This p aper presents two methods for easy determination of water influx in reservoirs based on the material balance theory of reservoirs,i.e.,the Net Production V olume Curve,and the Production Index Curve.These metho...This p aper presents two methods for easy determination of water influx in reservoirs based on the material balance theory of reservoirs,i.e.,the Net Production V olume Curve,and the Production Index Curve.These methods can be used for esti-ma tion of water influx in reservoirs without any assumption of aquifer shape and size by applying the production performance data.Hence the tedium of the c onventional trial-and-error calculations and obvious uncertainty could be over come in ap plication of the easy and practical new methods.展开更多
As we all know, cyclic gas injection is one of the most effective development methods to improve condensate oil recovery. When dealing with the calculation of the reserves, the injection-production differences and wat...As we all know, cyclic gas injection is one of the most effective development methods to improve condensate oil recovery. When dealing with the calculation of the reserves, the injection-production differences and water influx create great influence on the accuracy. Based on the existing research, we proposed a new material balance equation which considered the differences of composition between produced and injected fluids and the effect of water influx, and a solution was provided in this paper. The results of the method are closer to the actual situation because they are built on the law of conservation of mass, and the using of curve fitting method can not only avoid the use of water influx coefficient but also obtain the water influx rate and reserves at the same time. The YH-23 gas condensate reservoir is taking as a typical subject to do the research, which has been exploited by cycle gas injection for 14 years. Three different methods are used to calculate the reserves, and the results show that the method proposed in this paper has minimum error of 2.96%.展开更多
Compared with conventional gas reservoir,percolation mechanism of coalbed methane(CBM)is completely different,it is remarkably affected by adsorption/desorption performance,pressure variation and coalbed characteristi...Compared with conventional gas reservoir,percolation mechanism of coalbed methane(CBM)is completely different,it is remarkably affected by adsorption/desorption performance,pressure variation and coalbed characteristics.Then it is difficult to calculate the controlled reserves of CBM wells.Moreover,the connection of edge-bottom water or interbedded water by fractures or faults may largely increase the water yield and drainage period,leading to obvious water invasion in some CBM wells.There are few literature about the predicted production for CBM wells with high water yield.Focusing on the unconventional CBM reservoir,methods of pseudo geological reserves and production index curves are adopted to establish the calculation model of water influx and controlled reserves.It further confirms that the calculation model is successfully applicated on the CBM wells at the middle part of Qinshui Basin in China.展开更多
Plant receptors constitute a large protein family that regulates various aspects of development and responses to external cues.Functional characterization of this protein family and the identification of their ligands...Plant receptors constitute a large protein family that regulates various aspects of development and responses to external cues.Functional characterization of this protein family and the identification of their ligands remain major challenges in plant biology.Previously,we identified plasma membrane-intrinsic sucrose-induced receptor kinase 1(SIRK1)and Qian Shou kinase 1(QSK1)as receptor/co-receptor pair involved in the regulation of aquaporins in response to osmotic conditions induced by sucrose.In this study,we identified a member of the elicitor peptide(PEP)family,namely PEP7,as the specific ligand of th receptor kinase SIRK1.PEP7 binds to the extracellular domain of SIRK1 with a binding constant of 1.44±0.79μM and is secreted to the apoplasm specifically in response to sucrose treatment.Stabilization of a signaling complex involving SIRK1,QSK1,and aquaporins as substrates is mediated by alterations in the external sucrose concentration or by PEP7 application.Moreover,the presence of PEP7 induces the phosphorylation of aquaporins in vivo and enhances water influx into protoplasts.Disturbed water influx,in turn,led to delayed lateral root development in the pep7 mutant.The loss-of-function mutant of SIRK1 is not responsive to external PEP7 treatment regarding kinase activity,aquaporin phosphorylation,water influx activity,and lateral root development.Taken together,our data indicate that the PEP7/SIRK1/QSK1 complex represents a crucial perception and response module that mediates sucrose-controlled water flux in plants and lateral root development.展开更多
Sand production is a critical issue during the development of offshore oil and gas fields.Certain gas fields(e.g.the AB gas field)have high porosity and high permeability,and with water at the bottom of the reservoir,...Sand production is a critical issue during the development of offshore oil and gas fields.Certain gas fields(e.g.the AB gas field)have high porosity and high permeability,and with water at the bottom of the reservoir,the risk of sand production greatly increases at high differential pressures.Based on reservoir properties,geological conditions,production requirements,and well logging data,in this study an ultrasonic time difference method,a B index method,and a S index method are used together with a model of rock mass failure(accounting for water influx and pressure depletion)to qualitatively predict sand production.The results show that considered sample gas field has an overall high risk of sand production.The critical differential pressure(CDP)without water influx is in the range of 1.40 to 2.35 MPa,the CDP after water influx is from 0.60 to 1.41MPa.The CDP under pressure depletion is in the range of 1.20 to 1.92 MPa.The differential pressure charts of sand production are plotted,and the safe differential pressure windows with or without water influx are obtained.The model calculation results and the experimental results are consistent with the field production data,which indicates that the implemented prediction method could be taken as a reference for sand production prediction in similar deep water gas fields.展开更多
文摘This p aper presents two methods for easy determination of water influx in reservoirs based on the material balance theory of reservoirs,i.e.,the Net Production V olume Curve,and the Production Index Curve.These methods can be used for esti-ma tion of water influx in reservoirs without any assumption of aquifer shape and size by applying the production performance data.Hence the tedium of the c onventional trial-and-error calculations and obvious uncertainty could be over come in ap plication of the easy and practical new methods.
文摘As we all know, cyclic gas injection is one of the most effective development methods to improve condensate oil recovery. When dealing with the calculation of the reserves, the injection-production differences and water influx create great influence on the accuracy. Based on the existing research, we proposed a new material balance equation which considered the differences of composition between produced and injected fluids and the effect of water influx, and a solution was provided in this paper. The results of the method are closer to the actual situation because they are built on the law of conservation of mass, and the using of curve fitting method can not only avoid the use of water influx coefficient but also obtain the water influx rate and reserves at the same time. The YH-23 gas condensate reservoir is taking as a typical subject to do the research, which has been exploited by cycle gas injection for 14 years. Three different methods are used to calculate the reserves, and the results show that the method proposed in this paper has minimum error of 2.96%.
基金The work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U1762212 and 51374181)the State Key Laboratory of CBM Enrichment Mechanisms(No.2016SZ05036-002).
文摘Compared with conventional gas reservoir,percolation mechanism of coalbed methane(CBM)is completely different,it is remarkably affected by adsorption/desorption performance,pressure variation and coalbed characteristics.Then it is difficult to calculate the controlled reserves of CBM wells.Moreover,the connection of edge-bottom water or interbedded water by fractures or faults may largely increase the water yield and drainage period,leading to obvious water invasion in some CBM wells.There are few literature about the predicted production for CBM wells with high water yield.Focusing on the unconventional CBM reservoir,methods of pseudo geological reserves and production index curves are adopted to establish the calculation model of water influx and controlled reserves.It further confirms that the calculation model is successfully applicated on the CBM wells at the middle part of Qinshui Basin in China.
基金the German Research Foundation(DFG)with grants to W.X.S.(SCHU1533/10-1 and SCHU1533/11-1)to K.H.(CRC 1101-D02,HA 2146/22-2,and HA 2146/23-1)a grant for scientific equipment(INST 37/819-1 FUGG).
文摘Plant receptors constitute a large protein family that regulates various aspects of development and responses to external cues.Functional characterization of this protein family and the identification of their ligands remain major challenges in plant biology.Previously,we identified plasma membrane-intrinsic sucrose-induced receptor kinase 1(SIRK1)and Qian Shou kinase 1(QSK1)as receptor/co-receptor pair involved in the regulation of aquaporins in response to osmotic conditions induced by sucrose.In this study,we identified a member of the elicitor peptide(PEP)family,namely PEP7,as the specific ligand of th receptor kinase SIRK1.PEP7 binds to the extracellular domain of SIRK1 with a binding constant of 1.44±0.79μM and is secreted to the apoplasm specifically in response to sucrose treatment.Stabilization of a signaling complex involving SIRK1,QSK1,and aquaporins as substrates is mediated by alterations in the external sucrose concentration or by PEP7 application.Moreover,the presence of PEP7 induces the phosphorylation of aquaporins in vivo and enhances water influx into protoplasts.Disturbed water influx,in turn,led to delayed lateral root development in the pep7 mutant.The loss-of-function mutant of SIRK1 is not responsive to external PEP7 treatment regarding kinase activity,aquaporin phosphorylation,water influx activity,and lateral root development.Taken together,our data indicate that the PEP7/SIRK1/QSK1 complex represents a crucial perception and response module that mediates sucrose-controlled water flux in plants and lateral root development.
基金This research is financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52174015)supported by the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University(IRT_14R58).
文摘Sand production is a critical issue during the development of offshore oil and gas fields.Certain gas fields(e.g.the AB gas field)have high porosity and high permeability,and with water at the bottom of the reservoir,the risk of sand production greatly increases at high differential pressures.Based on reservoir properties,geological conditions,production requirements,and well logging data,in this study an ultrasonic time difference method,a B index method,and a S index method are used together with a model of rock mass failure(accounting for water influx and pressure depletion)to qualitatively predict sand production.The results show that considered sample gas field has an overall high risk of sand production.The critical differential pressure(CDP)without water influx is in the range of 1.40 to 2.35 MPa,the CDP after water influx is from 0.60 to 1.41MPa.The CDP under pressure depletion is in the range of 1.20 to 1.92 MPa.The differential pressure charts of sand production are plotted,and the safe differential pressure windows with or without water influx are obtained.The model calculation results and the experimental results are consistent with the field production data,which indicates that the implemented prediction method could be taken as a reference for sand production prediction in similar deep water gas fields.