Maintaining healthy rivers and lakes through water diversion from Yangtze River to Taihu Lake in Taihu Basin

On the basis of the Taihu water resources assessment, an analysis of the importance and rationality of the water diversion from the Yangtz,e River to Taihu Lake in solving the water problem and establishing a harmonious eco-environment in the Taihu Basin is performed. The water quantity and water quality conjunctive dispatching ＇decisi＂ofi-makifig support system, which ensures flood control, water supply and eco-aimed dispatching, is built by combining the water diversion with flood control dispatching and strengthening water resources monitoring and forecasting. With the practice and effect assessment, measures such as setting the -integrated basin management format, further developing water diversion and improving the hydraulic engineering projects system and water monitoring system are proposed in order to maintain healthy rivers and guarantee the development of the economy and society in the Taihu Basin.

Super-long Qinling Tunnel for Han River to Wei River Water Diversion Project

Han River to Wei River Water Diversion Project in Shaanxi Province is an inter-basin water diversion project approved by the State Council in 2005,which is a key hydraulic project in the 12th Five-Year Plan of China.It is expected to solve water resources shortage in the Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province,effectively curb the deterioration of ecological environment in Wei River and reduce environmental geological disasters in the Guanzhong area.It is a strategic project for optimal allocation of water resources by adjusting the distribution of water resources in Shaanxi Province and promoting the economic development of the Guanzhong-Tianshui Economic Zone.Implementation of the project is of great importance to the sustainable economic and social development of the Guanzhong area.The project crosses the Yangtze River and Yellow River basins and passes through the Qinling Mountain.The huge-scale project has a profound historic impact on the economic development in the region.

IMPACTS OF THE SOUTH-TO-NORTH WATER DIVERSION PROJECTS (MIDDLE ROUTE)ON THE WATER ENVIRONMENT OF THE MIDDLE AND LOWER REACHES OF THE HANJIANG RIVER

In this paper, according to the rule of unbalanced sediment transport and the analysis of field data, different water diversion schemes were theoretically studied, including the erosion and sedimentation trend as well as their impacts on the environment of the middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River. The results showed that the 95×10 8m 3 water diversion scheme will cause less erosion and water level decrease than the 15×10 8m 3 water diversion scheme. Using a water diversion scheme of 95×10 8m 3, the decrease of water quantity can impact the river hydrodynamic regime substantially and the environments of the middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River will be greatly affected. It is therefore necessary to develop new water resources or build projects to meet the need of the environment and the needs for navigation.

Estimating minimum ecological water required of the western route first stage project of China＇s south-to-north water transfer scheme for water exporting rivers

It is well known that there is abundant water resources in basin of the Yangtze River, the first largest river in China, which is mainly located in Southern China. However, water resources is very scarce in the basin of the Yellow River, which is mainly located in Northern China. So the western route project of south-north water transfer scheme （WRP-SNWTS） aims to transfer water from the Yangtze River to the Yellow River. The area of WRP-SNWT, located in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the main areas of Sichuan and the marginal areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, has sufficient water resources but fragile ecology and environment. Therefore, it is necessary for WRP-SNWT to analyze the ecology water required. Based on the planning principles of from low elevation to high elevation, from small to large, from short to long and from easy to difficulty, the WRP-SNWT will be constructed through three stage projects. The western route first stage project of the south-north water transfer scheme （WRFST-SNWTS） is planned to transfer 4×10^9m^3/a from six tributaries of the Yalong river and from Dadu river to Jiaqu of Yellow River.. Daqu river and Niqu river are the branches of Xianshui river. Sequ river, Duke river, Make river and Ake river are the branches of Dadu river, which account for 65-70% of the total river run-off. It need more research and the rest run-off can satisfy channel ecology water required. According to analysis ecological water required which mainly satisfy for aquicolous biology in water-exporting region, such as low air temperature. Fish and aquicolous biology main living from May to August, and rivers are iced up from December to March of next year, ecology water required mainly for fish and aquicolous biology. The flow criterion of Tennant method is modified. The ecology water required of WRFSP-SNWTS is estimated by the flow data of Zhuwo gauging station, Zhuba gauging station, Chuosijia gauging station and Zumuzu gauging station. The result show that the ecology water required calculated by modified Tennant less 1 l percent than that of Tennant. This estimating result can supply more water resources for transferring to Yellow River. Meanwhile, this can supply gist for research transferring water of WRFSP-SNWTS.

Wet-Dry Runoff Correlation in Western Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project,China

The Western Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project is an important trans-basin diversion project to transfer water from the upstream Yangtze River and its tributaries （water-exporting area）, to the upstream of the Yellow River （water- importing area）. The long-term hydrologieal data from 14 stream gauging stations in the Western Route area and techniques including the pre-whitening approach, non-parametric test, Bayes, law, variance analysis extrapolation, and Wavelet Analysis are applied to identify the streamflow eharacteristics and trends, streamflow time series cross-correlations, wetness-dryness encountering probability, and periodicities that occurred over the last 50 years. The results show that the water-exporting area, water- importing area, and the streteh downstream of the water-exporting have synehronization in high-low flow relationship, whereas they display non- synchronization in long-term evolution. This corresponds to the complicated and variable climate of the plateau region. There is no obvious increasing or decreasing trend in runoff at any gauging station. The best hydrological eompensation probability for rivers where water is diverted is about 25% to lO%, and those rivers influenced significantly by diversion are the Jinsha and Yalong rivers. Proper planning and design of compensation reservoirs for the water-exporting area and stretch downstream of the water- exporting area can increase the hydrological compensation possibility from water-exporting area to the water-importing area, and reduce the impact on the stretch of river downstream of the water- exporting area.

A numerical study on water diversion ratio of the Changjiang(Yangtze)estuary in dry season

We studied the flood, ebb and tidal averaged along (net) water diversion ratio (WDR) during dry season in the Changjiang (Yangtze) estuary, China, along with the effects of northerly wind, river discharge, tide and their interactions on WDR using the improved version of three-dimensional numerical model ECOM. Using data for annual mean wind speed and river discharge during January, we determined that the flood, ebb, net WDR values in the North Branch of the estuary were 3.48%, 1.68%,-4.06% during spring tide, and 4.82%, 2.34%,-2.79% during neap tide, respectively. Negative net WDR values denote the transport of water from the North Branch into the South Branch. Using the same data, the corresponding ratios were 50.09%, 50.92%, 54.97%, and 52.33%, 50.15%, 43.86% in the North Channel and 38.56%, 44.78%, 103.96%, and 36.92%, 43.17%, 60.97% in the North Passage, respectively. When northerly wind speed increased, landward Ekman transport was enhanced in the North Branch, increasing the flood WDR, while the ebb WDR declined and the net WDR exhibited a significant decrease. Similarly, in the North Channel, the flood WDR is increased, the ebb WDR reduced, and the net WDR showed a marked decrease. In the North Passage, the flood WDR also increased while the ebb and net WDR declined. As the river discharge increased, the flood and ebb WDR of the North Branch increased slightly and the net WDR increased markedly. In the North Channel the flood and ebb WDR changed very slightly, while the net WDR declined during spring tides and increased during neap tides. The WDR in the North Passage changed slightly during flood and ebb tides while the net WDR showed a marked increase. The WDR values of different bifurcations and the responses to northerly wind, river discharge, and tide are discussed in comparison with variations in river topography, horizontal wind-induced circulation, and tidal-induced residual current.

Engineering Strategies on Flood Control in Middle Reach of Yangtze River, China

Flood disaster has been a serious hidden danger since the ancient time. The essential cause for the fact that floods have not been eliminated for hundreds of years is that time honored strategies do not suit the cases of flood prevention. In the view of geological environmental analyses of flood formation and from the synthesis of experiences gained in flood control in the past hundreds of years, sluggish draining of flood, silt sedimentation in channel and building levee blindly constitute the main cause of intractable flood for a long time in the middle reach of the Yangtze River. Draining away silt and water is the only way to stamping out flood disaster. Opening up artificial waterways for flood diversion, draining away the silt of channel into the polders, and storing the flood water are important engineering measures for the flood control and damage reduction.

基于组合赋权-TOPSIS法的引江济淮工程河南受水区节水水平评价

【目的】评价引江济淮工程河南受水区现状节水水平。【方法】从综合、农业、工业、生活、生态环境5个方面选取11项用水指标建立引江济淮工程河南受水区节水水平评价指标体系,构建基于AHP-CRITIC法组合权重的TOPSIS模型,对受水区2020年节水水平进行综合评价。【结果】受水区9个县区中,评价分级为Ⅰ级的有1个(永城市),Ⅱ级5个(梁园区、鹿邑县、睢阳区、柘城县、夏邑县),Ⅲ级3个(郸城县、淮阳区、太康县)。节水水平Ⅱ级(较高)以上的县区占比为66.7%,受水区整体节水水平较高。万元GDP用水量、节水灌溉率、城镇人均生活用水量、城镇公共供水管网漏损率、再生水利用率是制约受水区节水水平的主要影响因素。评价结果与受水区实际情况基本相符。【结论】基于AHP-CRITIC组合赋权的TOPSIS评价方法适用于评价引江济淮工程河南受水区现状节水水平,评价结果与区域实际情况相符,可为水资源优化调配提供参考。

Increasing probability of concurrent drought between the water intake and receiving regions of the Hanjiang to Weihe River Water Diversion Project,China

Water diversion projects are an effective measure to mitigate water shortages in water-limited areas.Understanding the risk of such projects increasing concurrent drought between the water intake and receiving regions is essential for sustainable water management.This study calculates concurrent drought probability between the water intake and receiving regions of the Hanjiang to Weihe River Water Diversion Project using Standardized Precipitation Index and Copula functions.Results showed an increasing trend in drought probability across both the water intake and receiving regions from 2.67%and 8.38%to 12.47%and 14.18%,respectively,during 1969-2018.The return period of concurrent drought decreased from 111.11 to 13.05 years,indicating larger risk of simultaneous drought between the two regions.Projections from CMIP6 suggested that under the SSP 2-4.5 and 5-8.5 scenarios,concurrent drought probability would increase by 2.40%and 7.72%in 2019-2050 compared to that in 1969-1990,respectively.Although increases in precipitation during 2019-2050 could potentially alleviate drought conditions relative to those during 1991-2018,high precipitation variability adds to the uncertainty about future concurrent drought.These findings provide a basis for better understanding concurrent drought and its impact on water diversion projects in a changing climate,and facilitate the establishment of adaptation countermeasures to ensure sustainable water availability.

1981~2021年南水北调中线工程安阳河以北段冬季冷暖变化特征分析

为更好地开展南水北调中线工程冰期输水调度,基于中线工程沿线8个国家气象站点的1981~2021年冬季日平均气温数据,采用气候平均值、气候倾向率等统计方法,并依据国家冷暖冬等级划分标准,在年度尺度上,对安阳河以北段近41 a来冬季冷暖变化气候特征进行了统计分析。结果表明:①1981~2021年,各站冬季平均气温基本为-5~3℃,在空间上整体呈现南高北低的特征,南北温差基本为3~4℃。②1981~2021年,各站冬季平均气温年际变化规律基本一致,整体上均呈现出波动上升的趋势,增温幅度为0.113~0.713℃/(10 a),整体表现为南北升温速率低,中部升温速率高的特点。③从年代际变化来看,1980年代各站冬季平均气温最低,多为偏冷年份,整体上1980,1990和2010年代表现为升温趋势,2010年代升温最为显著,而2000年代则表现为降温趋势。其中,在2000年代和2010年代,各站冬季平均气温波动频繁,且幅度较大,平均气温标准差均超过了1.0℃。④近41 a区域暖冬年共出现12次,主要在1990年代中期以后,区域冷冬年共出现18次,其中,1980年代最多,1990年代最少,自1990年代末期开始,区域冷冬年、暖冬年时常交替出现,而在2014年后,区域暖冬年明显偏多。研究成果可为南水北调中线工程优化冰期输水调度、提升冬季渠道过流能力提供参考。

Introduction of Huaihe River Basin Energy and Water Cycle Experiment and Research

Huaihe River Basin Energy and Water Cycle Ex-periment and Research (HUBEX), as one of the Ninth Five-Year Plan (1996-2000) Major Programs support-ed by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC), successfully passed the check-up and won high appraisement from the experts. Huaihe River Basin, located in the inland of the eastern Asia monsoon area, is the key base for rice-cotton production and suf-fers from the frequent drought and flood. In order to in-vestigate the climate problem of Huaihe River Basin area,

Introduction of Huaihe River Basin Energy and Water Cycle Experiment and Research

Huaihe River Basin Energy and Water Cycle Experiment and Research (HUBEX), as one of the Ninth Five-Year Plan (1996-2000) Major Programs supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), successfully passed the check-up and won high appraisement from the experts.……

水网布局下黄河流域应对极端枯水的关键科学问题

变化环境下极端气象水文事件频发,长江、黄河面临同枯风险。在国家水网建设背景下,为提高长江、黄河同枯的极端不利情景下黄河流域水资源安全保障能力,本文分析了长江、黄河两大流域水资源安全面临的现实问题,识别了变化环境下大型流域枯水遭遇—水危机形成—跨流域调水潜力—多线路成网互济—极端枯水下水资源安全保障中亟需破解的关键科学问题,构建了水网布局下黄河流域应对极端枯水的总体研究框架,提出该领域重点研究方向包括:变化环境下长江、黄河极端枯水遭遇规律与空间变异机制,水危机风险多链路传导与复合影响定量评估,极端枯水下跨流域调水挖潜增供,长江和黄河跨流域联合调配与多线路互济精细化调控、极端枯水下流域水资源韧性提升优化调控等。

引江济淮工程(河南段)水资源调配系统设计与开发

为强化引江济淮工程(河南段)水资源统一调配,基于Spring Boot和Vue前后端分离开发的模式,利用天地图API、WebGL、Echarts等技术设计研发引江济淮工程(河南段)水资源调配系统。从设计思路、功能界面、关键技术3个角度论述系统设计思路和实现过程,从而实现地理信息服务、供需水预测、水资源优化配置、水资源优化调度等功能,实现水量分配可视化、运行调度智能化和跨流域调水管控一体化。系统测试结果表明:引江济淮工程(河南段)水资源调配系统的建立提高了受水区水资源精细化管理的水平,解决了引江济淮工程(河南段)跨流域调水的配置难题,为受水区水资源高效利用提供有效的技术支撑。

不同调水方式对巢湖水质影响模拟

引调水工程是目前用来改善湖泊水质的重要手段,然而引调水的调水路线、来水水量以及来水水质对湖泊水质改善效果都至关重要。本文以“引江济巢”工程为例,针对巢湖的浅水湖泊特征,考虑引调水入湖后不仅对水量和水质有直接改善作用,还可能因为湖区水动力条件改变及内源释放影响水质,通过构建二维水动力水质模型,模拟不同调水路线、水量下湖区水动力条件,进一步考虑不同来水水质和底泥释放对水质改善的影响。结果显示,调水对流场的扰动在丰水年较弱、枯水年较强,流量对湖区水质影响随流量增大而增强,来水水质的优劣是决定湖区水体水质是否改善的关键。整体而言,西湖区受调水影响较小,东湖区能够对全湖水质变化起到指示作用。调水方案应基于湖泊实际水量与水质状态综合考虑调水流量与水质制定。

不同营养水平调水对贡湖湾湖区水质及浮游藻类影响的模拟研究

为探究“引江济太”工程调水给受水湖区水体带来的生态效应,采用水生微宇宙模型进行为期11 d的室内模拟实验,以太湖贡湖湾湖区为受水水体,引入3组设定好的不同营养盐水平(贫营养水平O、中营养水平M、富营养水平E)的望虞河河水,研究在不同营养盐水平调水影响下,受水水体水生态环境的动态响应过程。结果表明:整个实验过程中,中营养和贫营养调水组的水体TN、NO_(3)^(-)-N、NH4_(+)-N、TP、SRP、TOC含量下降明显,富营养调水组影响效果较中营养和贫营养调水组差;调水提高了受水水体生态系统的多样性和均匀度水平,硅藻等非蓝藻细胞密度增加,蓝藻细胞生长受到竞争胁迫,中营养和贫营养调水的影响作用效果好于富营养水平。RDA分析结果表明,受水水体的pH、DO、SiO_(3)^(2-)-Si、TDS、NO_(3)^(-)-N、SRP是本实验水体影响藻类群落结构的主要环境驱动因子。

引江补汉工程丹江口下游近坝段枯水期通航水位恢复试验研究

引江补汉工程补水口位于丹江口大坝下游安乐河出口约5 km处,且补水量与调水量基本一致,工程对航道的影响主要体现在减水段,为恢复枯水期通航水位需要开展航道综合治理。利用河工模型试验论证了综合治理方案的效果,并对方案进行了优化及进一步论证。结果表明,减水-补水212 m 3/s方案尾门水位分别为86.47、85.90 m条件下,引航道口—黄家港段水位下降,黄家港以下水位保持不变,其中引航道口水位下降幅度最大,分别下降0.08、0.19 m;综合治理方案1实施后引航道口水位下降均为0.02 m,减水段的水位仍未恢复至调水前的水平,主因是从安乐河口补水的水流并未能进入到左侧主航道内;基于试验研究结果,建议对综合治理方案进行优化,在沧浪洲出水口下沿布置2道护底带;通过试验论证了护底带的4个高程,建议护底带高程为85.5 m,并对护底带高程进一步细化论证;优化后的方案可使引航道口至黄家港段的水位略超过调水前的水平,其中引航道口处最大水位抬高0.06 m。

江苏省江水北调工程水量调度

江水北调工程以向江苏境内工农业及城乡生活供水为主,同时保障改善洪泽湖、骆马湖生态,但工程运行现状存在运行成本高、湖泊弃水量大等不足。为此,采用模拟和优化技术相结合的方式,以供水缺额最小、湖泊水位超限制最小和泵站运行成本最低为优先级设定目标函数,构建江水北调工程年水量调度概化模型,开展不同水平年、不同补湖水位以及高水低用3种调度情景分析。结果表明:骆马湖调蓄库容小,调水运行期使得水位波动频繁,中运河泵站会同频开启补湖,且容易达到输水能力上限;适当降低洪泽湖补湖水位,可充分利用湖泊富余水量,使调水成本降低;完全禁止骆马湖高水低用会加重洪泽湖以下梯级线路供水任务的运行负担,同时增加骆马湖的弃水量,适当允许高水低用可使成本减小,减少泵站抽水任务。建立的模型以及相关研究成果可为江水北调工程调度运行提供一定参考。

协同推进南水北调后续工程和长江经济带高质量发展

推动长江经济带高质量发展,是以习近平同志为核心的党中央作出的重大决策,是关系党和国家事业发展全局的重大战略。南水北调东、中、西三条线均以长江为水源,是跨流域跨区域配置水资源的骨干工程,是国家水网的主骨架和大动脉,在保障国家经济安全、粮食安全、生态安全等方面具有基础性、战略性作用。两者联系紧密,互促共生。文章通过对长江经济带高质量发展内涵的分析,以及在国家水安全保障、长江经济带高质量发展对南水北调高质量发展的具体要求梳理的基础上,对共同推进南水北调和长江经济带高质量发展提出了初步的认识和思考。

引江补汉工程千米级深孔地应力测试及近场断裂稳定性分析

引江补汉工程是南水北调后续工程的首个开工建设项目,其引水隧洞穿越了蠕滑型活动断裂-通城河断裂,研究活动断裂近场地应力特征对工程稳定性具有重要意义。选择较为复杂的通城河活动断裂近场区内开展了原位地应力测试及断裂构造稳定性分析,揭示断裂构造内现今地应力状态及断裂构造滑动失稳临界条件。通过在通城河活动断裂近场2个千米级深孔进行原位水压致裂法地应力测试。最后,基于实测地应力资料,结合库伦摩擦滑动准则及Byerlee定律对活动断裂稳定性进行了分析。结果表明:测试范围内存在应力分区,并推测以潜在转换深度900±20 m为界,空间主应力状态呈现由复合型(逆断型与走滑型)或逆断型向正断型的转换,表明近场地应力受交汇构造影响;实测最大水平主应力方向随孔深增加由NW向转为NWW向,与活动断裂运动力学特性、交汇断裂的左旋运动机制以及震源机制解基本一致;通城河活动断裂近场应力积累水平较低,尚未到失稳滑动水平,地壳是相对稳定的。研究结果为引江补汉工程穿通城河活动断裂工程区稳定性评价提供基础地质力学资料,为跨活动断裂的工程设计提供参考依据。