Research on Genetic Diversities between Xiaogan Water Chestnut and Wild Chestnut by Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technology

[Objective] The aim was to study the genetic diversities between Xiaogan water chestnut and wild chestnut with randomly amplified polymorphic DNA （RAPD） technology. [Method] Genetic diversities of the local cultivated water chestnut,wild chestnut,Lepironia articulata and Scirpus planiculmis Fr. Schmidt were analyzed by RAPD technology. [Result] Among the screened random primers 841,842,807 and 840,the polymorphism of amplification product of 841 was evident,and the obtained bands in electrophoresis were clear and showed good repeatability. Cluster analysis result showed that the affinity of cultivated water chestnut and wild water chestnut was nearer than that between Lepironia articulata and Scirpus planiculmis. [Conclusion] The research provides theoretical basis for cultivating high-quality new varieties of water chestnut.

Flowering Habits and Seed Setting Traits under Artificial Pollination in Chinese Water Chestnut(Eleocharis dulcis)

[Objective] This study was conducted to investigate the crossbreeding method for Chinese water chestnut. [Method] The growth of Chinese water chestnut stalk and inflorescence was observed. Chinese water chestnut flowering law and stamen and pistil growth were investigated in an artificial pollination experiment. [Result] Stamens and pistils reached their full bloom stages when the flower stalk lengths were approximate 37.0 and 46.9 cm, respectively, with a height difference of 9.84 cm and time difference of 28.5 h; and 9：00-11：00 a.m. was the optimal period for artificial pollination. Seven hours after artificial pollination, pistils wilted rapidly. The seed setting rates under artificial pollination and a natural condition was 43% and 15.5%, respectively. [Conclusion} The time difference between the full bloom stages of stamens and pistils is crucial to the success of artificial pollination of Chinese water chestnut. The seed setting rate under artificial pollination is much higher than that under a natural condition.

Optimization of Microwave Extraction of Flavonoids from Water Chestnut Skin Dregs with Response Surface Method

[Objective] In order to take full advantage of processing by-product of water chestnut, the microwave extraction method of flavonoids from water chestnut skin dregs was optimized. The extracted flavonoids had a relatively high yield. [Method] The Box-Behnken design-based response surface method was adopted to optimize the microwave extraction of flavonoids from water chestnut skin dregs, a by-product of water chestnut starch. The mathematical relationships between various influencing factors and flavonoids yield were established. [Result] The optimum extraction conditions of flavonoids from water chestnut skin dregs were as follows： ethanol concentration of 55.4%, solid/liquid ratio of 1：30 g/ml, microwave power of 320 W, microwave time of 3 min and microwave time of 2 times. Under the optimum extraction conditions, the theoretical flavonoids yield was 2.376%. However, the actual flavonoids yield under the optimum extraction conditions was 2.365%. The relative error between actual values and theoretically predicted values was 0.461%. [Conclusion] The results showed the optimized extraction method is reliable, and it can provide a reference for the comprehensive and highly efficient utilization of water chestnut processing wastes.

Development of Tuanfeng Fermented Water Chestnut Beverage

With Tuanfeng water chestnut as a raw material, the optimal fermentation conditions for Tuanfeng fermented water chestnut beverage were obtained as follows ： pulp-to-water ratio at 1：2, inoculation amount of 2.00%, fermentation temperature at 41℃, and fermentation time of 8 h.

Effect of Water Chestnut Powder on Gel Properties of Silver Carp Surimi

[Objectives]The effects of water chestnut powder on the gel properties and quality of silver carp surimi were investigated.[Methods]The surimi gel was prepared by adding 0%,1%,2%,3%,4%and 5%of water chestnut powder to the surimi of silver carp.The gel properties,water-holding capacity,cooking loss,whiteness value,puncture and texture profile analysis(TPA)indexes of surimi products were determined to assess the effects of adding different amounts of water chestnut powder on surimi gel.[Results]The results showed that the gel strength,breaking force and depression distance of surimi products increased first and then decreased with the increase of the addition of water chestnut powder.Compared with the control group,the hardness and chewiness of surimi gel in TPA could be significantly improved by adding water chestnut powder.When the addition of water chestnut powder was 2%,the maximum water-holding capacity was 83.68%;the cooking loss rate was the lowest;and the whiteness value was the highest.Adding 2%of water chestnut powder could significantly improve the gel properties of silver carp surimi and obtain a good gel product.[Conclusions]This study provides a scientific basis for the effective utilization of water chestnut resources and the development of new fish surimi products.

Fermentation Conditions on the Production of Single Cell Protein Feed by Water Chestnut Peel

In order to improve the comprehensive utilization value of water chestnut peel and the income of farmers. Contents of crude protein （ CP）, total sugar and reducing sugar were taken as indicators. Effects of initial pH, ratio of yeast to fungi species, incubation time and liquid volume on production of single cell pro- tein （SCP） feed was studied, and technological conditions on production of SCP feed by water chestnut peel were optimized by orthogonal test. Results showed that the production of SCP feed by water chestnut peel was optimal when pH was 5.0, ratio of yeast to fungi species was 2： 1, fermentation time was 2 d and the liquid volume was 70 mL / 250 mL. Under the optimum conditions, content of fermentation CP was 64.25%, content of total sugar was 19.8%, content of reducing sugar was 5.0%, content of coarse fibre was 0.0% and content of ash was 8.04%.

Morphogenesis of Chinese Water Chestnut Pistil and Pollen Tube during Germination

With the forms of pistil stigma of " Guiti 2" Chinese water chestnut cultivar during the pollination as the object of observation,we reveal the pollination process of Chinese water chestnut from the microscopic point of view,to provide reference for Chinese water chestnut crossbreeding. The results show that the Chinese water chestnut pistil has 2- 4 stigmas which present white filament and vascular bundle forms,and the vessels on epidermis are thick with long translucent branched hairs; after pollination,pollen grains are tightly bound on branched hairs,and after identification,the pollen tube can penetrate branched hairs,continue to grow,and transfer the genetic material in pollen to vascular bundle.

Development of Water Chestnut Hard Biscuits

[Objectives] This study was conducted to develop a type of hard biscuit using water chestnut flour and thus to expand the application of water chestnut.[Methods]Hard biscuits were made from water chestnut flour and wheat flour.Then,their sensory quality indices were evaluated,and the optimal formulation of the biscuits was determined through single factor test and orthogonal array testing.[Results] The proportion of water chestnut flour was the most important factor that influences the sensory quality of hard biscuits,followed by the proportions of sugar,milk powder and baking powder.The optimal formula of the hard biscuit was adding 9.0 g water chestnut powder,8.0 g sugar,0.5 g baking powder,and 3.6 g milk powder to every 100.0 g wheat flour.The sensory quality score of the water chestnut hard biscuits made according to this formula was 86.0.And these biscuits were complete in shape,uniform in color,crisp and rich in nutrients.[Conclusions]The study enriches the types and improves the nutritional value of hard biscuits,which provides a new idea for the application of water chestnut.

Melatonin maintains the storage quality of fresh-cut Chinese water chestnuts by regulating phenolic and reactive oxygen species metabolism

Fresh-cut Chinese water chestnuts(CWCs)are prone to quality deterioration during storage,which does not meet consumer demand.In this study,the effect of exogenous melatonin(5 mmol·L^(-1))on the quality and potential mechanisms in fresh-cut CWC was investigated.The results showed that melatonin treatment alleviated the cut-surface discoloration of CWCs.Not only did this treatment significantly slow down the in-crease in browning degree and yellowness(b*)as well as the decrease in lightness(L*),but it also significantly delayed the loss of weight and total soluble solids.Further investigations indicated that melatonin-treated fresh-cut CWCs exhibited significantly lower total phenolics and soluble quinones and suppressed the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase,polyphenol oxidase,and peroxidase.Meanwhile,when fresh-cut CWCs were treated with melatonin,the total flavonoid concentration was significantly decreased compared to the control.Ad ditionally,melatonin significantly inhibited the accumulation of H_(2)O_(2)and malondialdehyde as well as enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase by promoting the production of O_(2)^(-·).In summary,melatonin treatment may delay the surface discoloration of fresh-cut CWCs by inhibiting phenolic compound metabolism and improving antioxidant capacity,thereby effectively maintaining the quality and prolonging the shelf life of fresh-cut CWCs.

Impact of fertilization on chestnut growth, N and P concentrations in runoff water on degraded slope land in South China

Growing fruit trees on the slopes of rolling hills in South China was causing serious environmental problems because of heavy application of chemical fertilizers and soil erosion. Suitable sources of fertilizers and proper rates of applications were of key importance to both crop yields and environmental protection. In this article, the impact of four fertilizers, i.e., inorganic compound fertilizer, organic compound fertilizer, pig manure compost, and peanut cake （peanut oil pressing residue）, on chestnut （Castanea mollissima Blume） growth on a slope in South China, and on the total N and total P concentrations in runoff waters have been investigated during two years of study, with an orthogonal experimental design. Results show that the organic compound fertilizer and peanut cake promote the heights of young chestnut trees compared to the control. In addition, peanut cake increases single-fruit weights and organic compound fertilizer raises single-seed weights. All the fertilizers increased the concentrations of total N and total P in runoff waters, except for organic compound fertilizer, in the first year experiment. The observed mean concentrations of total N varied from 1.6 mg/L to 3.2 mg/L and P from 0.12 mg/L to 0.22 mg/L, which were increased with the amount of fertilizer applications, with no pattern of direct proportion. On the basis of these experiment results, organic compound fertilizer at 2 kg/tree and peanut cake at 1 kg/tree are recommended to maximize chestnut growth and minimize water pollution.

荸荠收获机弹簧辊式泥果分离装置研制

针对荸荠收获泥果分离难、果实损伤率高的问题,根据旱地环境下荸荠采收作业需求,该研究提出一种由正反旋弹簧并排布置的荸荠收获机弹簧辊式泥果分离装置。通过对荸荠与弹簧辊的相对运动过程动力学分析,确定了影响荸荠收获泥果分离的关键因素为弹簧外径、螺距、相邻弹簧间距、高度差及弹簧转速、线径、作业速度。利用EDEM软件建立泥果混合物离散元模型,对弹簧辊结构参数与工作参数进行单因素试验,分析各因素对泥果分离效果的影响。以荸荠筛分率和土壤筛分率为指标进行二次回归正交试验,得到弹簧辊最佳参数组合为外径100 mm、螺距30 mm、间距9 mm、转速420 r/min,该参数组合下荸荠筛分率为80.00%,土壤筛分率为80.69%。进行仿真验证试验,对比试验结果与模型预测值,荸荠筛分率平均相对误差为2.09%,土壤筛分率平均相对误差为2.42%。以明果率、伤果率、破皮率、挖净率为指标开展模拟采挖试验,分析不同线径弹簧辊的泥果分离能力,确定12 mm线径弹簧兼具较好的振动筛分性能和较低的损伤率。通过实际收获试验测得作业速度0.21 m/s,作业效率0.19 m^(2)/s,碎土率75.61%,明果率82.42%,伤果率14.73%,破皮率7.01%。研究结果可为荸荠收获机研制和优化改进提供参考。

马蹄果冻的配方优化

为研究马蹄粉在果冻中的应用效果,以马蹄粉、卡拉胶、果胶、木糖醇为主要原料,以感官评分为指标,进行单因素和正交试验优化马蹄果冻的配方。结果表明,卡拉胶和果胶复合胶添加量、马蹄粉添加量、木糖醇添加量对果冻感官有较大影响。马蹄果冻的最优配方为卡拉胶添加量1.8%,果胶添加量1.2%,马蹄粉添加量5%,木糖醇添加量20%,马蹄香精添加量0.06%。此时制作出来的果冻甜度适宜、口感光滑、组织状态均匀一致,具有马蹄独特香味。该配方下马蹄果冻的感官弹性为0.34、胶黏性为0.077 mJ、咀嚼性为0.57 mJ。

板栗全生长季树干液流及蒸腾耗水特征

【目的】明确板栗(Castanea mollissima Bl.)蒸腾耗水特征,为板栗园制定科学合理的水分管理措施提供理论参考。【方法】采用热扩散探针法,对‘大板红’板栗植株全生长季树干液流速率进行连续监测,并同步观测7个相关环境因子:太阳辐射(solar radiation,SR)、水汽压亏缺(vapor pressure deficit,VPD)、空气温度(air temperature,AT)、空气相对湿度(air relative humidity,ARH)、风速(wind speed,WS)、土壤温度(soil temperature,ST)和土壤湿度(soil relative humidity,SRH),解析板栗树干液流规律和耗水特征及其与环境因子间的关联性。【结果】板栗树干明显液流启动于5月3日,结束于10月26日,前后历时176 d。板栗全生长季晴天树干液流速率日变化呈单峰“几”字形曲线,其在6、7、8月每日启动到达峰值时间早于5、9、10月,而下降时间晚于5、9、10月,致6、7、8月份液流速率峰值持续时间长于5、9、10月。板栗全生长季液流速率日均值、日均耗水量和月耗水量由高到低排序均为8月>7月>6月>9月>5月>10月,其中显著性检验表明7月和8月之间无显著差异,但显著高于其他月份。夜间液流量占比由高到低排序为10月>9月>5月>6月>7月>8月,其中显著性检验表明10月、9月和5月显著高于6月、7月和8月。板栗全生长季树干液流速率与太阳辐射、水汽压亏缺、空气温度和风速均呈极显著正相关,而与空气相对湿度均呈极显著负相关。分别建立了5—10月板栗树干液流速率与7个环境因子的6个回归模型。【结论】板栗树干有明显液流始于5月初、终于10月末;7—8月是板栗的关键需水期;建立的板栗植株液流速率与环境因子的回归模型,可用于通过环境因子估测不同月份及整个生长季的植株耗水量。

振动挤压式荸荠收获机的设计与试验

针对旱收荸荠(Eleocharis dulcis)时人工劳动强度大、作业效率低和果土分离困难的问题,设计了一种振动挤压式荸荠收获机。通过对作业过程中荸荠土块的受力分析,确定了影响分离性能的关键参数为振动板振幅、振动板振频和钉齿辊转速,并根据已有经验初步确定关键参数取值范围。以振动板振幅、振动板振频和钉齿辊转速为影响因素,以土层破碎率为评价指标,利用Design-Expert 10.0设计CCD中心组合试验,通过RecurDyn-EDEM耦合进行仿真,确定当振动板振幅为33.04 mm、振动板振频6.63 Hz、钉齿辊转速336.72 r/min时,存在较优破碎效果,土层破碎率为93.58%。以振动板实际振幅32.41 mm、振频6.5 Hz,钉齿滚转速330 r/min进行田间验证试验,结果显示,实际土层破碎率93.54%、明荠率80.33%、损伤率28.08%,碎土效果好,与仿真结果拟合度高。试验结果表明,通过增强土层破碎效果进而提高果土分离程度,使得分离后的荸荠抛撒在表层,便于人工捡拾。

马蹄脆片微波真空干燥工艺优化及其水分变化

以马蹄为原料,采用微波真空干燥技术干燥马蹄脆片,考察微波功率、干燥温度、真空度、切片厚度对马蹄脆片色差值、总糖含量、脆度的影响,以响应面试验优化干燥工艺,采用低场核磁共振技术研究马蹄脆片干燥过程水分变化情况。结果表明,微波真空干燥马蹄脆片的最佳工艺为微波功率2.0 kW、干燥温度71℃、真空度-95 kPa、切片厚度3.1 mm,所得产品色差值、总糖含量、脆度分别为3.42、50.51 mg/100 g、464.96 g,产品色泽白亮,酥脆可口,马蹄风味浓厚。低场核磁共振检测结果表明:马蹄片内部主要存在3种状态水,分别是自由水、不易流动水及结合水,其中自由水占比较高、结合水和不易流动水的比例相对较低,在最佳工艺下到达干燥终点时自由水完全除去,只剩少量的不易流动水以及结合水。

乳酸菌和纤维素酶对马蹄渣和玉米蛋白粉混合青贮饲料品质及体外瘤胃发酵特性的影响

本试验旨在评价不同添加剂对马蹄渣和玉米蛋白粉混合青贮饲料发酵品质、化学成分、微生物数量和体外瘤胃发酵特性的影响。将马蹄渣和玉米蛋白粉按照76∶24的比例混合均匀作为青贮原料,在青贮时分别进行如下处理:1)不添加乳酸菌和纤维素酶(CON组);2)添加1×108CFU/g乳酸菌(LAB组);3)添加50 U/g纤维素酶(CE_(50)组);4)添加100 U/g纤维素酶(CE100组);5)添加1×108CFU/g乳酸菌+50 U/g纤维素酶(LAB+CE50组);6)添加1×108CFU/g乳酸菌+100 U/g纤维素酶(LAB+CE_(100)组)。每组设3个重复,每个重复设2个平行。混合青贮60 d后打开青贮袋取样进行分析。结果显示:在化学成分方面,与CON组相比,青贮时组合添加乳酸菌和纤维素酶可以显著降低混合青贮饲料的中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、酸性洗涤木质素(ADL)、纤维素、半纤维素含量(P<0.05),同时显著提高粗蛋白质(CP)含量(P<0.05),其中以LAB+CE100组最高。发酵品质方面,LAB、LAB+CE50以及LAB+CE100组混合青贮饲料的pH及氨态氮(NH3-N)含量与CON组相比显著降低(P<0.05),同时乳酸和乙酸含量与CON组相比显著升高(P<0.05),且以LAB+CE100组最高;单独添加乳酸菌或组合添加乳酸菌与纤维素酶均可显著提高混合青贮饲料中乳酸菌的数量(P<0.05),并降低不良细菌数量或抑制不良细菌的增殖。在体外产气方面,随着发酵时间的延长,各组的产气量不断升高,其中LAB+CE100组的产气速率、48 h产气量最高。在体外瘤胃发酵参数方面,各组发酵液pH均在6.56~6.84,且与发酵时间呈负相关趋势;各添加剂组发酵液中总挥发性脂肪酸、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸含量与CON组相比均显著增加(P<0.05);添加乳酸菌的各添加剂组发酵液中乙酸/丙酸比值与CON组相比显著降低(P<0.05)。由此可见,组合添加乳酸菌和纤维素酶可改善马蹄渣和玉米蛋白粉混合青贮饲料的品质和体外瘤胃发酵特性,其中以添加1×108CFU/g乳酸菌+100 U/g纤维素酶的效果最好。

速溶型马蹄脆脆粉配方优化及性能分析

为开发一款新式马蹄速溶型产品,以结团率、凝沉率、感官评分、质构特性、糊化特性以及流变特性作为评价标准,进行单因素试验和响应面优化试验,研制出马蹄脆脆粉的最佳配方为马蹄淀粉33.27%、30~40目马蹄全粉37.33%、白砂糖12.53%、麦芽糊精10.15%、β-环状糊精6.71%。验证试验结果表明,产品的结团率1.37%、凝沉率1.30%、感官评分96.49、糊化温度50.8℃,随着剪切力的上升整体呈剪切变稀、黏度下降的趋势。此配方制备的马蹄脆脆粉口感细腻、不易结团下沉、溶液悬浮稳定性能良好、马蹄风味浓厚,脆口感强烈、营养丰富,且糊化性能和流变性能优良,是一款十分具有市场前景的速溶产品。

超高压处理对荸荠淀粉理化、结构及消化特性的影响

为探究超高压处理对荸荠淀粉性质的影响,将荸荠淀粉在200~600 MPa的压力下处理20 min,研究不同压力处理后荸荠淀粉理化性质、结构和体外消化特性的变化。结果显示,随着处理压力的增加,荸荠淀粉的溶解度、膨胀力和黏度降低,600 MPa时分别降低了83.73%、48.32%和78.12%;超高压处理使荸荠淀粉的储能模量和损耗模量增加;400 MPa处理时荸荠淀粉的凝胶强度、硬度和胶着性提升最多,分别增加了47.07%、45.45%和25.34%;500~600 MPa处理后荸荠淀粉的颗粒形貌消失,其晶型从A型变为B型,结晶度和短程有序性显著降低(P<0.05);体外消化结果表明,超高压处理可降低荸荠淀粉快消化淀粉相对含量和增加慢消化淀粉相对含量。超高压处理作为一种荸荠淀粉非热改性的方法,可拓宽其在食品生产中的应用范围。

荸荠皮棕色素在食品加工与贮藏中的稳定性及抗氧化性研究

探讨荸荠皮棕色素在马蹄糕、油炸薯条加工与米醋贮藏中的稳定性及相同条件模拟处理下的抗氧化活性变化。将自制的荸荠皮棕色素提取物应用于马蹄糕(蒸煮)、薯条(油炸)、米醋(低pH贮藏)等典型食品加工或贮藏中,以色价及其变化率、总色差及其变化率为指标探讨其稳定性,并通过模拟加工条件处理后,研究荸荠皮棕色素的抗氧化活性变化。研究表明,荸荠皮棕色素适用于马蹄糕蒸煮加工,蒸煮时间20 min为宜;荸荠皮棕色素可用于油炸薯条加工,以190℃下油炸60 s最佳;荸荠皮棕色素不适用于35℃下紫外光照及低pH (2.45)的米醋贮藏。经模拟条件处理后的荸荠皮棕色素ASTS、DPPH清除能力均下降,抗氧化活性降低。

米糠提取物处理对鲜切荸荠黄化的影响

【目的】经削皮和切分的鲜切荸荠在贮藏过程中极易黄化,严重影响产品的外观品质。旨在寻找一种有效的鲜切荸荠黄化抑制手段,延缓贮藏过程中的品质劣变。【方法】采用米糠提取物浸泡处理鲜切荸荠,通过测定鲜切荸荠在贮藏过程中的色度、总黄酮含量、酶活性和黄酮代谢相关结构基因和转录因子的表达变化,研究米糠提取物对黄化的抑制效果及其机理。【结果】米糠提取物处理可有效抑制鲜切荸荠贮藏过程中L*值的下降、贮藏6 d时L*值仍>70,显著延缓鲜切荸荠b*值的上升、贮藏6 d时b*值为20.62且显著低于对照组。米糠提取物处理显著抑制鲜切荸荠组织中总黄酮含量的上升,而对照组鲜切荸荠贮藏至6 d时黄酮含量上升至0.377 mg/g、是0 d的2.96倍。对照组鲜切荸荠PPO活性呈先下降后上升趋势,米糠提取物处理组PPO活性在贮藏2~6 d均显著低于对照组;对照组PAL活性在贮藏过程中快速上升,贮藏6 d时达71.03 U/g、是0 d的3倍,而米糠提取物处理则可显著延缓PAL活性上升。荧光定量PCR分析结果表明,米糠提取物处理可显著下调鲜切荸荠黄酮合成相关4个结构基因(CwPAL、CwC4H、CwCHI和CwCHS)的表达;参与黄酮代谢调控的CwMYB12和CwMYC2转录因子的表达也受米糠提取物处理的显著抑制。【结论】米糠提取物可有效延缓鲜切荸荠贮藏过程中的黄化现象,对黄酮类物质的积累和黄酮代谢均有显著的抑制作用;为进一步阐明荸荠黄化的分子机理提供基础,并为鲜切荸荠的保鲜和护色处理提供参考。