Online differential pressure reset method with adaptive adjustment algorithm for variable chilled water flow control in central air-conditioning systems

Central air-conditioning systems predominantly operate under partial load conditions.The optimization of a differential pressure setpoint in the chilled water system of a central air-conditioning system leads to a more energy-efficient operation.Determining the differential pressure adjustment value based on the terminal user's real-time demand is one of the critical issues to be addressed during the optimal control process.Furthermore,the online application of the differential pressure setpoint optimization method needs to be considered,along with the stability of the system.This paper proposes a variable differential pressure reset method with an adaptive adjustment algorithm based on the Mamdani fuzzy model.The proposed method was compared with differential pressure reset methods with reference to the chilled water differential temperature,outdoor temperature,and linear model based on the adjustment algorithm.The energy-saving potential,temperature control effect,and avoidance of the most unfavorable thermodynamic loop effects of the four methods were investigated experimentally.The results indicated that,while satisfying the terminal user's energy supply demand and ensuring the avoidance of the most unfavorable thermodynamic loop,the proposed adaptive adjustment algorithm also decreased the differential pressure setpoint value by 25.1%—59.1%and achieved energy savings of 10.6%-45.0%.By monitoring the valve position and supply air temperature of each terminal user,the proposed method exhibited suitable online adaptability and could be flexibly applied to buildings with random load changes.

Orthogonal analysis of water model study on the optimization of flow control devices in a six-strand tundish

Improper flow control devices in a multi-strand tundish can cause some problems, for example, liquid steel cannot reach every nozzle at the same time and the liquid steel in nozzles far away from the entry zone has a lower temperature. The water model experiment of a six-strand tundish of Tianjin Iron ＆ Steel Co. Ltd. was performed, a new ＂U＂ type baffle was obtained, and its parameters were defined by perpendicular analysis. The ＂U＂ baffle can not only improve those imperfections, but also prolong the residence time of nonmetallic inclusions, which is good for their flotation and separation.

Mechanism of Electromagnetic Flow Control Enhanced by Electro-Discharge in Water

Pulsed discharge utilized to achieve large current density in the electromagnetic flow control is numerically studied. A mathematic discharge model is established to calculate the plasma channel, and an actuator is designed to generate the Lorentz force in the micro plasma channel. During the discharge process, the resistance in the channel decreases rapidly and a large current density appears between the discharge electrodes. After the actuator is applied in the leading edge of a flat plate, the separation region and downstream turbulent boundary layer on the plate disappear. Meanwhile, a skin-friction drag force reduction is achieved.

Improvement of tundish shape and optimization of flow control devices for sequence casting heavy steel ingots

The metallurgical effect of a round tundish used to cast heavy steel ingots in machine works at present was evaluated through water modeling experiments. The flow control devices of the improved oval tundish, which was used instead of the round tundish, had been optimized. The results show that the residence time of the round tundish is short, its inclusion removal efficiency is too low, and it has more dead zones and an unreasonable flow field. Compared with the round tundish, the improved oval tundish with the optimized weir and dam has a better effect： its minimum residence time is prolonged by 38.1 s, the average residence time is prolonged by 233.4 s, its dead volume fraction decreases from 26% to 15%, and the ratio of plug volume fraction to dead volume fraction increases from 0.54 to 1.27. The inclusion removal efficiency also increases by 17.5%.

Effects of water flow volume on the isolation of bacteria from motion sensor faucets

Water outlets for washing hands and medical equipment are essential for preventing hospital infection. The present study clarified the effects of water flow volume on the identification and quantitative evaluation of bacteria found around spouts in the 17 hand-washing stations. Pseu-domonas aeruginosa was detected from 4 sta-tions before adjustment and 2 after adjustment. Although no significant difference was identified in the detection rate of P. aeruginosa (p = 0.368), when combining P. aeruginosa and glucose non-fermentative Gram-negative bacilli (NFB), the number of stations with P. aeruginosa and/or NFB decreased significantly from 15 before adjustment to 9 after adjustment (p = 0.023). Before adjust-ment, quantity of bacteria was “2+” for 3 stations and “1+” for 7 stations, but was “1+” for 3 stations and “2+” for 0 stations after adjustment. These results show that quantity of bacteria could be reduced from spouts by adjusting flow volume. These results were also supported by experiments for cleanliness using Adenosine 5’-triphosphate bioluminescence me- thod.

Water hammer prediction and control:the Green's function method

By Green＇s function method we show that the water hammer （WH） can be analytically predicted for both laminar and turbulent flows （for the latter, with an eddy vis- cosity depending solely on the space coordinates）, and thus its hazardous effect can be rationally controlled and mini- mized. To this end, we generalize a laminar water hammer equation of Wang et al. （J. Hydrodynamics, B2, 51, 1995） to include arbitrary initial condition and variable viscosity, and obtain its solution by Green＇s function method. The pre- dicted characteristic WH behaviors by the solutions are in excellent agreement with both direct numerical simulation of the original governing equations and, by adjusting the eddy viscosity coefficient, experimentally measured turbulent flow data. Optimal WH control principle is thereby constructed and demonstrated.

Soil and water loss in the Lancang River-Mekong River watershed (in Yunnan section, China) and its control measures

According to a lot of hydrological and environmental monitoring data, the condition of soil and water loss in the Lancang River Mekong River watershed (in Yunnan section, China) is described. The occurrence and development of soil and water loss is analyzed. The conclusion is that: (1) generally, the situation of soil and water loss in the Lancang River Mekong River watershed (in Yunnan section, China) is light, however, soil and water loss in some regions is serious, especially in the middle reach area of the river; (2) soil and water loss in the Lancang River Mekong River (in Yunnan section, China) watershed presents developing tendency and it is mainly caused by human beings. In accordance with these results, the control measures for soil and water loss are discussed.

A global satellite survey of density plumes at river mouths and at other environments: Plume configurations, external controls, and implications for deep-water sedimentation

The U. S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA) has archived thousands of satellite images of density plumes in its online publishing outlet called 'Earth Observatory' since 1999. Although these images are in the public domain, there has not been any systematic compilation of configurations of density plumes associated with various sedimentary environments and processes. This article, based on 45 case studies covering 21 major rivers(e.g., Amazon, Betsiboka, Congo [Zaire], Copper, Hugli [Ganges], Mackenzie, Mississippi, Niger, Nile, Rhone, Rio de la Plata, Yellow, Yangtze, Zambezi, etc.) and six different depositional environments(i.e., marine, lacustrine, estuarine, lagoon, bay, and reef), is the first attempt in illustrating natural variability of configurations of density plumes in modern environments. There are, at least, 24 configurations of density plumes. An important finding of this study is that density plumes are controlled by a plethora of 18 oceanographic, meteorological, and other external factors. Examples are: 1) Yellow River in China by tidal shear front and by a change in river course; 2) Yangtze River in China by shelf currents and vertical mixing by tides in winter months; 3) Rio de la Plata Estuary in Argentina and Uruguay by Ocean currents; 4) San Francisco Bay in California by tidal currents; 5) Gulf of Manner in the Indian Ocean by monsoonal currents; 6) Egypt in Red Sea by Eolian dust; 7) U.S. Atlantic margin by cyclones; 8) Sri Lanka by tsunamis; 9) Copper River in Alaska by high-gradient braid delta; 10) Lake Erie by seiche; 11) continental margin off Namibia by upwelling; 12) Bering Sea by phytoplankton; 13) the Great Bahama Bank in the Atlantic Ocean by fish activity; 14) Indonesia by volcanic activity; 15) Greenland by glacial melt; 16) South Pacific Ocean by coral reef; 17) Carolina continental Rise by pockmarks; and 18) Otsuchi Bay in Japan by internal bore. The prevailing trend in promoting a single type of river-flood triggered hyperpycnal flow is flawed because there are 16 types of hyperpycnal flows. River-flood derived hyperpycnal flows are muddy in texture and they occur close to the shoreline in inner shelf environments. Hyperpycnal flows are not viable transport mechanisms of sand and gravel across the shelf into the deep sea. The available field observations suggest that they do not form meter-thick sand layers in deep water settings. For the above reasons, river-flood triggered hyperpycnites are considered unsuitable for serving as petroleum reservoirs in deep-water environments until proven otherwise.

煤体注水渗流模型构建及微观主控影响规律

煤层注水技术是目前矿井除尘的主要技术手段之一,起到润湿煤体、源头减尘的作用.但随着开采深度的增加,煤体孔隙率相对较低,极大影响煤层注水的润湿效果.因此,为了提高煤层注水的效果,结合煤体固有属性、孔隙尺度等影响因素,首先,引入连通孔隙率,建立了包含孔喉、等效孔径、有效孔隙率、毛细管束、迂曲度、流动路径在内的渗流模型;其次,采用高精度射线显微镜(μ-CT)对内蒙古煤矿、同富新煤矿、梅花井煤矿、大黄山煤矿以及磁窖沟煤矿5个煤矿的不同变质程度煤进行扫描,三维重建可视化煤体微观有效孔隙结构,运用分形理论,提取煤体有效连通孔隙结构参数进行计算;再次,通过实验对5个煤矿不同变质程度的煤进行渗透率实测;最后,引入“敏感度”来表征每种影响因素对渗流量的影响程度,运用Morris筛选法,将数值分析法与渗流模型相耦合,定量筛选了煤体坚固性系数、迂曲度分形维数、有效孔隙率、体积分形维数、孔喉半径等主控因素,并分析了各主控因素对注水能力的影响规律.本研究建立了一个综合煤体坚固性系数、迂曲度分形维数、有效孔隙率、体积分形维数和孔喉半径的渗流模型.分析表明,影响注水能力的主控因素依次为煤体坚固性系数、迂曲度分形维数、有效孔隙率、体积分形维数和孔喉半径.注水能力与煤体坚固性系数呈正弦函数关系,随着有效孔隙率的增加,迂曲度分形维数和体积分形维数的减小,注水能力增强.研究结果可为进一步完善煤层注水渗流理论、增强煤层注水润湿效果,防治矿井粉尘灾害提供理论依据.

基于深度学习的LSTM-GRU复合模型矿井涌水量预测方法研究

为了解决矿井涌水预测问题,引入深度学习理论,将长短期记忆网络(LSTM)和门控循环单元(GRU)进行结合,选取矿井涌水量为研究对象,建立一种LSTM-GRU的矿井涌水预测模型。以陕西某矿的矿井涌水量为样本数据,采用7∶3的比例将数据集划分为训练集和测试集,选择模型训练效果较好的梯度下降算法确定网络模型参数和正则化参数,为了证明LSTM-GRU模型的预测精度,同时将结果分别与传统的ARIMA模型和LSTM模型预测矿井涌水所得到的预测结果进行对比。结果表明:LSTM-GRU复合模型的平均绝对百分比误差(RMSE)为70.51,均方根误差(MAE)为53.4,平均绝对误差(MAPE)为2.80%,可决系数(R^(2))为0.86,具有较高的预测精度和可靠性,预测效果优于传统的ARIMA模型和LSTM模型。

岩溶凹陷式露天矿山大流量涌水治理技术

我国岩溶地质分布广泛,岩溶突涌水已成为石灰石矿山安全生产的巨大灾害与挑战。以广西某岩溶凹陷式露天矿山大流量涌水为研究对象,针对该矿山地质条件复杂、集中涌水量大、流速高等特点,利用岩溶发育特征、资料分析与地球物理探查等方法初步圈定矿山径流带区域;进一步通过钻探、跨孔CT和示踪联通试验等精准查找到矿山Y01特大涌水点岩溶管道的具体位置,在此基础上研究并实施了矿山涌水治理技术与工艺。研究表明:(1)针对复杂岩溶凹陷式露天矿山大流量、高流速的涌水特征,提出并实施了“非连续帷幕截流+关键通道探查与封堵+止浆垫控流降速”的岩溶矿山涌水综合治理体系。依据岩溶发育的不均匀性,提出了非连续帷幕封堵裂隙型涌水区域的思想;对大流量岩溶管道型集中涌水设计采用止浆垫控流装置,通过控流能有效降低关键过水通道内水流速度,为注浆材料的有效留存沉积和工程的成功封堵提供了重要条件。(2)关键孔联合注浆工艺是岩溶管道型涌水成功封堵的保证,关键孔是指直接揭露岩溶涌水管道或与涌水管道联通性极强并对注浆堵水起主要作用的钻孔。针对矿山Y01岩溶管道型特大涌水精准查找到2个关键孔,均在矿坑南部:一个是距涌水点直线距离约50 m的近距离钻孔(以下简称“近孔”),另一个是距涌水点直线距离约150 m的远距离钻孔(以下简称“远孔”)。现场采用近孔、远孔2个关键孔联合注浆工艺:近孔以粗骨料和自主研发的可控凝结新型材料进行注浆,远孔仅注水泥浆液;近孔粗骨料和新型材料既能降低管道内的水流速度为远孔浆液起到更好的留存沉积作用,又能作为封堵材料起到增强的功能,远孔因其离涌水点距离长、辐射范围广、浆液扩散充分而能确保封堵长度和效果。近孔、远孔协同配合同步注浆是封堵管道型大流量涌水的有效组合工艺。(3)涌水口止浆垫控流降速装置的合理有效调控,配合关键孔联合注浆工艺的同步实施,进一步确保了注浆浆液的有效快速留存和沉积,是岩溶地区封堵管道型大流量涌水的创新性技术和方法。项目实施后,彻底封堵矿坑内集中涌水量达7.12万m^(3)/d的Y01特大涌水点,实现总减水量8.43万m3/d(含非连续帷幕注浆封堵),保证了矿山的正常安全开采,大幅降低了抽排水费用,同时保护了周边环境和地下水资源,具有显著的经济效益和社会效益。研究成果可为我国矿山涌水灾害治理提供理论价值和经验借鉴。

基于流速权重系数的阻水比计算方法

阻水比是跨河桥梁防洪评价中的一个重要参数,而现有规程中阻水比的定义仅考虑阻水面积,没有考虑流速分布对阻水程度的影响,造成当河道主槽和边滩发育时计算的断面流速分布差异性较大。根据桥梁阻水引起的局部水头损失近似与水体流速平方成正比的关系,将建桥前桥墩处水体流速与桥址处全断面水体平均流速之比的平方作为流速权重系数,用以修正桥墩阻水面积,从而改进阻水比计算公式,并应用于实例验算。计算结果表明:①位于主槽的桥墩单位阻水面积对阻水比影响较大,而位于边滩的桥墩单位阻水面积对阻水比影响较小,且流速差异越大,阻水影响程度相差越大;②当主槽流速与全断面平均流速之比达到1.17以上时,应考虑流速权重影响系数对阻水比的影响。基于流速权重系数的阻水比能够较为真实地反映流速差异带来的阻水影响,更接近工程实际阻水情况,为有效减少桥墩对防洪的不利影响,桥梁设计时应尽量采用大跨度结构一跨跨越河道主槽。

多开发主体梯级电站实时负荷控制模型研究

由于多开发主体下梯级水电站间不能共享实时负荷数据,上一级电站发电负荷变动常导致本级电站非正常弃水或低水位运行问题。为解决这个问题,提出了基于预测控制的多开发主体梯级电站实时负荷控制模型来控制水位。模型分为实时跟踪、预测控制和厂内负荷分配3部分。实时跟踪每1 h进行一次入库流量反推计算来推算预测入库流量序列;预测控制根据标准差选择不同流量递推模型推算入库流量;厂内负荷分配以耗水量最小进行负荷分配优化,实现上游电站负荷及发电流量未知情况下的梯级电站实时负荷分配并保持水位稳定。所提出的实时负荷控制模型应用于木里河梯级电站实时负荷分配,对多开发主体下流域梯级水电站实时负荷分配,维持水位稳定具有一定的指导意义。

稻田控制排水对高邮灌区河道洪水过程的影响

以高邮灌区为例,采用水文-水动力模型,研究稻田控制排水措施对河道洪峰流量、水位和洪水过程的影响。结果表明,雨前通过控制灌溉适当降低田间水位可减轻稻田出流峰值,随着稻田控制水位的增加,稻田径流峰值逐渐降低。通过稻田控制排水,可降低田间出口峰值流量,改变灌区河道洪水过程,降低河道洪峰流量和水位,减轻灌区内部以及附近河道的防洪压力。

双层合采油井盲管控水机理数值模拟

依托胜利油田盲管控水先导开发试验项目,根据双层合采油井油水流入动态特征,建立了双层合采油井盲管控水模型,并利用Fluent软件开展不同长度与不同位置盲管作用下的双层合采油井地层产液特征数值模拟研究。结果表明:盲管可以增加高含水层的井底流压,降低地层产液流量。对于综合含水率达到80%的双层合采油井,盲管长度是影响其控水效果的主要因素,盲管越长,控水效果越明显。与无盲管相比,在2 m的高含水层全段放置盲管,产液含水率可降低30百分点。盲管位置是影响其控水效果的次要因素,在2 m的高含水层不同位置放置0.5 m盲管,产液含水率下降约3百分点。为保障控水效果,应针对高含水层所在位置,放置适应地层厚度的盲管,调控双层合采油井产液流量,达到控水的目的。在优化双层合采油井盲管长度和盲管位置的基础上,利用流体数值模拟对盲管的控水机理进行了深入研究,研究结果能为高含水油藏双层或多层合采油井实施盲管控水开采提供技术指导。

真空破坏阀对虹吸断流管道的水锤防护效果

针对虹吸断流结构管线水锤防护问题,运用Bentley Hammer软件进行水力过渡过程分析,提出了泵后液控蝶阀与真空破坏阀联合防护方案.结合管道压力控制标准,分析对比了在水泵事故停泵工况下真空破坏阀对虹吸结构处水锤的防护效果,同时对真空破坏阀在不同进口直径和不同整定值下的水锤防护效果进行了探讨分析.计算结果表明,增设真空破坏阀极大改善了虹吸处水锤负压,最低水锤负压为-3.69 m;真空破坏阀直径越大防护效果越好,最佳直径设置为管道直径1/3处;真空破坏阀整定值越大对水锤防护的效果越弱,整定值设为-3.80 m时管道水锤负压最小,整定值小于管道最小压力时阀不动作.该分析结果给真空破坏阀的选择提供了一定的参考,对虹吸断流结构输水工程水锤防护具有重要的意义.

基于黏度敏感性的流量控制阀研究及应用

在石油开采过程中,由于底水锥进、储层非均质性等原因会出现油层出水现象,这会导致产油量递减加快,于是不断有新技术被应用到油井完井之中,以达到延缓水突破和控水增油的目的。为此,文中研发了一种基于流量控制阀的控水技术,该结构可根据流体黏度大小自动控制阀体过流量,限制低黏度流体的通过性,在一定程度上起到了控水的作用。借助CFD软件对该项技术进行深入研究,并通过对流场特性分析,剖析了其工作原理及工作特性,该技术经渤海油田现场应用验证,取得了显著的控水增油效果,为控水生产的相关工具开发提供了理论依据及技术支撑。

水平井AICD控水阀油水过流特性仿真研究

水平井石油开采过程中容易出现底水突进现象,导致含水率迅速上升,开采周期缩短,严重影响油田采收率。针对一种新型的流道式自动流入控水装置(简称FD-AICD),借助于计算流体力学方法对装置的阻水过油流动行为进行研究,通过多参数影响分析定量评估阀对水平井稳油控水的作用效果。通过实验和数值仿真得到FD-AICD装置对于不同粘性过流液的压降-流量关系,验证数值仿真模型的可靠性。由数值模拟分析内部流道的流动机理,获得水和过油的过流流场特性,通过流体敏感性分析,总结结构参数对FD-AICD控水性能的影响。结果表明:过流压降随流量的增加而增加,过水压降高于过油压降;水相主要通过切向主流道流入环形腔室做高速旋转流动,油相则主要通过径向分支流道流入环形腔室,不经旋转直接流向出口;流量、粘度对压降的影响程度要高于密度;流场深度、出口直径对过流压降有显著影响,而内外圆环挡板角度差的影响不明显。

基于水模拟的控流装置对双流板坯中间包流场的影响

采用水模拟方法研究了不同控流装置对某钢厂78 t大型双流对称中间包的流场的影响。在1∶4几何比例水模型中,运用粒子图像测速(PIV)、流场示踪剂和RTD曲线等方法从不同的角度研究了有无坝孔、坝与长水口间距、堰与长水口间距、湍流抑制器高度、堰距中间包底部距离和坝高度对中间包内钢液流场的影响。结果表明,随着湍流抑制器高度加大,堰距中间包底部距离减小,中间包钢液平均停留时间显著增加,死区体积分数显著减小。另外,无孔坝可有效抑制短路流的发展,延长钢液的流动距离,增加平均停留时间;增大坝与长水口的间距,平均停留时间先增大后减小;增大堰与长水口的间距,通过坝孔直接流向出钢口的短路流得到发展,平均停留时间呈减小趋势。

水滴型整流罩对圆柱体结构绕流特性影响研究

该文运用商业软件Fluent对不同雷诺数(Re)工况下带水滴型整流罩圆柱体结构绕流问题进行了研究.首先,根据文献对附属整流罩圆柱体结构绕流进行求解,进而验证数值模型与计算参数的准确性.然后,重点分析Re与尾部形状角(θ)对圆柱体结构流场特性和流体力的影响.研究结果表明,Re与θ均会对圆柱体表面流体力系数与周围流体分布产生较大的影响.湍流工况下,整流罩对圆柱体结构阻力系数的减小程度会优于层流工况.同时,随θ的增大对流体力系数的影响程度会减小.当θ=30°~45°时,水滴型整流罩对圆柱体结构流体力的抑制效果显著;Re=1000时,阻力系数平均值与升力系数均方根值的最佳减小率分别为25.77%与92.34%.