Super-long Qinling Tunnel for Han River to Wei River Water Diversion Project

Han River to Wei River Water Diversion Project in Shaanxi Province is an inter-basin water diversion project approved by the State Council in 2005,which is a key hydraulic project in the 12th Five-Year Plan of China.It is expected to solve water resources shortage in the Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province,effectively curb the deterioration of ecological environment in Wei River and reduce environmental geological disasters in the Guanzhong area.It is a strategic project for optimal allocation of water resources by adjusting the distribution of water resources in Shaanxi Province and promoting the economic development of the Guanzhong-Tianshui Economic Zone.Implementation of the project is of great importance to the sustainable economic and social development of the Guanzhong area.The project crosses the Yangtze River and Yellow River basins and passes through the Qinling Mountain.The huge-scale project has a profound historic impact on the economic development in the region.

IMPACTS OF THE SOUTH-TO-NORTH WATER DIVERSION PROJECTS (MIDDLE ROUTE)ON THE WATER ENVIRONMENT OF THE MIDDLE AND LOWER REACHES OF THE HANJIANG RIVER

In this paper, according to the rule of unbalanced sediment transport and the analysis of field data, different water diversion schemes were theoretically studied, including the erosion and sedimentation trend as well as their impacts on the environment of the middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River. The results showed that the 95×10 8m 3 water diversion scheme will cause less erosion and water level decrease than the 15×10 8m 3 water diversion scheme. Using a water diversion scheme of 95×10 8m 3, the decrease of water quantity can impact the river hydrodynamic regime substantially and the environments of the middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River will be greatly affected. It is therefore necessary to develop new water resources or build projects to meet the need of the environment and the needs for navigation.

Wet-Dry Runoff Correlation in Western Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project,China

The Western Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project is an important trans-basin diversion project to transfer water from the upstream Yangtze River and its tributaries （water-exporting area）, to the upstream of the Yellow River （water- importing area）. The long-term hydrologieal data from 14 stream gauging stations in the Western Route area and techniques including the pre-whitening approach, non-parametric test, Bayes, law, variance analysis extrapolation, and Wavelet Analysis are applied to identify the streamflow eharacteristics and trends, streamflow time series cross-correlations, wetness-dryness encountering probability, and periodicities that occurred over the last 50 years. The results show that the water-exporting area, water- importing area, and the streteh downstream of the water-exporting have synehronization in high-low flow relationship, whereas they display non- synchronization in long-term evolution. This corresponds to the complicated and variable climate of the plateau region. There is no obvious increasing or decreasing trend in runoff at any gauging station. The best hydrological eompensation probability for rivers where water is diverted is about 25% to lO%, and those rivers influenced significantly by diversion are the Jinsha and Yalong rivers. Proper planning and design of compensation reservoirs for the water-exporting area and stretch downstream of the water- exporting area can increase the hydrological compensation possibility from water-exporting area to the water-importing area, and reduce the impact on the stretch of river downstream of the water- exporting area.

Estimating minimum ecological water required of the western route first stage project of China＇s south-to-north water transfer scheme for water exporting rivers

It is well known that there is abundant water resources in basin of the Yangtze River, the first largest river in China, which is mainly located in Southern China. However, water resources is very scarce in the basin of the Yellow River, which is mainly located in Northern China. So the western route project of south-north water transfer scheme （WRP-SNWTS） aims to transfer water from the Yangtze River to the Yellow River. The area of WRP-SNWT, located in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the main areas of Sichuan and the marginal areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, has sufficient water resources but fragile ecology and environment. Therefore, it is necessary for WRP-SNWT to analyze the ecology water required. Based on the planning principles of from low elevation to high elevation, from small to large, from short to long and from easy to difficulty, the WRP-SNWT will be constructed through three stage projects. The western route first stage project of the south-north water transfer scheme （WRFST-SNWTS） is planned to transfer 4×10^9m^3/a from six tributaries of the Yalong river and from Dadu river to Jiaqu of Yellow River.. Daqu river and Niqu river are the branches of Xianshui river. Sequ river, Duke river, Make river and Ake river are the branches of Dadu river, which account for 65-70% of the total river run-off. It need more research and the rest run-off can satisfy channel ecology water required. According to analysis ecological water required which mainly satisfy for aquicolous biology in water-exporting region, such as low air temperature. Fish and aquicolous biology main living from May to August, and rivers are iced up from December to March of next year, ecology water required mainly for fish and aquicolous biology. The flow criterion of Tennant method is modified. The ecology water required of WRFSP-SNWTS is estimated by the flow data of Zhuwo gauging station, Zhuba gauging station, Chuosijia gauging station and Zumuzu gauging station. The result show that the ecology water required calculated by modified Tennant less 1 l percent than that of Tennant. This estimating result can supply more water resources for transferring to Yellow River. Meanwhile, this can supply gist for research transferring water of WRFSP-SNWTS.

基于组合权重TOPSIS模型的河南省引黄受水区水资源承载力研究

为确定河南省引黄受水区水资源承载力状况,构建了包括水资源、生态环境和经济社会3个准则的指标体系,采用基于AHP法和EWM法组合权重的TOPSIS模型,对该区2010-2021年水资源承载力进行评价。结果表明:2010-2021年河南省引黄受水区水资源承载力呈现上升态势,但水资源承载力等级整体偏低,大多数为Ⅲ级(临界),均未达到Ⅰ级(可承载)水平;2021年河南省引黄受水区水资源承载力障碍因子中供水模数影响最大,城市污水处理率影响最小;从水资源和生态环境准则来看,该地区水资源承载力还有很大提升空间,可以从加大水资源管理力度、加强节水宣传等方面加以改善。

水网布局下黄河流域应对极端枯水的关键科学问题

变化环境下极端气象水文事件频发,长江、黄河面临同枯风险。在国家水网建设背景下,为提高长江、黄河同枯的极端不利情景下黄河流域水资源安全保障能力,本文分析了长江、黄河两大流域水资源安全面临的现实问题,识别了变化环境下大型流域枯水遭遇—水危机形成—跨流域调水潜力—多线路成网互济—极端枯水下水资源安全保障中亟需破解的关键科学问题,构建了水网布局下黄河流域应对极端枯水的总体研究框架,提出该领域重点研究方向包括:变化环境下长江、黄河极端枯水遭遇规律与空间变异机制,水危机风险多链路传导与复合影响定量评估,极端枯水下跨流域调水挖潜增供,长江和黄河跨流域联合调配与多线路互济精细化调控、极端枯水下流域水资源韧性提升优化调控等。

基于时序Sentinel-2影像的引黄灌区作物结构提取和供需水分析

在黄河流域用水指标严格控制的背景下,以山东省东营市垦利区引黄灌区为例,利用2022年时序Sentinel-2遥感影像构建作物生育期的NDVI时间序列,采用决策树分类方法提取灌区作物种植结构,基于垦利站气象资料和Penman-Monteith公式,分析了1973—2022年各作物的需水特性,利用遥感影像解译的各作物种植面积,计算了2022年灌区作物在不同降水保证率(5%、25%、50%、75%、95%)条件下的灌溉总需水量,结合2023年分配给灌区作物的灌溉水指标探究了灌溉水资源供需之间的平衡。结果表明:基于NDVI时间序列构建决策树分类方法可有效提取作物的种植结构,总体分类精度为85.07%,Kappa系数为0.819,能够满足作物灌溉需水量的研究。作物净灌溉需水量年际波动较大,水稻和冬小麦补充灌溉水量在所有作物中位列前两位,均值分别为913 mm和410 mm;处于雨季生长的夏玉米、夏大豆补充灌溉水量较小且灌溉需求均值较小。研究区2023年分配的灌溉水指标在降水保证率为50%时研究区灌溉水亏缺量为235.5万m^(3),在降水保证率为75%和95%时灌溉水亏缺量分别为1 754.5万m^(3)和2 261.5万m^(3)。

不同调水方式对巢湖水质影响模拟

引调水工程是目前用来改善湖泊水质的重要手段,然而引调水的调水路线、来水水量以及来水水质对湖泊水质改善效果都至关重要。本文以“引江济巢”工程为例,针对巢湖的浅水湖泊特征,考虑引调水入湖后不仅对水量和水质有直接改善作用,还可能因为湖区水动力条件改变及内源释放影响水质,通过构建二维水动力水质模型,模拟不同调水路线、水量下湖区水动力条件,进一步考虑不同来水水质和底泥释放对水质改善的影响。结果显示,调水对流场的扰动在丰水年较弱、枯水年较强,流量对湖区水质影响随流量增大而增强,来水水质的优劣是决定湖区水体水质是否改善的关键。整体而言,西湖区受调水影响较小,东湖区能够对全湖水质变化起到指示作用。调水方案应基于湖泊实际水量与水质状态综合考虑调水流量与水质制定。

不同营养水平调水对贡湖湾湖区水质及浮游藻类影响的模拟研究

为探究“引江济太”工程调水给受水湖区水体带来的生态效应,采用水生微宇宙模型进行为期11 d的室内模拟实验,以太湖贡湖湾湖区为受水水体,引入3组设定好的不同营养盐水平(贫营养水平O、中营养水平M、富营养水平E)的望虞河河水,研究在不同营养盐水平调水影响下,受水水体水生态环境的动态响应过程。结果表明:整个实验过程中,中营养和贫营养调水组的水体TN、NO_(3)^(-)-N、NH4_(+)-N、TP、SRP、TOC含量下降明显,富营养调水组影响效果较中营养和贫营养调水组差;调水提高了受水水体生态系统的多样性和均匀度水平,硅藻等非蓝藻细胞密度增加,蓝藻细胞生长受到竞争胁迫,中营养和贫营养调水的影响作用效果好于富营养水平。RDA分析结果表明,受水水体的pH、DO、SiO_(3)^(2-)-Si、TDS、NO_(3)^(-)-N、SRP是本实验水体影响藻类群落结构的主要环境驱动因子。

黄河下游灌区引黄涵闸引水能力变化原因分析

黄河下游引黄涵闸受河床下切、河势变化等因素共同影响,引水条件与设计情况相比发生了变化,造成部分河段涵闸引水困难,影响农业适时灌溉和生产。为给应对引黄涵闸引水能力下降问题提供参考,基于黄河下游2000—2016年引黄涵闸引水水位和河道断面实测数据,分析引黄涵闸引水水位变化、河槽冲刷、引黄渠道淤积变化等因素对引黄涵闸引水能力产生的影响。结果表明:1)2016年黄河来水300~900 m^(3)/s时,黄河下游引黄涵闸实际引水能力仅为设计引水能力的13.63%~39.43%,引黄涵闸引水能力明显下降;2)相较2000年,2016年的引黄涵闸设计值对应黄河流量的水位,高村以上河段下降了2.95~3.35 m,高村以下河段下降了1.55~2.95 m;3)从河段河床平均冲刷厚度看,花园口—夹河滩、夹河滩—高村、高村—孙口、孙口—艾山、艾山—泺口、泺口—利津河段的冲刷厚度分别为3.88、3.06、1.84、1.88、1.88、2.02 m,河槽连续冲刷导致同流量水位明显降低,严重影响河南和山东段引黄涵闸正常引水;4)涵闸前后引、输水渠道淤积会导致引黄涵闸引水能力降低。

引江济淮工程(河南段)水资源调配系统设计与开发

为强化引江济淮工程(河南段)水资源统一调配,基于Spring Boot和Vue前后端分离开发的模式,利用天地图API、WebGL、Echarts等技术设计研发引江济淮工程(河南段)水资源调配系统。从设计思路、功能界面、关键技术3个角度论述系统设计思路和实现过程,从而实现地理信息服务、供需水预测、水资源优化配置、水资源优化调度等功能,实现水量分配可视化、运行调度智能化和跨流域调水管控一体化。系统测试结果表明:引江济淮工程(河南段)水资源调配系统的建立提高了受水区水资源精细化管理的水平,解决了引江济淮工程(河南段)跨流域调水的配置难题,为受水区水资源高效利用提供有效的技术支撑。

Increasing probability of concurrent drought between the water intake and receiving regions of the Hanjiang to Weihe River Water Diversion Project,China

Water diversion projects are an effective measure to mitigate water shortages in water-limited areas.Understanding the risk of such projects increasing concurrent drought between the water intake and receiving regions is essential for sustainable water management.This study calculates concurrent drought probability between the water intake and receiving regions of the Hanjiang to Weihe River Water Diversion Project using Standardized Precipitation Index and Copula functions.Results showed an increasing trend in drought probability across both the water intake and receiving regions from 2.67%and 8.38%to 12.47%and 14.18%,respectively,during 1969-2018.The return period of concurrent drought decreased from 111.11 to 13.05 years,indicating larger risk of simultaneous drought between the two regions.Projections from CMIP6 suggested that under the SSP 2-4.5 and 5-8.5 scenarios,concurrent drought probability would increase by 2.40%and 7.72%in 2019-2050 compared to that in 1969-1990,respectively.Although increases in precipitation during 2019-2050 could potentially alleviate drought conditions relative to those during 1991-2018,high precipitation variability adds to the uncertainty about future concurrent drought.These findings provide a basis for better understanding concurrent drought and its impact on water diversion projects in a changing climate,and facilitate the establishment of adaptation countermeasures to ensure sustainable water availability.

现行黄河口分汊河道的分流特征及其影响机制

自2013年黄河尾闾河道出汊形成双槽入海的河口汊道,控制了河口流量的分配,但其分流特征及其影响机制尚不清楚。本文基于Delft3D构建了黄河口汊道的水动力三维数值模型,模拟了不同工况下河口汊道的分流特征,揭示了其影响机制。结果表明:河口汊道的分流不对称性随流量的增加而减小,流量增加加大了东汊与北汊河道的水位梯度差,使得从东汊河道的流量增量较北汊河道大,河流流量的分配更加均匀。潮汐作用增强了河口汊道的流量不对称性,而随着径流量的增加,潮汐的增强作用逐渐减弱。这主要由于在半日潮的作用下,东汊和北汊河道水位梯度的差异,形成河口潮汐的“东阻北促”效应,增强了河口汊道的分流不对称性。

高海拔季节冻土区完全融化期土壤水分特征曲线适用性

以怒江源区那曲流域为例,基于4个试验场完全融化期(6—9月)的土壤体积含水量(0.15~0.51 cm^(3)/cm^(3))和土壤基质势数据(0~200 kPa)实测数据,选择Van Genuchten(VG)、Brooks-Corey(BC)和Campbell 3个模型进行拟合,以均方根误差ERMS和决定系数R2为评价指标,分析3个模型对高海拔季节冻土区不同土层和不同土壤质地的适用性。结果表明:从整体上看,VG模型(平均R2为0.992,平均ERMS为0.006 cm^(3)/cm^(3))的拟合效果优于BC模型(平均R2为0.972,平均ERMS为0.019 cm^(3)/cm/3)和Campbell模型(平均R2为0.984,平均ERMS为0.014 cm^(3)/cm^(3));但是在不同土层和不同土壤质地情况下模型的适用性有所区别,VG模型更适用于壤土和壤质砂土(平均R2为0.987,平均ERMS为0.008 cm^(3)/cm^(3))以及土壤深层(10~35 cm土层,平均R2为0.990,平均ERMS为0.007 cm^(3)/cm^(3)),Campbell模型更适用于砂质壤土(平均R2为0.985,平均ERMS为0.009 cm^(3)/cm^(3))以及土壤表层(5 cm土层,平均R2为0.993,平均ERMS为0.006 cm^(3)/cm^(3)),BC模型在不同条件下都不是最优模型;参数θr取值大小会显著影响土壤水分特征曲线的形状。本研究可为深入研究高海拔季节冻土区的土壤水分运动特性以及中华水塔区的水源涵养作用提供支持。

调水工程建设期安全-进度-投资系统风险分析——以引江济淮工程(河南段)为例

以引江济淮工程(河南段)为例,在确定安全-进度-投资系统风险评价指标体系的基础上,基于层次分析-模糊综合评价方法分析安全、进度、投资的单项风险;在考虑工程建设期安全、进度、投资的相互影响后,基于改进的综合风险评价方法分析安全-进度-投资系统风险。结果表明:当分析单项风险时,安全、进度和投资风险的评价结果均为一般风险;当分析系统风险时,得到安全风险>进度风险>投资风险;进一步分析指标体系中的准则层和指标层,安全风险的现场风险中施工技术方案风险排序第一,是后续风险管控的重点。本研究为提高工程建设期安全-进度-投资系统风险的可靠性、降低风险事件的发生提出了理论和技术参考。

基于HHO的跨流域调水工程受水区水资源优化配置研究

跨流域调水工程是解决我国水资源时空分布不均和缓解水资源供需矛盾的重要措施。山东省黄水东调工程、引黄济青工程和胶东调水工程是缓解胶东地区潍坊、青岛、烟台、威海四市水资源紧缺问题的重要跨流域调水工程。为充分发挥调水工程社会和经济效益,在考虑受水区缺水量、工程输水能力及沿途分水口门设计流量等基础上,以受水区四市综合缺水率最小和调水工程经济效益最大为双目标,构建了胶东地区跨流域调水工程水资源优化配置模型,采用哈里斯鹰优化算法(HHO)求得现状水平年和规划水平年在50%、75%和95%频率时3种不同目标协调机制(以综合缺水率最小为主导、以调水工程经济效益最大为主导及两目标均衡)16个分水口门的调水方案。结果表明:(1)通过调水工程调引黄河水和长江水,使四市缺水量大幅减少;(2)当经济效益目标所占比重越大时,计量水价越高的分水口门供水量越大;(3)从三个调水工程利用程度来看,黄水东调工程利用程度最高,其次为引黄济青工程和胶东调水工程。本文为山东省胶东地区跨流域调水工程的水资源配置提供了决策支持。

引江济淮工程(河南段)多目标水量优化调度

引江济淮工程(河南段)涉及河道、闸泵、管道和调蓄水库,约束条件复杂,常规的优化调度算法难以搜索可行解,求解效率低。选用受水区缺水率平均值最小、泵站总抽水量最小和受水区缺水率标准差最小作为目标函数,从供水保障、供水成本和公平性角度构建多目标水量优化调度模型。基于可行搜索思路,结合逆序演算和顺序演算过程对约束条件进行处理,引入决策系数,通过映射关系使搜索空间保持在可行域中,结合多目标非支配排序遗传算法(non-dominated sorting genetic algorithms,NSGA-II)进行求解,得到Pareto最优解集,并采用熵权法进行方案优选。结果表明,基于可行搜索的NSGA-II算法能够有效求解复杂调度系统的多目标优化问题,综合考虑多个目标的最优方案相对单目标方案更加合理,结果可为引江济淮工程(河南段)运行管理提供决策支撑。

调水调沙影响下黄河山东段鱼类群落格局及多样性

文章于2019—2021年调水调沙前后利用多种网具对黄河山东段4个站位开展鱼类资源调查,研究了黄河山东段鱼类群落的种类组成、生态类型、优势种、生物多样性及环境影响因子等。结果表明,山东段共采集鱼类59种,隶属于10目20科,调水前优势种为鲫(Carassius auratus)、鳊(Parabramis pekinensis)、鲤(Cyprinus carpio)、赤眼鳟(Squaliobarbus curriculus)、翘嘴鲌(Culter alburnus)、草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)、鲻(Mugil cephalus)、鮻(Liza haematocheilus),调水后优势种为鲫、鳊、鲤、赤眼鳟。多样性指数方面ShannonWiener指数、丰富度指数差异较显著(0.01<P<0.05),均匀度指数差异不显著(P>0.05)。聚类分析表明,调水调沙前后黄河山东段鱼类群落结构在相似水平为45%时可以划分为2组,调水调沙后东阿断面(AH2)与其他断面相比具有较强的差异性;相似水平为60%时可以划分为4组,分别为A组群(AH3、BH3和BH2)、B组群(AH1和BH1)、C组群(AH4和BH4)、D组群(AH2)。SIMPER分析显示,A组群平均相似率为60.66%,特征种包括鳊、翘嘴鲌、赤眼鳟、鮻、似鳊(Pseudobrama simoni)、鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix),B组群平均相似率为66.38%,特征种包括鳊、鲫、鲇(Silurus asotus)、鲤、(Hemiculter leucisculus),C组群平均相似率为68.48%,特征种包括鲤、鲫、翘嘴鲌、鳊、鮻。RDA分析表明径流量、总磷是影响群落结构的主要因子。基于以上结果,研究对比黄河各河段鱼类群落结构特征,分析调水调沙对黄河山东段鱼类群落格局及多样性的影响,发现庞口湾作为鱼类栖息地的重要性并提出保护建议。研究可为黄河山东段渔业资源保护和可持续发展提供理论依据和技术支撑。

基于数值模拟的平原河网水质改善精准化引水方案研究

为探究引水工程对杭嘉湖平原河网城镇化地区的水质改善效果,以海宁市洛塘河圩区平原河网水系为例,针对平原河网水系流通性差与河流污染状况,通过MIKE11建立了洛塘河圩区河网水系的水动力水质耦合模型,提出并模拟不同引水方案,分析研究其影响机理,对不同方案的引水作用过程及其效果进行综合分析和比较。结果表明,合理选择引水地点和增加引水量对圩区水质改善作用明显,但相同情况下对初始浓度高的月份改善作用较弱;采用引水启停调度方案,短时间高流量间歇性引水,可更经济科学地使河网水质达到设计目标标准。研究结果可为平原河网区域水系综合整治提供参考依据。