Study on the Urbanization Process of Kunming City and Its Impact on the Water Environment of Dianchi Lake

[ Objective] We aimed to analyze the urbanization process of Kunming City and its impact on the water environment of Dianchi Lake. [ Method ] Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process （AHP）, we assessed the urbanization leve of Kunming in 1998 -2008 based on composite indicator evaluation system. Afterwards, we calculated water pollution composite index of Dianchi Lake and introduced the EKC to set up a coupling relation- ship model between the urbanization level and water environment quality. [ Result] During 1998 -2008, the urbanization level of Kunming increased gradually, that is, it was lower than 30.0% before 2002, with slow growth; at the later stage, it grew fast, and reached 75.0% in 2008. Water pol- lution composite index of Dianchi Lake showed that Dianchi Lake was polluted seriously, especially Caohai. From the EKC, we can see that the re- lationship curves between the urbanization level of Kunming and water pollution composite index of Dianchi Lake were akin to inversed U shapes and still at an antagonistic stage at present. [ Condusion] The research could provide scientific references for discussing the relationship between urban- ization process and water environment.

Assessment of river ecosystem health in Tianjin City,China:index of ecological integrity and water comprehensive pollution approach

Evaluation of the river ecological environment can provide a basis for river management and ecological restoration.To conduct a comprehensive health assessment of the rivers in Tianjin,their biological,physical,and chemical indicators are investigated on the basis of 32 river monitoring sites from August to September 2018.The comprehensive pollution and ecological integrity indexes of the rivers are analyzed.Results of the two evaluations,compared to achieve the river ecological environment evaluation,are as follows.1)Index of Ecological Integrity evaluation shows that among the sampling points,18.8%are"healthy",28.1%are"sub-healthy",40.6%are"fair",6.3%are"poor",and 6.3%are"very poor".2)The comprehensive evaluation of the chemical properties of the 32 river ecosystems in Tianjin shows severe overall river pollution and low standard water function area.Of the total sampling sites,16(50%)are heavily contaminated and 10(31.3%)are moderately contaminated.Excessive chemical oxygen demand and ammonia nitrogen are the main causes of water pollution.3)The Index of Ecological Integrity(IEI)has high correspondence with environmental factors.Pearson correlation analysis results show that the IEI index is significantly correlated with permanganate index(R=-0.453;P=0.023<0.05).Analysis results using BEST show that ammonia nitrogen is the best environmental parameter to explain the changes in IEI(R_(ho)=0.154;P=0.02<0.05)and those using RELATE show significant correlation between the biotic index and the environmental parameter matrices(R_(ho)=0.154;P=0.034<0.05).

Optimization of sampling frequency for routine river water quality monitoring

Sampling frequency is an important factor to be considered during the design of a water monitoring network,and the cost-effective selection of possible ways and means for the optimization of sampling frequency is still needed.This paper introduces water pollution index deviation ratio comparison(WPI DRC),a procedure for the optimization of sampling frequency for a routine river water quality monitoring system.Sampling frequency optimized using WPI DRC at monitoring station X5 in the mainstream of Xiangjiang River is compared with that established using the traditional Statistical Algorithm method.The result of comparison indicates that WPI DRC is more feasible than the traditional one.And then,the sampling frequencies for other 16 monitoring stations also have been optimized,and the results show the sampling frequencies of all the stations except that X4 are reduced,and there is no unacceptable difference between water quality evaluation results at 17 stations before and after the optimization.Therefore,it is concluded that WPI DRC is an effective optimization process with operable results,which can be used to fulfill the requirement of practical monitoring work.

Impact of Urbanization and Industrialization upon Surface Water Quality:A Pilot Study of Panzhihua Mining Town

In order to investigate the impact of urbanization and industrialization on surface water quality, a pilot study of Panzhihua （攀枝花） mining town was carried out. The urbanization of Panzhihua region was dominated by industry development and population growth. The level of urbanization showed that it was 18.44% in 1965, and reached 45.99% in 1983. Then, it reached 53.71% in 2005, so the urbanization process was very rapid in Panzhihua region. In the process of industrialization, the level of industrialization was fluctuated at around 70% from 1965 to 2005, which was influenced by mining, extracting, and smelting production. In the processes of urbanization, population growth caused an increase in life pollution sources, and an amount of effluents bearing coliform, COD （chemical oxygen demand）, NH4^＋-N, and BOD5 （five-day biological oxygen demand） were released into Jinsha （金沙） River, which could cause decline in the surface water quality. While in the processes of industrialization （especially industrial scale expansion）, more effluent bearing heavy metals could cause degra- dation of surface water quality. Thus, the measures, such as adjusting industry structure, optimizing the cleaning technology, and controlling pollution sources, should be enhanced to alleviate the current state of water quality exacerbation.