Evaluation of Transboundary Water Resource Development in Mekong River Basin: The Application of Analytic Hierarchy Process in the Context of Water Cooperation

Mekong River is one of the major international freshwater sources in the world. The Lower Mekong Basin (LMB) comprised of four downstream countries, including Thailand, Lao PDR, Cambodia, and Vietnam. The utilization of the basin’s water brings not only substantial benefits to the region ranging from hydropower to navigation, but also negative impacts caused by the unbalanced water using. The essential role of Mekong River requires all member nations to cooperate effectively for the sustainable development of the region. One of the most popular methods in the field of water resource management is a trustable tool called the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). AHP is much appropriate for water resource policymaking. The literature, however, points out that there is no study to both structure the water using hierarchy and employ quantitative (objective) criteria to the AHP model in LMB case. With regard to water resource management, there are no previous studies applying AHP models to evaluating sustainable development of transboundary water resource in LMB case. This paper explores the evolution of water cooperation among Mekong countries and subsequently evaluates the water development scenarios in the LMB based on the water cooperation preferences of four LMB countries This study proposes a novel approach to analyzing, assessing water resource development scenarios characterized by sustainability indicators and to assisting in developing a suitable water policy in LMB according to the best cooperation scenario.

Entropy method for determination of weight of evaluating indicators in fuzzy synthetic evaluation for water quality assessment

Considering the difficulty of fuzzy synthetic evaluation method in calculation of the multiple factors and ignorance of the relationship among evaluating objects, a new weight evaluation process using entropy method was introduced. This improved method for determination of weight of the evaluating indicators was applied in water quality assessment of the Three Gorges reservoir area. The results showed that this method was favorable for fuzzy synthetic evaluation when there were more than one evaluating objects. One calculation was enough for calculating every monitoring point. Compared with the original evaluation method, the method predigested the fuzzy synthetic evaluation process greatly and the evaluation results are more reasonable.

Comprehensive Evaluation on the Irrigation Water Quality in Turpan City Based on Matter Element Analysis Method

Matter-element analysis method was used to construct the comprehensive matter-element model for the evaluation of the quality of various kinds of irrigation water in Turpan City to evaluate the quality of irrigation water（such as river water,spring water, Karez well water, pumped well water） in Turpan City, Xinjiang. The results showed that the quality of the irrigation water was the best in October,which was in Grade I or Grade 2; in May, the quality of some of the irrigation water became poorer to Grade II, which was easy to soil salinization; in March, the detected qualities of the water samples water from the Meiyaogou basin were all in Grade IV, which was not suitable for farmland irrigation. The comparison on the evaluation results of matter-element analysis and fuzzy evaluation method showed that the results of the 2 methods were almost consistent with each other, and showed good uniformity.

FANN-Based Surface Water Quality Evaluation Model and Its Application in the Shaoguan Area

A fuzzy neural network model is proposed to evaluate water quality. The model contains two parts： first, fuzzy mathematics theory is used to standardize the samples; second, the RBF neural network and the BP neural network are used to train the standardized samples. The proposed model was applied to assess the water quality of 16 sections in 9 rivers in the Shaoguan area in 2005. The evaluation result was compared with that of the RBF neural network method and the reported results in the Shaoguan area in 2005. It indicated that the performance of the proposed fuzzy neural network model is practically feasible in the application of water quality assessment and its operation is simple.

Water Quality Evaluation in Tidal River Reaches of Liaohe River Estuary, China Using a Revised QUAL2K Model

Rivers in the Liaohe River Estuary area have been seriously polluted by discharges of wastewater containing petroleum pol- lutants and nutrients. In this paper, The Enhanced Stream Water Quality Model （QUAL2K） and its revised model as well as One-dimensional Tide Mean Model （1D model） were applied to predict and assess the water quality of the tidal fiver reach of the Liaohe River Estuary. Dissolved oxygen （DO）, biochemical oxygen demand （BODs）, ammonia nitrogen （NH3-N） and total phosphorus （TP） were chosen as water quality indices in the two model simulations. The modelled results show that the major reasons for degraded rivers remain petroleum and non-point source pollution. Tidal water also has a critical effect on the variation of water quality. The sensitivity analysis identifies that flow rate, point load and diffuse load are the most sensitive parameters for the four water quality indices in the revised QUAL2K simulation. Uncertainty analysis based on a Monte Carlo simulation gives the probability distribution of the four wa- ter quality indices at two locations （6.50 km and 44.84 km from the river mouth）. The statistical outcomes indicate that the observed data fall within the 90% confidence intervals at all sites measured, and show that the revised QUAL2K gives better results in simulating the water quality of a tidal fiver.

Hydrochemical characteristics and water quality evaluation of shallow groundwater in Suxian mining area,Huaibei coalfield,China

The aim of this study is to evaluate the hydrogeochemical characteristics and water environmental quality of shallow groundwater in the Suxian mining area of Huaibei coalfield,China.The natural formation process of shallow groundwater in Suxian is explored using Piper trilinear charts and Gibbs diagrams,and by examining the ratios between the major ions.United States Salinity Laboratory(USSL)charts,Wilcox diagrams,and the water quality index(WQI)are further employed to quantify the differences in water quality.The results reveal that the main hydrochemical facies of groundwater are HC03-Ca,and that silicate dissolution is the main factor controlling the ion content in shallow groundwater.The USSL charts and Wilcox diagrams show that most of the water samples would be acceptable for use in irrigation systems.The WQI results for each water sample are compared and analyzed,and the quality of groundwater samples around collapse ponds is found to be relatively poor.

Evaluation of water resources conserved by forests in the Hani rice terraces system of Honghe County,Yunnan,China：an application of the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model

The Hani Rice Terraces System, based on gravity-flow irrigation, is one of the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems(GIAHS) pilot sites selected by FAO in 2010. The water resource plays an important role in the sustainable development of this system. The value of water conserved by the forest is influenced by natural, economic and social factors. In this paper, the water quality, per capita water resources, per capita GDP and population density are chosen as indices to construct an index system for a comprehensive evaluation of water resources value. The weights of these indices are 0.443, 0.31, 0.141 and 0.106 respectively, which are determined by the analytic hierarchy process(AHP) method. The water resources value has been assessed by the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model. The results show that the water resources value in the Hani Rice Terraces System is 4.25 RMB/m^3. Evaluating the value of water resources in the Hani Rice Terraces System can provide a reference for ecological compensation, for raising public awareness of the importance of protecting the system, and ultimately achieving its sustainable development.

Comprehensive Evaluation of Water Quality of Rivers in Binzhou Based on RAGA-PPCE Model

The water quality of main rivers in Binzhou City,Shandong Province was comprehensively evaluated based on RAGA-PPCE model. Six main factors such as ammonia nitrogen(NH-N),total phosphorus(TP),total nitrogen(TN),chemical oxygen demand(COD),dissolved oxygen(DO) and p H were used to establish the evaluation and classification standards of water quality. The results show that the evaluation results of water quality by RAGA-PPCE model and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method are basically the same. The evaluation results of RAGA-PPCE model are objective and reasonable and can be applied to the comprehensive evaluation of water quality.

Water Resource Pricing Study Based on Water Quality Fuzzy Evaluation: A Case Study of Hefei City

Price plays an important role in water resources management. The price of water resources can also be considered as a “water resource tax” which reflects the value and opportunity cost of water, and people will pay for the right to use water. Currently, the water resource fees’ effect of regulating resource differential revenues is not manifest and it’s not enough to reflect the principle of paid use of resources as well as regulating resources differential revenues. Due to the ambiguity and complexity of water resources price, this paper uses methods relating to fuzzy mathematics for modeling and processing. The study had a comprehensive consideration of five factors including water quality, water resources per capita, household consumption level, per capita GNP, population or population density to evaluate the water resource price.

Thermodynamic Evaluation of Mineral Balance in Water Thickness of the Soda Lake Doroninskoe(Eastern Transbaikalia,Russia)

In recent years,lakes,including salted,attract the attention of researchers,also when reconstructing last climate changes using the bottom sediments(Solotchina et al.,2008,et al.).In this case the different geochemical

Applying PP Model Based on RAGA in Water Environment Quality Evaluation

Projection Pursuit (PP) model is a technique of falling high dimension. Real coding based on Accelerating Genetic Algorithm (RAGA) is a method of optimum. Through combining the PP model and RAGA, the paper applies the model in the water environment quality evaluation. The writer takes the water quality evaluated indexes of each sample as projection direction and turns high dimension data into low dimension projection value. Thus, the writer achieves on evaluating the grade of water samples and its optimum order. Based on this, the writer overcomes the jamming of weights calculated on fuzzy synthesize judge and gray system valuation. The paper can provide a new thought for water environment quality evaluation and other falling high dimension and optimum issue.

Water Quality Evaluation and Analysis on the Causes of Pollution for Groundwater Sources in Yantai, China

Based on the investigation for the 14 groundwater sources, the water quality of the groundwater sources had been analyzed, using the evaluation method of the combination of inorganic and organic index instead of the traditional method which was only based on inorganic index. The results showed that the quality of 12 groundwater sources satisfied class III standard of groundwater quality and other two exceeded class III standard. There were one groundwater source, whose water quality reached class 1 standard, and five groundwater sources, whose water quality reached class II standard. There were seven groundwater sources, in which the fluorine, an organic pollutant, was detected. The results showed that the groundwater resources in Yantai City were less polluted and the main pollutant in groundwater was nitrate. According to the analytical data and the environmental conditions of groundwater sources, the conclusion was drawn that the agriculture and rural non-point pollution were the main reasons of groundwater pollution.

Advanced Grey Relational Analysis Method and Its Application in Water Quality Evaluation of the Lake-type Wetland

Grey relational analysis is one of the most important methods in water quality evaluation system. As the traditional grey relational analysis has the defects of homogenization in static resolution ratio, small discrimination in correlation degree, and low precision in the weight of impact factors, this paper proposed an advanced grey relational analysis that used dynamic resolution ratio and comprehensive evaluation indicators. This method has been applied in the MIS software which monitors and evaluates the water quality in the lakes of the Four-Lake Basin. Compared with the traditional grey relational analysis and the cluster-factor analysis, this method could effectively enhance the reliability and accuracy of the results.

Water Quality Analysis of Fuping Section of the Shichuan River Based on Different Evaluation Methods

In order to study the water quality of the Shichuan River basin in Fuping,Shaanxi Province,based on improved Nemerow index method,comprehensive pollution index method and principal component analysis method,eight water quality indexes such as pH,dissolved oxygen(DO),total dissolved solids(TDS),COD,total hardness,total phosphorus,total nitrogen and Zn in three monitoring sections of Fuping section of the Shichuan River in Shaanxi Province were detected and analyzed.The results show that the water quality of the surface water in the Shichuan River basin is gradeⅢorⅣwater,that is,the water is slightly polluted and moderately polluted.It is necessary to monitor the water quality after regulation and clarify the main factors causing the water pollution.

Study on the Present Situation of Water Quality Pollution in Summer in Ulansuhai Lake

Ulansuhai Lake is the important component part of irrigation and drainage system in Hetao irrigation region of Inner Mongolia.We applied the attribute recognition method in the summer water quality evaluation of Ulansuhai Lake and divided according to the lake situation.The water quality in every area was analyzed,and the water quality situations in Ulansuhai Lake in 2006 and 2008 summer were gained.It provided the scientific basis for the effective utilization and the pollution treatment of Ulansuhai Lake.

An attribute recognition model based on entropy weight for evaluating the quality of groundwater sources

In our study, entropy weight coefficients, based on Shannon entropy, were determined for an attribute recognition model to model the quality of groundwater sources. The model follows the theory previously proposed by Chen Q S. In the model, firstly, the author establishes the attribute space matrix and determines the weight based on Shannon entropy theory; secondly, calculates attribute measure; thirdly, evaluates that with confidence criterion and score criterion; finally, an application example is given. The results show that the water quality of the groundwater sources for the city comes up to the grade II or III standard. There is no pollution that obviously exceeds the standard and the water can meet people’s needs .The results from an evaluation of this model are in basic agreement with the observed situation and with a set pair analysis (SPA) model.

Quantificational analysis on progress of river water quality in China

In order to understand the dynamic change of water quality in a specific period of time,a type of possibility transition matrix based on the theory of Markov process was established.The transition possibility with a weight to calculate the degree of absolute advancement was given based on the result of water quality evaluation.The concept of relative advancement was presented.It was used to evaluate the extent of water quality changed in a period of time.The method was used to calculate the degrees of relative advancement for 4 rivers in China,and the results were analyzed.