Earth Elements, and other Common Metals in Groundwater of South West Bank/Palestine by ICP/MS-Data and Health Aspects

Ground water samples are collected from south West Bank/Palestine and analyzed for different rare elements (Rb, Zr, U, P, Ti, V), rare earth elements (La, Ce, and Nd), and other common trace metals (Li, Na, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, K, Bi) that most of them usually have no maximum acceptable limits as either they are considered not to be toxic to human health or there is no sufficient data about their toxicity to human health. This study was conducted to determine the water quality of ground water which is used for drinking in the study area. Water samples from ten groundwater wells were obtained in three different dates of the year (November 2012, March 2013, and April 2013). Three water samples were obtained from each well for each sampling date;so a total of 90 water samples were collected from the ten wells. The results obtained from this study suggest a possible risk to the population of the study area given the high concentration of some metals that have no maximum allowed concentration, and the fact that for many people in the study area, ground water is a main source of their water supply.

Spring Water Qualitative Assessment in Mountainous Areas, Case Study: Soreq Catchment/Ramallah/West Bank

The hydrochemical characteristics of spring waters in the Soreq-Catchment were determined to identify pollutants in the springs. The ion concentrations were within the allowable WHO limits except two springs located within the center of the populated areas. The water of most of the springs is contaminated with fecal coliform and total coliform. The concentration of nitrate shows moderate values below the WHO limits. The springs in the study area show higher concentrations of heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Mn, As, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Al, Fe, and V) exceeding the permissible standards set by WHO (2007). Most springs in the study area are of water type (Ca-Mg-HCO3-). Piper’s classification ranges from normal earth alkaline water with prevailing bicarbonate and chloride in both seasons. Comparing the quality of spring water with standards for different uses proved that some springs are unsuitable for human drinking purposes.

A modified Hoek-Brown failure criterion considering the damage to reservoir bank slope rocks under water saturation-dehydration circulation

After water is impounded in a reservoir,rock mass in the hydro-fluctuation belt of the reservoir bank slope is subject to water saturationdehydration circulation(WSDC). To quantify the rate of change of rock mechanical properties, samples from the Longtan dam area were measured with uniaxial compression tests after different numbers(1,5, 10, 15, and 20) of simulated WSDC cycles. Based on the curves derived from these tests, a modified HoekBrown failure criterion was proposed, in which a new parameter was introduced to model the cumulative damage to rocks after WSDC. A case of an engineering application was analyzed, and the results showed that the modified Hoek-Brown failure criterion is useful.Under similar WSDC-influenced engineering and geological conditions, rock mass strength parameters required for analysis and evaluation of rock slope stability can be estimated according to this modified Hoek-Brown failure criterion.

水位变化条件下植被对下荆江河段岸坡稳定性影响分析

针对下荆江河段典型的上黏下砂二元岸坡,选用香根草-高羊茅组合植物护坡型式,综合考虑植物根系锚固作用及植被蒸腾作用,利用GeoStudio软件模拟岸坡强度指标和热力学指标,运用单因子分析方法研究河道水位下降幅度M、水位下降速率R、初始水位I因素对岸坡稳定性的影响,并运用灰色关联分析方法对比三种因素对岸坡稳定性的影响程度。结果表明:在水位下降过程中,岸坡稳定安全系数先快速下降,后趋于稳定;岸坡稳定性受水位快速下降的影响最大,当下降速率小于1 m/d时,素土岸坡能保持在基本稳定状态;当下降速率大于3 m/d时,岸坡失稳破坏。植被有助于提升岸坡的稳定性,有植被岸坡与素土岸坡相比,其稳定安全系数最大可提升4.33%;岸坡稳定安全系数与M、R、I三种影响因素的关联度在有植被条件下依次有所下降,最大降低3.73%。本文研究结果明确了水位变化条件下植被对下荆江岸坡的稳固效果,可为生态护岸工程的设计提供基础支撑。

降雨和库水位升降条件下考虑非饱和渗透系数空间变异的边坡可靠度分析

降雨和水位升降对库岸边坡具有显著影响,传统确定性分析难以准确评估其稳定性。考虑降雨和水位升降联合作用下水力参数的空间变异性,进行非饱和土边坡可靠度分析具有重要意义。以赣江库区中的莒洲岛边坡为研究对象,以贝叶斯方法校准的多元水力参数的联合随机场为基础,建立非饱和土边坡的稳定性分析方法。根据有限的岩土力学室内试验数据,采用贝叶斯方法校准土水特征曲线的模型参数,并从VGM、VGB、VG和FX模型中选出最优模型;联合多元水力参数的随机统计特征,生成非饱和土边坡渗透系数的随机场空间分布;针对2021年5月赣江水位快速升降并伴随暴雨的工程背景,将上述方法应用于莒洲岛库岸边坡的稳定性分析。研究结果表明,暴雨与水位变化的联合作用对边坡安全系数的影响显著,确定性分析的边坡安全系数偏低,考虑非饱和渗透系数空间变异性后计算所得到的SWCC综合可靠指标不能满足规范要求,需采取额外的边坡工程加固措施以保证边坡的长期稳定性。

生态型护岸在水利工程设计中的应用

分析生态型护岸特征及生态型护岸在水利工程设计中的应用要点,以某河流综合整治(防洪工程)为研究对象,从洪水计算及防洪对策分析、水土流失防治措施总体布局、社会经济效益综合评价几方面详细阐述生态型护岸在水利工程设计中的应用。

河堤水位变化对堤岸的渗流影响

探究河堤水位变化对堤岸渗流的影响对于确保河堤长期稳定安全运行、维护水资源的可持续利用和生态环境的健康发展至关重要。依托某河堤工程项目,采用数值模拟方法探究河堤水位升降对堤岸边坡坡体内部渗流场及孔隙水压力变化的影响,分析不同水位上升及下降速率对坡体内部各监测点渗流速度的影响。结果表明,水位升高,土体孔隙水压力增大,坡体内部浸润线高度增加,但滞后于水位高度,水位降低,土体孔隙水压力减小,浸润线高度降低,与坡面距离越近水力坡降越大。

平铺式生态框格在护岸工程中的应用

近年来,我国高度重视生态环境保护,在一定程度上促进了安全生态保护技术的改进。而生态框格已广泛应用到水利工程、交通运输、市政公用等领域的边坡防护工程中,即贯彻生态、安全、人与自然和谐、环境完整的基本原则,又结合绿化设计,通过生态护岸的建设,减少河道治理过程中对生态环境的破坏,维护河道的可持续发展,实现人水和谐。本文结合浚河生态修复工程中的施工实例,探讨了生态护岸的建设方法,以及对环境的影响,阐述了生态护岸应用于河道治理的可行性和可靠性。

基于Flac^(3D)的不同水位下库岸边坡稳定性分析

为探讨库岸堆积体边坡在不同水位下岸坡的变形特征、潜在破坏模式和稳定特性,以某库岸边坡治理项目为依托,建立三维库岸边坡模型,通过自编以坡面位移突变为判据的强度折减法FISH函数,对不同工况下库岸边坡的位移、稳定系数和最大剪切应变增量进行分析。结果表明:库岸堆积体边坡受水位扰动影响较大,低水位工况下,塑性区变化不大,稳定系数为1.46,较自重工况降低7.0%;而在高水位工况下,坡体进入了流塑状态,稳定系数为1.32,较自重工况降低16.0%,虽满足规范要求,但安全富余不多,建议对该堆积体边坡进行治理。

G311线永城境改建工程跨河桥梁防洪评价

依据《中华人民共和国防洪法》及相关法律法规的规定,对河道管理内的建设项目应进行防洪评价,编制防洪评价报告。在河道上修建桥梁时,保障河道行洪安全是桥梁建设的基本要求,因此对跨河桥梁进行防洪评价是一项重要工作内容。依据有关法律、法规、规范标准和工程规划批复文件要求,结合河道演变、现有水利工程设施和水利规划及实施安排,合理确定工程建设技术路线,在水文、壅水、冲淤、河势影响等分析计算的基础上,对永城市G311线永城境改建工程跨河桥梁防洪进行综合评价,提出了工程影响防治措施。

水利工程河道治理护岸防护施工工艺

水利工程河道治理护岸防护施工期间,应采用科学合理的施工工艺,克服护岸施工、河道护坡等技术难点,提高护岸施工质量水平。本文以某水利工程河道治理项目为例,针对护岸围堰、基坑、结构施工的测量,重点针对A型、B型、C型河道护岸的具体方案及施工工艺进行论述,有效减小水流对岸坡的冲蚀和淘刷,改善河道护岸的生态性能。

Observation and Research on Gravitational Erosion Process of Bank Slopes in Headstream Area of Jiangjia Ravine, Yunnan, China

To reveal the gravitational erosion process in the headstream area of Jiangjia Ravine, continuous observation was conducted duing the rainy season. The observation and research show that the change of water content of the bank slope lags the precipitation process, the infiltration water concentrates mainly in the shallow layer of the bank slope, also the bank slope was unsaturated, the floods and debris flows in the gully down cut the gully bed, and scour the foot of the bank slope. These results in many collapses, which is the main type of gravitational erosion process, and it provides large amounts of loose solid materials for the eruption of debris flows.

Water Supply and Demand Sensitivities of Linear Programming Solutions to a Water Allocation Problem

This work formulates and implements a mathematical optimization program to assist water managers with water allocation and banking decisions to meet demands. Linear programming is used to formulate the constraints and objective function of the problem and tests of the developed program are performed with data from the Castaic Lake Water Agency (CLWA) in Southern California. The problem is formulated as a deterministic programming problem over a five year planning horizon with annual resolution. The program accepts annual water allocations from the State Water Project (SWP) in California. It then determines the least-cost feasible allocation of this water toward meeting annual demands in the five-year planning horizon. Local water sources, including water recycling, and water banking programs with their constraints and costs are considered to determine the optimal water allocation policy within the planning horizon. Although there is not enough information to fully account for the uncertainty in future allocations and demands as part of the decision problem solution for CLWA, uncertainty in the SWP allocation is considered in the tests, and sensitivity analyses is performed with respect to demand increases to derive inferences regarding the behavior of the median minimum-cost solutions and of the risk of failure to meet demand.

三峡库区秭归碎屑岩岸坡消落带岩体劣化特性研究

岸坡消落带岩体劣化对岸稳定性演化和岸坡再造具有不利影响.三峡库区岸坡消落带长期处于145~175 m库水位升降环境,以三峡库区碎屑岩岸坡消落带岩体为研究对象,采取野外调查与测绘、室内试验、消落带岩体与未受库水位影响的自然风化区岩体的“比拟法”等综合方法,总结了碎屑岩岸坡消落带岩体劣化特征,基于消落带岩体劣化宏观现象,提出了碎屑岩岸坡消落带岩体的劣化模式,分析了碎屑岩岸坡消落带岩体劣化水动力作用机制.结果表明:岸坡消落带岩体劣化与岸坡结构、工程地质岩组和岩性具有明显的相关性.库水位升降水动力作用是诱发消落带岩体劣化的主要水动力条件.

波动水位影响下的滨岸稳定性预警技术研究

河口地区地表水波动会诱发滨岸潜水层内地下水位的震荡,并呈现出与河道水位非同步性的涨落过程。落潮阶段,河道边坡内地下水位高于地表水位,饱和区和饱和区持水量较大,容易诱发岸坡失稳。为此,通过改进BSTEM模型,并将其与考虑非饱和流运动的地下水模型SUTRA相耦合,提出了适用于复杂河口地区的崩岸预警模型SUBS。研究结果表明:河口地区地表水波动诱发的潜水层地下水波动具有较强的迟滞性,边坡安全系数和最不利崩塌面随潮汐周期性变化,涨潮期安全系数增加,落潮期由于地下水的排水滞后性,导致岸坡安全系数降低。尤其是在大潮期的落潮阶段,水位快速降落,岸坡上浸润面的出现会进一步增加岸坡崩塌的风险。进一步对比均质和非均质边坡的稳定性,结果表明岸坡内土壤黏聚力对边坡的稳定性影响较大,上层为黏土,下层为砂土的复合结构岸坡的稳定性要高于岸坡组成为低黏聚力均质砂土的情况,此时需要更加关注地下水位波动的影响。通过耦合地下水模型,考虑地下水位的实时波动特征,拓展了传统BSTEM模型的应用范围,为河口地区边坡稳定性预测提供了新的研究手段。

水网建设中“两山”理论转化路径研究

在深入剖析“两山”理论科学内涵基础上,综合考虑各地实践,梳理总结“两山”理论转化的典型模式,提出区域现代水网建设中实现“两山”理论转化的基本思路,进而提出在水网建设中通过打造水文旅融合新路径、构建水农融合新业态、创建“两山银行”新模式等,来推动实现“两山”理论转化。以青岛市为例,探索现代水网建设中创建水文化景观转化为水经济动力的发展模式,助推经济社会高质量发展,全方位提升人民群众的获得感、幸福感、安全感。

鄱阳湖水文案例库建设与应用——以水文水资源课程为例

案例库是实施案例教学的基础。鄱阳湖水文案例库将鄱阳湖流域的水文特征以专题的形式编写成案例并进行汇总,应用于课堂教学中。该文从案例库的建设、评价体系和教学应用三个方面入手,以鄱阳湖水文案例库在水文水资源课堂上的应用为例,分析案例教学对教学改革的促进作用。结果表明,案例的应用有效地调动学生的学习积极性,提高学生对专业知识的掌握程度和应用知识的能力,在促进水文水资源教学改革方面具有积极意义。