A Simplified Model with Soil Water Limitation on Spring Wheat Growth

The authors constructed a simplified model of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) carbon assimilation and dry matter accumulation (DMA) process which consisted of two independent variables, day length (L) and total daily radiation (TDR). Leaf water potential (Ψ) was incorporated into the simplified growth model based on the assumption that both light use efficiency (α) and CO 2 conductance of assimilation (g c) were depressed by water limitation. Finally,Ψ was estimated from a regression equation in which the independent variables were relative soil water content in the upper 80 cm (θ R,80 ), ambient temperature (T a), vapor pressure deficit (VPD), the cumulative leaf water potential below thresholds of -1.5 MPa (Ψ c,1.5 ). Some applications in research program of field experiment of atmosphere_land surface processes in Heihe River region were tested. The simulated data agreed well with the data observed at Linze oasis in 1989 for various levels of water supply and at Zhangye oasis in 1992 in the field. The analysis and simulation using the model demonstrated that the simplified growth model could describe very well the DMA process of spring wheat with and without water limitation in the region of HEIFE (Heihe field experiment).

Responses of Lowland, Upland and Aerobic Rice Genotypes to Water Limitation During Different Phases

Rice yield reduction due to water limitation depends on its severity and duration and on the phenological stage of its occurrence.We exposed three contrasting rice genotypes,IR64,UPLRi7 and Apo(adapted to lowland,upland and aerobic conditions,respectively),to three water regimes(puddle,100%and 60%field capacity)in pots during the vegetative(GSI),flowering(GSII)and grain filling(GSIII)stages.Stress at all the three stages significantly reduced yield especially in lowland genotype IR64.Effect of water limitation was more severe at GSII than at the other two stages.Stress at GSI stage reduced both source activity(leaf area and photosynthetic rate)and sink capacity(tiller number or panicle number per pot).When stress was imposed at GSII,spikelet fertility was most affected in all the three genotypes.In both GSII and GSIII,although leaf area was constant in all the three water regimes,estimated relative whole-plant photosynthesis was strongly associated with yield reduction.Reduced photosynthesis due to stress at any given stage was found to have direct impact on yield.Compared to the other genotypes,Apo had deeper roots and maintained a better water relation,thus,higher carbon gain and spikelet viability,and ultimately,higher biomass and productivity under water-limited conditions.Therefore,screening for these stage-dependent adaptive mechanisms is crucial in breeding for sustained rice production under water limitation.

Recent leveling off of vegetation greenness and primary production reveals the increasing soil water limitations on the greening Earth

Global vegetation photosynthesis and productivity have increased substantially since the 1980s,but this trend is heterogeneous in both time and space.Here,we categorize the secular trend in global vegetation greenness into sustained greening,sustained browning and greening-to-browning.We found that by 2016,increased global vegetation greenness had begun to level off,with the area of browning increasing in the last decade,reaching 39.0 million km^(2)(35.9%of the world’s vegetated area).This area is larger than the area with sustained increasing growth(27.8 million km^(2),26.4%);thus,12.0%±3.1%(0.019±0.004 NDVI a^(-1))of the previous earlier increase has been offset since 2010(2010–2016,P<0.05).Global gross primary production also leveled off,following the trend in vegetation greenness in time and space.This leveling off was caused by increasing soil water limitations due to the spatial expansion of drought,whose impact dominated over the impacts of temperature and solar radiation.This response of global gross primary production to soil water limitation was not identified by land submodels within Earth system models.Our results provide empirical evidence that global vegetation greenness and primary production are offset by water stress and suggest that as global warming continues,land submodels may overestimate the world’s capacity to take up carbon with global vegetation greening.

Evaluation of high yielding soybean germplasm under water limitation

Limited information is available for soybean root traits and their plasticity under drought stress. To date, no studies have focused on examining diverse soybean germ- plasm for regulation of shoot and root response under water limited conditions across varying soil types. In this study, 17 genetically diverse soybean germplasm lines were selected to study root response to water limited conditions in clay （trial 1） and sandy soil （trial 2） in two target environments. Physiological data on shoot traits was measured at multiple crop stages ranging from early vegetative to pod filling. The phenotypic root traits, and biomass accumulation data are collected at pod filling stage. In trial 1, the number of lateral roots and forks were positively correlated with plot yield under water limitation and in trial 2, lateral root thickness was positively correlated with the hill plot yield. Plant Introduction （PI） 578477A and 088444 were found to have higher later root number and forks in clay soil with higher yield under water limitation, in sandy soil, P1458o2o was found to have a thicker lateral root system and higher yield under water limitation. The genotypes identified in this study could be used to enhance drought tolerance of elite soybean cultivars through improved root traits specific to target environments.

Exogenous application of glycine betaine improved water use efficiency in winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) via modulating photosynthetic efficiency and antioxidative capacity under conventional and limited irrigation conditions

Improving water use efficiency(WUE)is an important subject in agricultural irrigation for alleviating the scarcity of water resources in semiarid regions of the North China Plain.Moreover,glycine betaine(GB)is one of the most effective compatible solutes synthesized naturally in plants for enhancing stress tolerance under abiotic stress,but little information is available on the involvement of GB in regulating crop WUE under field conditions.This study was conducted to explore the role of exogenously applied GB in improving WUE and plant physiological and biochemical responses inwinterwheat subjected to conventional or limited irrigation during the 2015–2016 and 2016–2017 growing seasons.Exogenous application of GB significantly enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities and reduced the accumulation ofmalondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide under limited irrigation conditions.Furthermore,GB-treated plantsmaintained higher leaf relative water content andmembrane stability,which led to higher chlorophyll content and gas exchange attributes for better intrinsic and instantaneouswater use efficiencies compared to control plants under limited irrigation conditions.GB-treated plants had higher indole-acetic acid and zeatin riboside levels but lower ABA levels compared to control plants under conventional and limited irrigation conditions.Additionally,GB enhanced the grain filling rate and duration,grain number per spike,and final grainweight,which resulted in higher grain yield compared to the control.Interestingly,GB significantly improved the integrative and photosynthetic WUE under conventional and limited irrigation conditions,although GB treatment did not markedly affect total water consumption.These results suggest the involvement of GB in improving WUEs in winter wheat by modulating hormonal balance,membrane stability,photosynthetic performance and antioxidant systems to maintain higher grain yield under conventional and limited irrigation conditions.

Phosphorus limitation in biofiltration for drinking water treatment

Bacterial growth potential(BGP) method and two parallel pilot scale biofilters were used to investigate phosphorus limitation and its effect on the removal of organic matters in biofiltration for drinking water treatment. Addition of phosphorus can substantially increase the BGPs of the samples. Its effect was equivalent to that of addition of a mixture of various inorganic nutrients including phosphorus. The biofilter with phosphate added into its influent performed a higher biological stability of the effluent and a higher COD Mn removal than the control filter. These results suggested that phosphorus was the limiting nutrient in the biofiltration and the removal efficiency of organic matters could be improved by adding phosphate into the influent.

Soil water resources use limit in the loess plateau of China

Soil water is a key factor limiting plant growth in water-limited regions. Without limit of soil water used by plants, soil degradation in the form of soil desiccation is easy to take place in the perennial forestland and grassland with too higher density or productivity. Soil water resources use limit (SWRUL) is the lowest control limit of soil water resources which is used by plants in those regions. It can be defined as soil water storage within the maximum infiltration depth in which all of soil layers belong to dried soil layers. In this paper, after detailed discussion of characteristics of water resources and the relationship between soil water and plant growth in the Loess Plateau, the definition, quantitative method, and practical applications of SWRUL are introduced. Henceforth, we should strengthen the study of SWRUL and have a better understanding of soil water resources. All those are of great importance for designing effective restoration project and sustainable management of soil water resources in water- limited regions in the future.

Water Dissociation Phenomena on a Bipolar Membrane──Current-voltage Curve in Relation with IonicTransport and Limiting Current Density

The water dissociation mechanism on a bipolar membrane under the electrical field was investigated and characterized in terms of ionic transport and limiting current density. It is considered that the depletion layer exists at the junction of a bipolar membrane, which is coincided with the viewpoint of the most literatures, but we also consider that the thickness and conductivity of this layer is not only related with the increase of the applied voltage but also with the limiting current density. Below the limiting current density, the thickness of the depletion layer keeps a constant and the conductivity decreases with the increase of the applied voltage; while above the limiting current density, the depletion thickness will increase with the increase of the applied voltage and the conductivity keeps a very low constant. Based on the data reported in the literatures and independent determinations, the limiting current density was calculated and the experimental curves Ⅰ-Ⅴ in the two directions were com

Effects of Limited Water Supply and Ridge Plotted Field on Soybean Yield and Dry Matter Accumulation

The drought in spring leads to the lack of soil water, which influents sprout and bud of crops, which furthermore affects growth and yield of crops. Studying the technology integration of bed-irrigating sowing, the mending irrigation of seedling stage and the effect of water-saving of ridge plotted field, analyzing the finger of yield and dry matter accumulation, water-saving technology integration have good effects on water-saving, water storage and increasing moisture on soil and enhancement of soybean yield.

Influence of heating and water-exposure on the liquid limits of GMZ01 and MX80 bentonites

Bentonite has been considered as a buffer material for embedding canisters with high-level radioactive waste（HLW） in deep geological repositories.GMZ bentonite deposit,located in Xinghe County,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,China was proposed as a buffer/backfill material for HLW repository in China.The liquid limits of natural Na-bentonite GMZ01 and commercial Na-bentonite MX80,which are previously heated at 80 ℃ and 95 ℃,respectively,and exposed to water for different times are measured.It is observed that the liquid limit of GMZ01 increases slightly at the beginning,and then decreases as the heating time increases,while the liquid limit of MX80 decreases with the heating time.The liquid limits of both GMZ01 and MX80 decrease with increasing water-exposure time.After the samples are heated at 80℃and 95 ℃ for several months,the mineralogical composition of GMZ01 does not exhibit evident change,whereas MX80 experiences some changes.In addition,the chemical composition,cation exchange capacity（CEC） and exchangeable cation of all the samples do not change significantly.

Estimation of drift limits for different seismic damage states of RC frame staging in elevated water tanks using Park and Ang damage index

Damage to elevated water tanks in past earthquakes can be attributed to the poor performance of their supporting frame staging. In order to ascertain the performance of these elevated water tanks, it is crucial to categorize the damage in quantifiable damage states. Among various parameters to quantify the damage states, the top drift of frame staging can be conveniently correlated to the different damage levels. In literature, drift limits corresponding to different damage states of the frame staging of the elevated water tank are not available. In the present study, drift limits for RC frame staging in elevated water tanks corresponding to different seismic damage states have been proposed. Various damage states of the elevated water tank have been determined using the Park and Ang damage index. The Park and Ang damage index utilizes results of both pushover analysis and incremental dynamic analysis. Twelve models of elevated water tanks have been developed considering variation in staging height and tank capacity. Incremental dynamic analysis has been performed using the suite of twelve actual earthquake ground motions. Based on the regression analysis between damage indexes and drift, limiting drift values for each damage state are proposed.

基于极限平衡理论的陷落柱防水煤柱留设研究

为有效治理含水陷落柱的导水致灾现象,以平朔井工一矿4108工作面为背景,根据井下实际地质生产条件计算防水煤柱极限平衡宽度,从理论层面初步确定防水煤柱留设宽度,同时利用UDEC软件对不同宽度的煤柱塑性破坏进行数值模拟分析。模拟结果表明:当煤柱宽度达到40 m时,煤柱内的屈服区和周边裂隙带基本保持稳定,根据煤柱稳定性对弹性区宽度应大于14 m的要求,防水煤柱宽度应留设40 m;在煤柱宽度与弹性区宽度关系上,煤柱内弹性区的宽度随着煤柱宽度的增加而增加,当煤柱宽度大于40 m时,煤柱内屈服区与塑性区的宽度已基本稳定。4108工作面采用设计的绕过陷落柱方案,优化了绕过陷落柱工序,有效降低了煤炭资源的损失。

考虑生态流量约束的梯级水库分期消落水位多目标优化调度

针对如何表征枯水期季节性特征、优化分期消落水位来指导水库群消落调度的科学问题,提出了考虑生态流量约束的梯级水库分期消落水位多目标优化调度模型。以金沙江中下游6座水库与三峡水库为研究对象,综合运用多种数理统计方法划分流域枯水期;采用逐月滑动计算法推求梯级水库分期消落水位;以生态和发电效益最大为目标函数,利用NSGA-Ⅱ算法求解调度模型,得到不同来水情景下梯级水库枯水期消落调度方案。研究结果表明:不同来水情景下,相较于常规调度方案,选定的优化调度方案可增加梯级水库发电量30.20亿~52.27亿kW·h(增加2.3%~5.0%)和供水量83.15亿~87.14亿m3(增加5.8%~7.4%),并提高河道生态流量保证率2.6%~22.9%。研究成果可为协调梯级水库生态和发电调度提供技术支撑。

基于水流牵引力的河道岸坡稳定性分析

基于极限平衡理论,结合水平条分法,将Bishop法的竖直条间力关系转换到水平土条上,推导出水流牵引力作用下均质岸坡稳定安全系数的理论计算公式,将其结果与ABAQUS有限元软件的强度折减法模拟的计算结果进行对比分析。结合工程实际,分析水流牵引力对不同坡比河流岸坡的稳定性影响规律。结果表明,理论计算公式与软件模拟的结果基本吻合,误差不超过2.1%。河流中水流牵引力会增大岸坡土体的下滑力矩,降低河流岸坡土体稳定安全系数;当岸坡土体遭受降雨、坡脚土体劣化作用等多因素作用下而处于临界稳定状态时,水流牵引力可能成为滑坡启动的关键因素;在河流岸坡失稳滑动时,水流牵引力将导致滑体向河道方向滑移更远距离,加重滑坡对河流航道安全的危害;坡度越陡,岸坡稳定安全系数受水流牵引力的影响越大。在进行高陡河流岸坡稳定性分析时,水流牵引力是与强降雨、泥石流等因素同样重要且不可忽视的导致岸坡灾变失稳的外部荷载作用。

不同灌溉下限对科尔沁沙地紫花苜蓿生产性能的影响

为了探究不同灌溉下限对科尔沁沙地紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)产量、品质及水分利用效率(Water use efficiency, WUE)的影响,本文以雨养(CK)作为对照,设置了70%~75%田间持水量(Field capacity, FC)(W1),60%~65%FC (W2),50%~55%FC(W3) 3个灌溉下限,试验结果表明:随着灌溉下限的增加,苜蓿耗水量与年产量均显著增加,但WUE显著降低,且耗水量与年产量、WUE间均呈抛物线关系;相比于W1,W2仅减产5.5%,但可节水22.7%且WUE提高14.5%;不同灌溉下限对粗蛋白含量(Crude protein, CP)无显著性影响,但灌溉下限的降低会引起相对饲喂价值(Relative feed value, RFV)明显升高。基于灰色关联度分析,结合产量、品质及WUE的表现,推荐60%~65%FC为科尔沁沙地苜蓿水分管理的灌溉下限。

基于基于TOPSIS法对和田地区温室番茄滴灌方案优选研究

为了确定和田地区日光温室越冬茬番茄适宜的灌溉指标,进而为该地区设施农业的科学灌溉提供理论依据,于2020年10月至次年4月,以番茄“粉保利”为材料,在新疆昆玉市现代农业科技示范园进行了灌溉试验。设置了4种土壤水分下限处理T1、T2、T3和CK(分别为田间持水率的45%、60%、70%及80%),利用TOPSIS法对滴灌方案进行综合评价优选。研究表明:T3水分下限处理与CK处理相比可提高番茄产量7.5%,T1处理番茄产量最低。随着番茄水分下限升高,灌水量增加,灌溉水利用效率和水分利用效率显著降低。降低水分下限对番茄可溶性固形物(TSS)、可溶性糖、Vc、可滴定酸含量和果实硬度影响显著(P<0.05)。采用TOPSIS法,对番茄产量、水分利用效率、灌溉水利用效率及品质综合评价,得出适宜本地区越冬茬番茄滴灌水分下限最优处理为T3(70%田持)处理。

正交试验法优选咽炎丸成型工艺

目的优选并确立咽炎丸的最佳制备工艺。方法以咽炎丸溶散时限为考察指标,采用正交试验法对丸剂生产过程中的药材粉碎细度(A)、整圆时间(B)、干燥温度(C)、干燥时间(D)4个因素进行优选研究。结果咽炎丸的最佳成型工艺为:中药饮片粉碎成150目细粉,制成的丸剂整圆10 min,在70℃干燥14 h。结论优选出的成型工艺稳定、重复性好,所得丸粒圆整、色泽均一,溶散时限短,适合于工业化生产。

连续流动分析测定生活饮用水中高锰酸盐指数

介绍了使用连续流动分析技术测定生活饮用水中高锰酸盐指数,说明了测定方法的原理、试剂和仪器参数指标。通过实验所得的校准曲线相关系数r=0.9996,方法检出限为0.03mg/L,方法精密度在2.0%~2.7%之间。该方法适用于大批量水样的分析,与国标酸性高锰酸钾滴定法相比,检出限更低,操作更加简便、快捷,符合生活饮用水中高锰酸盐指数测定的要求。

结合遗传算法的水库汛限水位动态控制模型研究

针对水库汛限水位动态控制问题,提出一种新的自适应交叉变异遗传算法,解决了水库防洪效益与发电效益之间的矛盾问题,实现了水库水位的调整,缓解了防洪效益与发电效益的冲突。遗传算法使原始汛期水位提升了0.7m,蓄水量提升了2947m^(3),同时增加了发电量233.33×10^(4) kW·h。基于峡山水库实例试验的研究结果表明,结合遗传算法的水库汛限水位动态控制模型,不仅可对水位进行实时性调节,还能提升水库效益,研究结果可应用于各水库防洪系统。

温度对高液限土吸附结合水及其变形影响的试验研究

为研究温度变化对高液限黏土吸附结合水含量的影响及高液限黏土路堤的变形规律,该文选取海南高液限黏土为主要研究对象,并与湖南低液限砂土进行对比研究。通过核磁共振试验,探究温度对高液限黏土吸附结合水含量的影响规律;通过温控固结仪开展固结试验,分析温度对高液限黏土路堤变形的影响规律;借助分子动力学模拟软件,从微观层面探究温度对高岭石吸附水分子影响机制。结果表明:温度由5℃上升至45℃,高液限黏土中吸附结合水减少4.3个百分点,远大于低液限砂土减少量(1.4个百分点)。恒定温度、相同荷载路径下,高液限黏土孔隙比随温度升高变化较大,而低液限砂土几乎不受影响,说明高液限黏土温敏性更强。恒定压力下,温度升高对高岭石吸附水有削弱作用;相同的升温路径下,压力越大高岭石吸附的水分子量越多。