Optimization of Injection Parameters for Profile Control and Flooding in an Oilfield during High Water Cut Period

In order to improve the effect of water control and oil stabilization during high water cut period, a mathematical model of five point method well group was established with the high water cut well group of an Oilfield as the target area, the variation law of water cut and recovery factor of different injection parameters was analyzed, and the optimization research of injection parameters of polymer enhanced foam flooding was carried out. The results show that the higher the injection rate, the lower the water content curve, and the higher the oil recovery rate. As the foam defoamed when encountering oil, when the injection time was earlier than 80% of water cut, the later the injection time was, the better the oil displacement effect would be. When the injection time was later than 80% of water cut, the later the injection time was, the worse the oil displacement effect would be. The larger the injection volume, the lower the water content curve and the higher the recovery rate. After the injection volume exceeded 0.2 PV, the amplitude of changes in water content and recovery rate slowed down. The optimal injection parameters of profile control agent for high water content well group in Oilfield A were: injection rate of 15 m3/d, injection timing of 80% water content, and injection volume of 0.2 PV.

Risk assessment of water security in Haihe River Basin during drought periods based on D-S evidence theory

The weights of the drought risk index （DRI）, which linearly combines the reliability, resiliency, and vulnerability, are difficult to obtain due to complexities in water security during drought periods. Therefore, drought entropy was used to determine the weights of the three critical indices. Conventional simulation results regarding the risk load of water security during drought periods were often regarded as precise. However, neither the simulation process nor the DRI gives any consideration to uncertainties in drought events. Therefore, the Dempster-Shafer （D-S） evidence theory and the evidential reasoning algorithm were introduced, and the DRI values were calculated with consideration of uncertainties of the three indices. The drought entropy and evidential reasoning algorithm were used in a case study of the Haihe River Basin to assess water security risks during drought periods. The results of the new DRI values in two scenarios were compared and analyzed. It is shown that the values of the DRI in the D-S evidence algorithm increase slightly from the original results of Zhang et al. （2005）, and the results of risk assessment of water security during drought periods are reasonable according to the situation in the study area. This study can serve as a reference for further practical application and planning in the Haihe River Basin, and other relevant or similar studies.

High Speed Observation of Periodic Cavity Behavior in a Convergent-Divergent Nozzle for Cavitating Water Jet

Cloud cavitation shows an unsteady periodic tendency under a certain flow condition. In a cavitating water jet flow with cavitation clouds, the cavities or the clouds produce high impact at their collapse. In order to make clear a mechanism of the periodic cavity behavior, we experimentally examine the behavior in a transparent cylindrical convergent-divergent nozzle using a high-speed video camera. An effect of upstream pressure fluctuation due to a plunger pump is investigated from a viewpoint of unsteady behavior in a cavitating water jet. As a result, it is found that the cavitating flow has two kinds of oscillation patterns in the cavity length (cavitation cloud region). One is due to the upstream pressure fluctuation caused by the plunger pump. The other is much shorter periodic motion related to the characteristic oscillation of cavitation clouds accompanied with the shrinking (reentrant), growing and shedding motion of the clouds.

Grey forewarning and prediction for mine water inflowing catastrophe periods

Based on the theory of grey system, established GM （1, 1） grey catastrophe predict model for the first time in order to forecast the catastrophe periods of mine water inflowing （not the volume of water inflowing）. After establishing the grey predict system of the catastrophe regularity of 10 month-average volume of water inflowing, the grey forewarning for mine water inflowing catastrophe periods was established which was used to analyze water disaster in 400 meter level of Wennan Colliery. Based on residual analysis, it shows that the result of grey predict system is almost close to the actual value. And the scene actual result also shows the reliability of prediction. Both the theoretical analysis and the scene actual result indicate feasibility and reliability of the method of grey catastrophe predict system.

Monitoring and Assessment of Water Quality of Centralized Drinking Water Sources in Kaixian County during the " Twelfth Five-year Plan " Period

Based on the monitoring data of water quality of more than 40 centralized drinking water sources in 40 towns （townships or streets） of Kaixian County in the first and second half of each year during the ＂Twelfth Five-year Plan＂ period, the changing rules of the water quality were studied to provide scientific references for the improvement of drinking water safety of urban and rural residents and drinking water quality. The re- sults show that the water quality of centralized drinking water sources in Kaixian County improved year by year during the ＂Twelfth Five-year Plan＂ period, and most monitoring sites with water quality exceeding the standard are distributed in reservoirs. Total phosphorus, total nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand, and permanganate index exceeded the standard obviously. Main pollution sources are domestic pollution and non-point source pol- lution caused by excessive discharge of nitrogen, phosphorus and organic pollutants. To improve drinking water quality, it is suggested that some towns can get drinking water from other reservoirs, surface water or underground water with better quality instead of previous reservoirs with water quality exceeding the standard, and the control of non-point source pollution should be enhanced.

Periodic folded waves for a (2+1)-dimensional modified dispersive water wave equation

A general solution, including three arbitrary functions, is obtained for a （2~l）-dimensional modified dispersive water-wave （MDWW） equation by means of the WTC truncation method. Introducing proper multiple valued functions and Jacobi elliptic functions in the seed solution, special types of periodic folded waves are derived. In the long wave limit these periodic folded wave patterns may degenerate into single localized folded solitary wave excitations. The interactions of the periodic folded waves and the degenerated single folded solitary waves are investigated graphically and found to be completely elastic.

The Water Vapor Transport Model at the Regional Boundaryduring the Meiyu Period

The water vapor transport model at the regional boundary in the Meiyu period is put forward through diagnostic analysis. The numerical simulation on the water vapor transport at the boundary of China in the heavy rainfall period during June–July 1998 shows that the feature of water vapor transport in June is different from that in July. The main body of the water cycle that forms the torrential rain in the Yangtze River Valley is made up of water vapor transport at the western and southern boundaries of the China region in June, whereas the water vapor flow at the western boundary in middle Tibet turns out to be the main body of water vapor sources in July. The water vapor transport at the western boundary of the Tibetan Plateau and the southern boundary of China plays an important role in the torrential rain in the Yangtze River Valley. The temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of water vapor flow at the regional boundary and their theoretical model would provide the scientific proof for the heavy rain forecasts in the Yangtze River Valley.

Transport of Water Vapor over North China during the Drought Period in Summer of 1980

The features of water vapor transport, such as temporal evolution, vertical structure and spatial pattern, over North China during the prolonged drought in the summer of 1980 have been analyzed through computation of water vapor flux based on the once daily ECMWF grid-point data at 12GMT. The results indicate that it is unlikely that the characteristics of the atmospheric mass divergence, ascending motion and stratification stability in North China were completely opposite to those in the Yangtze River Valley, where the heavy flood occurred in the summer of 1980. It is major differences that the strong ascending motion and significant water vapor convergence overlap fairly well each other in the vertical levels in the Yangtze River Valley, while the maximum ascending motion is accompanied by water vapor divergence or weak water vapor convergence in North China. This vertical structure in North China results in insufficient water vapor supply and, therefore, little condensation and precipitation in the middle and upper atmosphere were produced. Additionally, a mode of monthly-scale low frequency oscillation can be found in water vapor flux, which is in correspondence to the fluctuation period of rainfall.

基于投影寻踪模型的特高含水油藏剩余油可采潜力评价方法

影响特高含水油藏剩余油可采潜力的因素极其复杂,且各因素的影响程度差异明显,常规方法多以剩余油饱和度或剩余油储量丰度等单一指标评价剩余油潜力,难以有效指导特高含水油藏剩余油挖潜。在充分考虑特高含水油藏剩余油可采潜力影响因素的基础上,综合表征储层非均质性、剩余油可采储量规模、水淹状况以及油水分流能力的差异,构建了特高含水油藏剩余油可采潜力量化评价指标体系,并考虑不同指标对剩余油可采潜力控制程度的差异,将加速遗传算法与投影寻踪模型相结合来确定各评价指标的客观权重,从而构建了剩余油可采潜力指数,形成特高含水油藏剩余油可采潜力量化评价新方法。以渤海Q油田南区主力产层NmIL砂体为例,开展特高含水油藏剩余油可采潜力量化评价,结果表明,新方法可综合表征不同区域位置的储层物性、可采储量丰度和油水分流能力对剩余油可采潜力的影响,实现了主力产层NmIL砂体剩余油可采潜力分布的差异化定量评价,优势可采潜力区域刻画明显,将其作为NmIL砂体下一步井网加密调整潜力区域,以精准指导加密水平井的部署,为特高含水油藏剩余油挖潜提供了一种全新的分析方法与思路。

The Response of Winter Wheat Root to the Period and the After-Effect of Soil Water Stress

To reveal the period and after-effect of soil water stress on winter wheat, the article employs the experiment results carried out in the greenhouse. The results showed that the root-restricted weights varied with stress degrees and stress times during and after water stressing. In the course of stress, the chief reason resticting the weight of root was the stress intensity at this time, and that of severe stress treatment was larger than that of mild stress treatment. After water stress was relieved, the results of the after-effect of soil water stress on root growth were that, the stress intensity of short-time and mild stress was larger than that of long-time and severe stress. Comparing two-stage stress intensities, root-restricted weight resulted from after-effect intensity of stress under all of the short-time treatment, and the mild and the long-time stress treatments, while that resulted from the period stress intensity under the severe and the long-time stress treatments. In general, the effects of water stress on root were attributed to the three factors, a formed basis in the previous stage, the after-effect of water condition before this stage and influence of water in this stage, which lead to the characters of root in the whole growth stage.

水位升降过程中细粒流失促进堆石料湿化变形的试验研究

堆石料在周期性水位循环升降作用下会产生细粒流失现象,从而加剧堆石料的湿化变形。以某发生显著后期变形的心墙堆石坝的上游堆石料为研究对象,采用侧限压缩潜蚀试验装置,针对连续和间断两种颗粒级配的试样,对比开展了恒定水位和升降水位条件下的单轴固结湿化变形试验,得到了轴向应变和细粒流失量的发展过程。试验结果证实,周期性水位升降引起的细粒流失会促进湿化变形的发展,其影响程度与颗粒级配、竖向压力、水位升降速率及初始含水率有关。连续级配试样的内部稳定性优于间断级配试样,细粒流失量更少,因此提高堆石料级配的连续性会降低细粒流失对湿化变形的促进作用。增大竖向压力会提高堆石料内部颗粒间约束力,降低细粒流失量,从而降低细粒流失对湿化变形的促进作用。水位升降速率的提高会增大水对颗粒的渗透力,从而增大细粒流失量,加大湿化变形。增大初始含水率会提高堆石料的压实性,颗粒排列更紧密,细粒流失困难,降低了细粒流失对湿化变形的促进作用。

应用油水井联动测试优化不稳定注水参数方法研究

随着油田开发时间的延长,常规注水波及范围相对固定,技术适应性逐渐变差,采用以注水量增减或注水井停开的周期注水是一种有效的提高采收率的方法。本文提出通过对多个周期注水的井组开展油水井联动测试,即在注水量周期性变化或停注开注过程中,监测注入井和采出井井底流压变化,以此来对不稳定注水的波动幅度和波动周期进行优化。该方法操作简单,受外界因素影响小,适用于不同不稳定注水油藏参数优化。

调亏灌溉技术对葡萄果实品质的影响

由于全球变暖,水资源短缺的风险越来越大,优化传统栽培模式,实行节水灌溉势在必行。调亏灌溉是提高水分利用效率的关键技术。阐述了调亏灌溉机理,从葡萄树体生长状况、根系发育情况及相关蛋白表达调控等多个角度进行了综合分析;概述了分期调亏灌溉、根系分区灌溉和隔行交替灌溉3种调亏灌溉模式,探讨了不同灌溉时期对葡萄生长发育的影响,以及不同物候期对水分的需求及如何根据葡萄的生长周期合理安排灌溉时间;总结了调亏灌溉对葡萄果实中糖分、酸度、酚类化合物及香气物质等关键品质因素的影响。通过对调亏灌溉机理的深入研究,以及对不同灌溉模式和时期影响的探讨,为科学管理葡萄园,实现节水增效,促进农业可持续发展奠定理论基础。

2021年10月山西一次罕见持续性强降水过程物理机制分析

利用气象观测资料、NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°×再分析以及GDAS等资料,对2021年10月2—7日山西持续性强降水天气过程进行分析。结果表明:稳定的乌拉尔山低槽后部冷空气扩散,中纬度短波槽东移,与副热带高压外围西南暖湿气流持续交汇,高低空急流耦合形成强烈上升运动,低层切变线和地面辐合线稳定维持,及低层水汽不断输送并形成辐合,为持续性强降水的发生发展提供有利的动力和水汽条件。强降水过程分为对流性降水和稳定性降水2个阶段,2个阶段水汽输送通道的源地、路径、高度存在明显差异,但水汽输送贡献率均为对流层中低层山西南侧的水汽输送占主导地位。降水开始前,对流层中上层存在对称不稳定,大气可降水量明显跃增;对流性降水阶段,干空气不断入侵,对流不稳定快速建立与释放,对流层中低层水汽辐合区与强上升气流配合,导致山西出现强对流天气。地形的阻挡、抬升及地形收缩作用对局地极端强降水有增幅作用。

排浦中心渔港换水通道布置对水交换的影响

以排浦中心渔港建设项目为例,利用平面二维水动力和水交换数学模型,通过2种基本换水通道的不同组合,探究换水通道平面布置形式对水交换的影响。结果表明,仅布置通道1有利于加快1 000 t渔船泊位前的水交换,但会迟滞其左侧泊位前沿特别是防波堤堤根附近水体的半交换周期;仅布置通道2有利于提高防波堤堤根附近的水交换效率;2种换水通道同时布置有利于增强中型渔船停泊区及各泊位前沿整体的水交换能力,同时提高防波堤堤根附近水交换效率。

泵站-水库原水调水系统经济运行方式优化

为提高泵站-水库原水调水系统中泵站的运行效益,最大限度降低输水系统的运行成本.通过分析该类输水系统特性以及供水方式,基于遗传算法构建泵站机组流量分配模型,优化分配泵站运行流量.在此基础上,考虑泵站时间维度上的运行方式,结合亳州加压泵站的工程状况和区域分时电价,以单位提水费用最小为优化目标,构建经济运行模型.将该方法应用于亳州供水工程,结果表明模型效果显著,并对历史运行区间内周期输水量进行离散计算,拟合得出周期内单位提水费用最低工况,进而对拟合结果进行分析.结果表明:所构建经济运行模型具有较好的适用性,可降低工程运行费用,为工程优化调度提供指导;受到泵站运行效率和分时电价的影响,泵站单位提水费用随调水量增加先降低后升高.

高原生态保护区内公路施工期地表水评价模型

为了解高原生态保护区内公路施工期造成的地表水环境污染问题,并为施工单位及时掌握地表水环境变化情况提供一定的数据依据及支撑。对公路施工期地表水环境污染源进行分析,选取对于高原生态保护区污染特征具有针对性的水质评价指标因子,建立基于熵权-可拓物元理论的地表水环境评价模型,并结合实际工程验证其适用性及准确性。研究结果表明:①选取石油类、高锰酸盐指数、悬浮物(SS)、氨氮(NH_(3)-N)、总磷(TP)和溶氧量(DO)等6个水质评价指标因子建立评价体系,可以综合反应公路施工期对高原生态保护区地表水环境的影响;②在实际工程应用中,基于熵权-可拓物元理论的地表水环境评价模型得到的分级结果,与单因子指数法及灰色加权关联度法得到的分级结果吻合率达70%及90%,说明该方法具有一定的适用性及准确性。

韧性城市建筑“平急结合”设计给排水应对关键措施探索

简介韧性城市建筑中适用于临时隔离收治点的建筑类型,提出建立临时隔离收治点“平急结合”设计的标准体系构想,解析作为临时隔离收治点的新建建筑、既有建筑在设计或改造中的给排水应对措施,重点就条件预留、用水定额、系统定型、管道布设、设备选用、污水处理等方面进行深入探索。

黄河百年径流系列连续枯水段识别和用水特征分析

连续枯水给黄河流域水资源安全造成了严重威胁。采用黄河干流兰州断面和花园口断面1920—2019水文年系列,通过距平法和标准化径流指数识别了百年系列连续枯水段,分析了枯水段的用水特征。结果显示:两断面均经历了1922—1932水文年和1990—2002水文年连续枯水段,均表现出连续枯水段和极端枯水年叠加的特征;1990—2002水文年连续枯水显著减少了入海水量;在1990—2002水文年连续枯水段初期,枯水对黄河流域及供水区用水量影响不明显,但在后期用水总量及农业用水量均大幅度减少;1990—2002水文年连续枯水段后期遭遇短期极端枯水对用水造成重大影响;龙羊峡水库在连续枯水段发挥了多年调节作用,支撑了流域供水安全。但是龙羊峡水库年际补水能力有限,未来在国家水网建设背景下,应通过建设古贤水库和跨流域调水工程提升应对连续枯水的流域水资源安全保障能力。

大兴安岭多年冻土区两种水体温室气体浓度动态与冬季储存特征

北方内陆水体是温室气体排放的热点,对量化区域碳收支起重要作用,但其排放的季节变化尚不清楚。观测了大兴安岭多年冻土区府库奇河及其改道形成的牛轭湖(演替晚期)冻结期冰层中储存的二氧化碳(CO_(2))和甲烷(CH_(4))浓度,并比较了两种水体中CO_(2)和CH_(4)浓度在三个不同时期(冻结期、非冻结期、春季融化)的差异。结果表明:两种水体CO_(2)和CH_(4)浓度季节变化存在差异。牛轭湖在冻结期水体中CO_(2)和CH_(4)浓度最高,有明显的冰下积累现象,其中CH_(4)浓度平均值为(2.21±0.54)μmo/L,分别是非冻结期和春季融化期水体CH_(4)浓度的5倍和14倍。河流水体中CO_(2)和CH_(4)浓度最高出现在春季融化期,显著高于非冻结期和冻结期(P<0.05)。水中CO_(2)和CH_(4)浓度受多种环境因子的影响,与可溶性有机碳(DOC)正相关(P<0.05),与溶解氧(DO)、水温为负相关(P<0.05)。冻结期冰层形成后,温室气体会以冰气泡的形式存储在冰层中,气泡的主要成分是CO_(2)和CH_(4),其中CO_(2)占90%以上。由于冰气泡中CO_(2)和CH_(4)浓度约为冰下水体浓度的1%—30%,忽略冰层中储存的温室气体将会增加北方水体碳排放的不确定性。研究明确了大兴安岭多年冻土区两种水体溶解性CO_(2)和CH_(4)的季节变化特征与冬季温室气体储存能力,为深入认知该区域水体碳循环过程提供重要数据支持。